CONTINGENCY PLAN

CHAPTER I
GENERAL SITUATION AND SCENARIOS

A. BACKGROUND

Introduction

The geographic location of the Philippines makes it highly exposed to the most
devastating natural hazards occurring in the planet - typhoon, volcanic eruptions and
earthquake.

The Philippine Archipelago is situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, where there are frequent
volcanic and seismic activities due to the movement of tectonic plates in the Pacific Ocean.
The country is dotted by numerous volcanoes and is scarred by networks and lines of
earthquake faults. Using the worst case scenario of 7.2 magnitude of earthquake originating
from the West Valley Fault, the Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS)
conducted by Japan International Corporation Agency (JICA) between 2002 and 2004
estimated that 170,000 residential homes will collapse in Metro Manila, 340,000 houses will
be partly damaged, 34,000 persons will die and 114,000 people injured. In addition, fire will
affect 1,710 hectares and 18,000 persons will be killed by secondary disasters. Infrastructures
and lifelines will be heavily destroyed.

Most of the powerful tropical cyclones originate from the Pacific Ocean that hit the
Philippines, China and Japan. The Philippines is visited by an average of twenty (20) typhoons
yearly and 8 to 9 of them usually make landfall. In the recent years, the typhoons have been
more frequent than the average and becoming more destructive. According to PAGASA, the
top 3 most disastrous in terms of financial cost are Typhoon Pablo (2012) with P36.95B worth
of destruction, Pepeng (2009) with P27.2B and Yolanda (2013) with P24.4B. The deadliest in
terms of loss of human life are Yolanda (2013) killing 5,560, Uring (1991) with 5,101 dead and
Sendong (2011) with 1,257. With climate change exacerbated by wasteful human activities
spewing more pollution in the atmosphere, the earth is expected to experience more and
more severe tropical cyclones and other weather disturbances and the Philippines will be
most vulnerable to these.

An Overview of the Municipality of Jaen

The Municipal Municipality of Jaen is about 100 kilometers North of Manila and situated
in the Southern part of Nueva Ecija. It is bounded by the Municipalities of Sta. Rosa on the
North-East, by Zaragoza on the North-West, by San Isidro on the South, by San Leonardo on
the East and by San Antonio on the West. The Municipality of Jaen has an approximate land
area of 11,800 hectares. Of this area, 471.72 hectares or 3.71% is considered Urban area and
the remaining 11,328.28 or 96.29% is Rural area. The Municipal Government of Jaen has a
total population of 66,810 based on the 2007 NSO Census, projected up to 2012. The
municipality’s population is 3.43% of the province’s total population of 1,949,326. Twenty-
Seven (27) Barangays comprise the Municipality of Jaen. Of this number, four (4) barangays
are in the Urban area and twenty-three (23) are in the Rural area.

In the recent years, the municipality has encountered massive flooding and flash floods
brought by typhoons and monsoon rains. This situation causes several major problems, especially
during rainy season. Rain waters coming from upstream along with tons of clogged materials
have been deposited along riverbanks and low-lying areas, causing serious flooding and riverbank

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erosion along certain sections and flooding of low-lying barangays and poses a danger to the lives
of humans and animals, especially those living on the riverside within the municipality. In
addition, also experiencing earthquakes, soil erosion due to rains and earthquake, fire and
different diseases among human and animals.

Typhoon Pedring that took place last September 28, 2011 is considered as the largest
flood that affected the town of Jaen. Almost all barangays within the municipality were
submerged in the water due to consistent heavy rains. Many establishment including schools and
houses, so as its appliances, books, papers etc. were debastated by the strong current of water.
Many people were rescued from the roof top due to high level of water in their place.

