Integration of Public

Transportation Modes
Objectives of thisSession

• Know the types of Intermediate Public Transport operating

around the globe
• Know the advantages and disadvantages of IPT
• Learn the operations and routing of IPT
• Know the Policy Issues in managing IPT in India
 Intermediate PublicTransport

• Refers to modes which bridge the gap

between private transport and formal
public transport modes in cities

• Two broad categories are

• Taxi /auto-rickshaw
services

• Informal public transport

Global Presence ofIPT

• Principal means of IPT can be found in

most Developing and Underdeveloped
countries of the world

• Dominant in most of the cities in Asia,

South Africa, and South America.

An overloaded auto rickshaw in Pakistan

IPT in IndianCities

• Large metropolitan cities having organized PT systems exhibit wide

coverage of auto-oriented modes

• Medium and smaller sized cities exhibit a wide range of manually-

operated para transit modes.

• Major metro cities exhibit a higher Autorickshaws per 100,000 people

share of auto rickshaws, ranging 180000
160000
between 7 – 13 auto rickshaws per 140000
120000
1000 people 100000
80000

• Smaller cities supply ranging

60000
40000

between 0.3 to 2 auto rickshaws 20000

0
per 1000 people
Advantages toIPT
Connectivity to Public Transport - Providing connectivity, among other
parameters such as frequency, reliability, comfort, and safety
Door-to-Door Service as opposed to Private Motorized Transport - Ability to make
door-to-door (long-distance) trips is a clear benefit over private motor vehicles.
Source of Employment - For thousands of unskilled and less educated sections
of society the world over
Safety – Lower speeds and light weight, IPT modes
are relatively safer in operation
Operations & Routing
The permits issued to an auto rickshaw driver are generally of two types:

• Route permits - Route permits are permits issued to auto rickshaws

for operating on a particular route
• Zone permits - Zone permits are based on permits issued to an auto
rickshaw for plying in a particular zone of the urban area
Management Options ofIPT

• An agency responsible for the provision of IPT has the option of

managing the system itself or contracting for one or more functions

IPT practitioners would benefit from:

A national database that has expanded information relating to
organizational and management structure
Guidance on the criteria used to determine the appropriate
organizational and management structure
Policy Issues forIPT

• Need for zone-wide permits, rather than city-wide

• ITS applications for monitoring the operations of Autos/Taxis

• Rational fare fixation policy to be evolved in tune with input costs

• Streamlining the procedures for infrastructure facilities

• Designing organization structure for monitoring operations

• Public information about IPT system

• Integration of IPT with other modes

• Making IPT business commercially viable and prescribing entry

restrictions
Integration With OtherModes
• The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) envisions auto-rickshaw (and other
types of contract carriage) services as modes that serve “occasional trips such
as trips to airports or rail stations with excessive baggage, or emergency trips
that have to be undertaken immediately when it is not possible to wait for public
transport”

• IPT should provide the first and last mile connectivity to public transport

• IPT should act as a feeder to public transport services while ensuring

accessibility to commuters with special needs, such as elderly and persons with
disabilities
Image Makeover

• Commuters are generally dissatisfied with the services provided by IPT

in India

• IPT lacks in aspects of traffic safety, personal security, and service

image.

• Commuter’s attitudes towards IPT will be an important key for future

development

Auto rickshaw stand in

front of Central Railway
Station in Chennai, India
Image Makeovercont’d…

• Banning auto rickshaws contributes to rising tide of car dependence

• On the other hand, an improved auto rickshaw sector can be a key

element of a transport system that presents a viable alternative to
driving.

• Auto rickshaws should become less polluting by running on CNG –

Delhi’s pollution level was reduced by doing so
Right Enforcement

• Safety and quality of service of auto rickshaws can be addressed

through tighter regulation and the use of technology.

• Delhi traffic police have already announced that they will verify auto
rickshaw drivers’ credentials, issue badges and biometric IDs, and
create a database of drivers’ addresses. This will reduce unlicensed
operation.
Service Restructuring
A coordinated effort to make the business safer, healthier, and more
financially secure for drivers would reduce accidents and improve
customer service.

