7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

  Education  Science  Electronics  Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

Laplace Transforms and s-Domain

Circuit Analysis
RELATED BOOK
Circuit Analysis For Dummies

By John Santiago

Laplace transform methods can be employed to study circuits in the s-domain. Laplace techniques
convert circuits with voltage and current signals that change with time to the s-domain so you can
analyze the circuit’s action using only algebraic techniques.

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For Dummies:
Connection constraints are those physical laws that cause element voltages and currents to behave in
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certain ways when the devices are interconnected to form a circuit. You also have constraints on the
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individual devices themselves, where each device hasseries
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a mathematical
that makes relationship between the voltage
across the device and the current through the device.easy
learning Here you
with learn
host Eric what connection constraints,
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device constraints, impedances, and admittances look like in the s-domain.

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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

Transforming the connection constraints to the s-domain is a piece of cake. Kirchho ’s current law
(KCL) says the sum of the incoming and outgoing currents is equal to 0. Here’s a typical KCL equation
described in the time-domain:

i1(t) + i2(t) – i3(t) = 0

Because of the linearity property of the Laplace transform, the KCL equation in the s-domain becomes
the following:

I1(s) + I2(s) – I3(s) = 0

You transform Kirchho ’s voltage law (KVL) in the same way. KVL says the sum of the voltage rises and
drops is equal to 0. Here’s a classic KVL equation described in the time-domain:

v1(t) + v(t) + v3(t) = 0

Because of linearity, the KVL equation in the s-domain produces

V1(s) + V2(s) + V3(s) = 0

The basic form of KVL remains the same. Piece of cake!

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For Dummies:
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Device constraints in the s-domain
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You can easily transform the i-v constraints ofpodcast
devicesseries
suchthat makes
as independent and dependent sources,
learning easy with host Eric
op amps, resistors, capacitors, and inductors to algebraic equations in the s-domain. After converting
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the device constraints, all you need is algebra to translate current and voltage relationships to the s-
domain.
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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

Transforming independent sources is a no-brainer because the s-domain has the same form as the
time-domain:

Converting dependent sources is easy, too. Here are the equations for voltage-controlled voltage
sources (VCVS), voltage-controlled current sources (VCCS), current-controlled voltage sources (CCVS),
and current-controlled current sources (CCCS):

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The constants μ, g, r, and β relate the dependent output sources V2(s) and I2(s) controlled by input
variables V1(s) and I1(s).

For resistors, capacitors, and inductors, you convert their i-v relationships to the s-domain using
Laplace transform properties, such as the integration and derivative properties:

The preceding three equations on the right are s-domain models that use voltage sources for the initial
capacitor voltage vC(0) and initial inductor current iL(0).
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FortoDummies:
You can rewrite these equations in the s-domain model the initial conditions, vC(0) and iL(0), as
current sources: The Podcast
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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

You see there are no integrals or derivatives in the s-domain.

The middle column here shows the constraints of the passive devices in the time-domain being
converted to the s-domain. The left column shows initial conditions modeled as voltage sources in the
s-domain, and the right column shows initial conditions modeled as current sources in the s-domain.

Taking the initial conditions into account in the s-domain analysis for capacitors and inductors is a big
deal because it expedites the analysis. When you transform di erential equations into the s-domain,
you deal with input sources and initial conditions simultaneously.
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The constraints of ideal operational ampli ersFor Dummies:
are unchanged in form in the s-domain:
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Impedance and admittance
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Impedance Z relates the voltage and current described in the s-domain when initial conditions are set
to 0. The following algebraic form of the i-v relationship describes impedance in the s-domain:
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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

V(s) = Z(s)I(s)

Admittance Y is the reciprocal of the impedance; it’s useful when you’re analyzing parallel circuits:

In the s-domain for zero initial conditions, the element constraints, impedances Z(s), and admittances
Y(s) for the passive devices are as follows:

Now you’re ready to start analyzing circuits in the s-domain — without having to rely on calculus.

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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

  Education  Science  Electronics

 Create Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters with RLC Parallel Circuits

Create Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters

with RLC Parallel Circuits
RELATED BOOK

Circuit Analysis For Dummies

By John Santiago

There are many applications for an RLC circuit, including band-pass lters, band-reject lters, and
low-/high-pass lters. You can use series and parallel RLC circuits to create band-pass and band-reject
lters. An RLC circuit has a resistor, inductor, and capacitor connected in series or in parallel.

You can get a transfer function for a band-pass lter with a parallel RLC circuit, like the one shown
here.

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You can use current division to nd the current transfer function of the parallel RLC circuit. By
podcast series that makes
measuring the current through the resistor IRlearning
(s), you form a band-pass
easy with host Eric lter. Start with the current
divider equation: Martsolf.

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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

A little algebraic manipulation gives you a current transfer function, T(s) = IR(s)/IS(s), for the band-pass
lter:

Plug in s = jω to get the frequency response T(jω):

This equation has the same form as the RLC series equations. For the rest of this problem, you follow
the same process as for the RLC series circuit.

The transfer function is at a maximum when the denominator is minimized, which occurs when the
real part of the denominator is set to 0. The cuto frequencies are found when their gains |T(jωC)| =
0.707|T(jω)| or the –3 dB point. Therefore, ω0 is

The center frequency, the cuto frequencies, and the bandwidth have equations identical to the ones
for the RLC series band-pass lter.

Your cuto frequencies are ωC1 and ωC2:

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7/5/2019 Laplace Transforms and s-Domain Circuit Analysis

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podcast series that makes
learning easy with host Eric
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