In terms of the extent of damages, Typhoon Santi (the same name with Mayor Santy R.
Austria) that happened last October 11, 2013 is the most destructive typhoon of all time. As
serious aftermath numerous houses were ruined multitude of trees were downcast, particularly
mango trees that were known “One town One Product” of the town of Jaen, were debastated by
the typhoon. Due to the intensity of the strong wind caused by the typhoon Santi local people
have perceived the typhoon as Signal Number 4. Relatively, there was a wrong forecast on the
post of PAGASA regarding the typhoon. Initially, the said agency had stated that the typhoon will
be expected to hit Aurora and will exit to Pangasinan subsequently. However, the PAGASA failed
to consider the existence of Sierra Madre Mountain that influenced the divertion of Typhoon
Santi to the lower part of Nueva Ecija heading to the town of Jaen. With God’s grace and
guidance, the municipal Mayor together with the DRMMC and BDRRMC was ready and equipped
to respond accordingly in this catastrophic event. As a result only one casualty, who resisted
Force Evacuation led by BDRRMC, was unfortunately did not survived the said calamity. As
designated of the Municipal Mayor and Emergency Operation Center were posted to give
assistanceto any needs of the people. The entire population was affected. As a respond, relief
goods and shelter assistance were provided to those who were affected by the typhoon.
Unfortunately, because of the earthquake that occurred in the Bohol on the same period of time
government aid was diverted to it. On the other hand, we are still greatful to Our Lord Creator
for the bearable and manageable effect of the calamity to lives that He has bestowed.

The earthquake that happened last July 16, 1990 that hit Baguio and Nueva Ecija and had
resulted serious damage to the people. Significant number of Philippine Christian College
students from different places that came of Nueva Ecija were the victims of collapsed buildings.

Volcanic ash from Lahar affects crops and houses were the consequence of the eruption
of Mt. Pinatubo on 1991. Moreover, rivers and low-lying areas were filled by Lahar.

EMERGENCY SCENARIO

The Municipality of Jaen has initiated programs and is continuously undertaking efforts
to form public buoyant and strengthen capabilities to address disaster risks and climate change
impacts. With some preparedness and mitigation measures already in place, it is hoped that
readiness will work effectively at the community level and the government together with other
sectors involved will be doing less and less response and rescue in the future.

On the other hand, as seen even in the most developed countries like Japan and US, man
and technology have no match against nature when it unleashes its fury and wreck havoc on its
path.

Scientists and experts predict more frequent and more severe weather disturbances
happening around the world as the effects of climate change take form and manifest themselves.
As the earth’s surface gets warmer and warmer and the sea level rises higher and higher, we

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expect more and heavier precipitations and harsher natural calamities. On top of these, the
threats of geo-hazards like big earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are like a sword of Damocles
hanging over the heads of Filipinos.

Two extreme natural events are contemplated to create worse emergency scenarios in
the Municipality of Jaen. The first is natural hazards and the second is human-induced hazrds.

Any of these natural phenomena happening at any moment now will result to the
following:

 Primary losses (fatality and injuries) in terms of human life;

 Primary damages in residential, commercial, industrial, institutional buildings, roads and

bridges;

 Secondary hazards like landslide, liquefaction, flooding and fire;

 Disruption of water and electricity supply;

 Shortage on food and medicine; and

 Disease outbreak.

Table No. 1
Consequences of Floods to Sector Including Initial Recommendations to Reduce
Consequences
Core Elements Consequences to Sector of flood Initial Recommendation
1. Loss of Life, Possible 1. Full implementation of the Shelter
injuries Program
2. Destruction of the 2. Flood Control Program
Population
environment 3. Recovery of easements
3. Loss of properties or 4. Strict implementation of RA 9003
infrastructure
1. Loss of lives & damage to 1. Provision of budget for livelihood
properties (startup budget for livelihood)
2. Disruption of public 2. Trainings for livelihood & income
Economic Activity services 3. Additional rubber boat, generators
Lifeline Disruptions and relief goods (food, medicine,
3. (Communication, water, clothes
power) 4. Provision of evacuation areas
1. Loss of lives and injuries 1. Identify relocation sites/evacuation
2. Health and Sanitation centers
3. Loss of livelihood/source of 2. Community-based trainings DRRM -
income First Aid Training
Access to Income/ 4. Lifeline are damaged 3. Involve NGOs
Services 5. Unemployment 4. Budget Allocation
6. Mobility and Accessibility 5. Basic Training, using indigenous
materials/resources
6. Create livelihood programs for
rehabilitation “work for food”