Include initiatives such as:

• Driver education
• Regulated working hours
• Stricter emissions standards
• Micro-financing opportunities
• Insurance policies A scene in Hyderabad, India
Deficiencies in IPT
• Auto stands are not located in many areas/localities, and hence there
is a lack of suitable facilities
• Auto Rickshaw operations are not monitored by regulating agencies
• There is no credibility for behavior of Auto drivers
• There is no accountability by Auto owners
• There is no security for women, especially in late night operations
• In many autos, fare meters are tampered
• Many Auto drivers “refuse to come” when passengers want to go to a
particular place
• There are many Autos operating without proper permits (e.g. Duplicate
permits)
• There are many old vehicles which need to be replaced.
Measures to Improve Public Transport System

Three main measures…

• Regulatory
Regulatory
• Operational

• Technological

Measures to
Improve PT

Technological Operational
Action Plans to Solve Traffic Problems

A package of actions is needed

• Restraint on private cars

• Encouragement to Public Transport

• Parking controls in central areas

• Traffic Management

• Bus-only lanes and links

• Computer controlled traffic signal systems

Tackling the Problem
The Push and Pull Approach (strong Focus on TDM measures required)

Source: Müller, P., Schleicher-Jester, F., Schmidt, M.-P. & Topp, H.H. (1992): Konzepte flächenhafter Verkehrsberuhigung in 16
Städten”, Grüne Reihe des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen der Universität Kaiserslautern No. 24.
4 steps regarding policy framework for public transport:

1. Clearly define the role of government in urban

transport:
- providing policy directions
- rewarding good practices financially
- adopting performance benchmarking/measurements
- guiding municipal financial reform

2.Develop accountabilty procedures and promote public

participation

3.Strengthen institutional and technical capacity for

strategic planning and monitoring

4. Integrate urban transport planning and operations for

the entire metropolitain area

Source: GIZ
City Bus ServiceComponents

Regulatory Manpower &

Agency Training
Property
Marketing Development
& PR

IT & Control
Integrated Systems
Parking
City Bus Service
Components
Fare Operations
Collection
infrastructure

Vehicles
Maintenance
infrastructure

Bus stops Planning

& terminals Agency
Bus Service and Operations Design

• Travel demand assessment

• Route planning

• Operations plan – schedule, frequency, etc.

• Fare structure and collection system design

• Costing and financial analysis

• ITS and control systems design

• Marketing strategy, branding and promotion

• Institutional options
Route and Service planning for city bus
service……
Route Planning

Surveys to be conducted

• Road Network Inventory

• Classified Traffic Volume Count

• Origin and Destination Survey

• Speed and Delay survey

• Occupancy survey

• Bus Boarding-Alighting Survey

• Willingness to Pay Survey

Route Planning -3

Types of Bus RouteNetworks

• RADIAL - Suitable for cities with strong central core around which the
development has taken place. Population density reduces from CBD to fringes

CBD
Route Planning -4
Typesof Bus Route Networks

• RADIAL AND CIRCULAR - Suitable for cities where the activity centers are
developed along radial corridors
Route Planning -5
Types of Bus Route Networks

• GRID - Suitable for cities having multiple activity centers spread

uniformly throughout
Route Planning -6
Types of Bus RouteNetworks

• TRUNK AND FEEDER - Suitable for cities that have evolved linearly along a major
corridor and the activity centers are spread parallel along the corridor.

Feeder
Trunk
Route RationalizationCriteria
• Physical Criteria
• Inventory of road and land
use
• Operational Criteria
• analysis of operational
performance
• Behavioral Criteria
• change of traffic pattern
• introduction of other modes
• crew behavior
Rationalization of Existing BusRoutes

S. No. Stages Description

Analysis of existing bus ridership - elimination/ modification of overlapping routes

1 Stage I
and/or routes with lesser demand

2 Stage II Elimination of routes parallel to proposed bus network

3 Stage III Elimination/Merging of shorter bus routes

Comparison of bus service network with major auto routes in the city and addition of
4 Stage IV
routes which are currently unserved by the bus network

Comparison of ‘Origin- Destination survey data’ with existing bus/ auto routes and
5 Stage V addition of routes/ connection for OD pairs having higher number of trips.