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 1. Immobility or 1. Formulate contingency plan of
inaccessibility of roads barangay
2. Difficulty of assessing 2. Enhancement training & capacity
Emergency flooded areas building of Barangay Responders
Management and 3. Install CCTV & Flood markers to flood
3. Problems in
First Responders prone areas
communications
4. Ordinance for force evacuation
4. Trainings and seminars
5. Increase capacity through accredited
community
1. Structural Damages 1. Review & revision of CLUP & Zoning
2. Loss of lives, Ordinance
properties & 2. Locate activities & functions in flood
Institutional and Land
Livelihood free areas
Use Administrators 3. Presence Strict implementation of the water
of informal 3.
settlers along rivers & code
creeks
1. Water Contamination 1. Strict monitoring of compliance of
(waterways & portable water companies
water 2. Construction of retaining wall &
2. Waste Accumulation desiltation of rivers
Physical Resources 3. Strict implementation of waste
3. Damage to parks and
wildlife segregation policies
4. IEC on proper waste segregation
(MENRO)

Table No. 2
Consequences to Sector of a Magnitude 7.2 Earthquake
Including Initial Recommendations to Reduce the Consequences
Consequences to Sector of
Core Elements Initial Recommendation
Magnitude 7.2
1. Loss of Life, Possible 1. Reduce % of deaths through
injuries increasing the level of
2. Destruction of the awareness on DRRM in the
environment community;
3. Loss of properties or 2. Strict implementation of the
Population
infrastructure National Building Code;
3. Reduce risk by: Identifying
hazards in the community; and
4. Empowerment of the people.

1. Landslide and soil erosion1. Construct earthquake proof

2. Roads & Bridges Damage bridges and all other roads and
3. Shortage of Relief frequent inspections;
Goods (Foods and 2. Pre-deployed relief goods
Economic Activity
Medicine) (foods and medicines) to
strategic area; and
3. Retrofitting of government
buildings and bridges.
1. Casualties and injuries 1. Preparedness Drills;
2. Damaged school buildings 2. Retrofitting of treatment plants;
Access to Income/ 3. Damaged roads and bridges 3. Education;
Services 4. Advocacies;
5. Capacitate vulnerable groups;
6. Relocation;

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 7. Train health personnel and
community on first aid, rescue and
water sanitation & hygiene;
8. Coordination and networking;
9. Capacitate community – provide
emergency kits and logistics for
primary care services;
10. Inspection of road and bridges;
11. Retrofitting and repair of
government buildings and bridges;
and
12. Identify alternative routes to
transport people, supplies and other
needed resources.
1. Landslide in Residential 1. Provide early warning signage;
areas 2. IEC (Trainings & Drills) materials;
2. Civil unrest 3. Relocation of Informal Settler
3. Chemical Leak (Fire) Family’s (ISF) from danger zones;
4. Identification of evacuation centers;
5. Prepare contingency plan on the part
Emergency of PNP during civil unrest;
Management and First 6. Frequent exercise of fire and
Responders Earthquake (EQ) drills;
7. Conduct Barangay Usapan;
8. Identify the kinds of chemicals
present; and
9. Contingency plan in cases of
emergency, in coordination with
Jaen BFP.
1. Contamination of 1. Invest on Earthquake-resistant
waterways drainage systems;
2. Uprooting of trees 2. Retrofitting of treatment plants;
Physical Resources
3. Accumulation of wastes 3. Reinforcement of huge old trees; and
4. Continuous improvement of the
existing disposal sites.

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 CHAPTER II
GENERAL POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES

For consistency with the NDRRMP and so as not to render difficult the process of
monitoring and evaluation and facilitate bench marking, this Plan is adopting the applicable goals
and objectives of the NDRRMP, to wit:

Goals:

Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and
exposure and enhancing capacities of communities.

To provide life preservation and meet the basic subsistence needs of affected population
based on acceptable standards during or immediately after a disaster.

Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope and recover from
the negative impacts of emergency occurrences and disasters.

Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and living conditions and organizational
capacities of affected communities, and reduced disaster risks in accordance with the “building
back better” principle.

Objectives:

1. Reduce vulnerability and exposure of communities to all hazards.

2. Enhance capacities of communities to reduce their own risks and cope with the impacts
of all hazards.

3. To decrease the number of preventable deaths and injuries.

4. To provide the basic subsistence needs of the affected population.

5. To immediately restore basic social services.

6. Increase the level of awareness of the community to the threats and impacts of all
hazards, risks and vulnerabilities.

7. Equip the community with the necessary skills to cope with the negative impacts of a
disaster.

8. Increase the capacity of institutions.

9. Develop and implement comprehensive national and local disaster preparedness

policies, plans and systems.

10. Strengthen partnership among all key players and stakeholders.

11. To restore people’s means of livelihood and continuity of economic activities and
business.

12. To restore shelter and other buildings/installation.

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 13. To reconstruct infrastructure and other public utilities.

14. To assist in the physical and psychological rehabilitation of persons who suffered from the
effects of disaster.

The exposure of the Philippines to natural hazards and events that trigger disaster makes
contingency planning imperative at various levels of government and sectors of the community.
Where before it is more commonly used as part of disaster preparedness activities, contingency
planning is an implementation strategy prescribed in the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (2011-2018) to be updated and employed in the different Priority Areas of
DRRMP.

The Municipal Government of Jaen strives to build a disaster resilient municipality by

instituting prevention, mitigation and preparedness measures and mechanisms to avoid going
into the modes of rescue, relief, rehabilitation and recovery to save lives and limbs and prevent
losses and damages in physical and socio-economic assets. This not to say, however, that the
area of response is being neglected. The municipality will remain ready, alert and vigilant against
disasters and catastrophic events.

Apart from the national law on disaster risk reduction and management, Contingency
Planning, especially for emergency situation is dictated by one primary goal that is preservation
of human life. The General Welfare clause (Section 16) of the Local Government Code of 1991
directs the LGU to exercise all its powers for its efficient and effective governance and to promote
the general welfare. Within their territorial jurisdictions, LGUs are mandated to ensure and
support among other things, the promotion of health and safety, maintenance of peace and
order, and preservation of comfort and convenience of their inhabitants. The LGC under Section
324 (d) as amended by RA 8185 further mandates LGUs to set aside 5% of the estimated revenues
from local sources as annual lump sum appropriations for relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction
and other works or services in connection with calamities which may occur during the budget
year. A sound, evidence-based contingency planning with participation of all sectors concerned
provides a strong basis on how certain portions of said fund should be allocated and used.

This Contingency Plan was prepared through the collaboration of different stakeholders
directly and indirectly involved in dealing with actual disaster emergencies. The group strongly
recognized the need to share knowledge, skills, and material resources to identify and address
response gaps appropriately; to stay connected, coordinated and united during actual field
operations; and to harness community cooperation and work with the community’s knowledge,
practices and resources. Communicating and cascading the Plan to all the sectors of the society
will be crucial in the plan’s successful implementation.

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 CHAPTER III
DISASTERS THAT MAY AFFECT THE MUNICIPALITY

EXTREME CLIMATIC VARIABILITY

Climate Change is the direct impact of global warming with observed increase in global
mean temperatures. These rising temperatures will cause changes in weather patterns that may
result to increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as droughts and
floods affecting the most vulnerable areas of the country and the whole region as well. Longer
drought periods and more intense rainfall will greatly affect water resources. Other impacts
include an increasing number of intense tropical cyclones, storm surges, killer heat waves and
the emergence of more weather-related diseases, massive species extinction, ecosystem
collapse, agricultural failure due to changes in rainfall patterns, higher temperature and saltwater
intrusion, and rising sea levels which will eventually inundate coastal towns and cities around the
world.

Periodical Phenomenon of Climatic Variability

An extreme climate event associated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
influences the climate variability of the country. It is a global phenomenon that occurs in the
equatorial Pacific Ocean, affecting the normal rainfall pattern of the different regions of the
world, but impacts differ. ENSO has two phases: the warm phase referred to as the El Nino and
the cold phase referred to as La Nina.

La Nina is characterized by unusually cold surface ocean temperature in the equatorial

Pacific Ocean, as compare to El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm surface ocean
temperatures. The system may be described generally by an irregular cycle of alternating periods
of warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) conditions, with a transition period (Neutral conditions)
between them. El Nino and La Nina occur on average of every 3 to 5 years. Generally, the impact
of El Nino in the country is drier than normal rainfall condition, which sometimes leads to
drought, and La Nina to be associated with wetter than normal condition, causing devastating
floods and landslides.

A. NATURAL HAZARD

I. Earthquake

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the

surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in
the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from
those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people
around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the
frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake)

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The Philippines as an Earthquake-Prone Country

The Philippine Archipelago lies between two (2) major tectonic plates, the Philippine Sea
Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Philippine Sea Plate is being subducted westward along the
Philippine Trench at the eastern side of the Philippines. The Eurasian Plate is being subducted
eastward along the Manila Trench, Negros-Sulu Trench and the Cotabato Trench at the western
side of the country except in southern Mindanao and western Panay, where collision takes place.
Active faults traverse the archipelago, the longest of which is the Philippine Fault Zone.
Subduction of plates along the trenches and movements along active faults are responsible for
the present-day high seismicity of the Philippines.

For the last 400 years, the Philippines had been affected by 90 damaging earthquakes.
Hence, the likelihood of destructive earthquakes occurring again in the future is indeed very
strong. Around 20 earthquakes per day occur in the Philippines, most of which are not felt. About
200 earthquakes are felt every year.

Jaen is about 100 kms. North of Manila. Situated in the southern part of Nueva Ecija.
Bounded in the mortheast by Sta.Rosa; Northwest by Zaragosa; South by San Isidro, East by San
Leonardo and West by San Antonio, all Municipalities of Nueva Ecija.

Land Area; 11,800 hectares a) 471.72 has or 3.71 percent – urban area b) 11,328.28 has
or 96.29 percent rural area.

No. of Barangays; Twenty Seven (27); a) Four (4) barangays are urban and Twenty Three
(23) rural.

Figure No. 1
Location Map – Administrative Map of Nueva Ecija

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Figure No. 3
Administrative Map of Jaen

Figure No. 3
Nearest Fault Line in the Municipality of Jaen

Source: http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/

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Hazards Posed by Earthquakes

1. Ground Shaking

The destructive effects of earthquakes are due mainly to intense Ground Shaking
or vibration. Because of severe ground shaking, low and tall buildings, towers and posts
may tilt, split, topple or collapse; road foundations, railroad tracks and bridges may break;
water pipes and other utility installations may get dislocated; dams and similar structures
may break and cause flooding; and other forms of mass movement may be generated.

2. Liquefaction

Liquefaction is a process where particles of loosely consolidated and water-

saturated deposits of fine sand are rearranged into a more compact state. Water and
sediments are squeezed out towards the surface in the form of water and sand
fountaining (sand boiling), thus creating a condition resembling ‘quick sand’. The
consequent loss in volume and underlying support results in subsidence of the ground on
top of the liquefying sandy layers and, with it, the sinking and/or tilting of any structure
above it. Liquefaction prone areas may be found in beach zones, sand spits, sand bars,
tombolos, wide coastal plains, deltaic plains, floodplains, abandoned river meanders,
former lake beds, former or existing marshlands and swamplands, and in areas underlain
by sandy lahar deposits.

3. Landslides

Landslides are a downward movement of slope materials either slowly or quickly.

A landslide may be a rock fall, topple, slump, slide or debris flow. Intense ground shaking
can trigger a landslide by loosening the cohesion that bonds the slope materials together,
thereby making it easier for gravity to pull it downwards. Hilly and mountainous areas,
escarpments, steep river banks, sea cliffs, and other steep slopes are prone to land sliding.
The main effect of land sliding is burial.

4. Ground Rupture

Many strong earthquakes originate along faults that break the earth’s rigid crust.
Ground Rupture is a deformation on the ground that marks the intersection of the fault
plane with the earth’s surface. The most common manifestation is a long fissure
extending from a few kilometers to tens of kilometers, although ground rupture may also
occur as a series of discontinuous cracks, mounds or depressions.

The length of ground rupture and the width of the zone of deformation generally increase
with the magnitude and type of earthquake.

Earthquake Intensity Scale (PHIVOLCS)

Earthquake intensity is a ranking based on the observed effects of an earthquake in each

particular place. Therefore, each earthquake produces a range of intensity values, ranging from
highest in the epicenter area to zero at a distance from the epicenter.

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Intensity I: Scarcely Perceptible - Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances.
Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still water in containers oscillates
slowly.

Intensity II: Slightly Felt – Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects swing
slightly. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.

Intensity III: Weak – Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of buildings.
Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by
some people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in containers oscillates
moderately.

Intensity IV: Moderately Strong – Felt generally by people indoors and by some people
outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt like the passing of a heavy truck.
Hanging objects swing considerably. Dinner plates, glasses, windows, and doors rattle.
Floors and walls of wood-framed buildings creak. Standing motor cars may rock slightly.
Liquids in containers are slightly disturbed. Water in containers oscillates strongly.
Rumbling sound may sometimes be heard.

Intensity V: Strong – Generally felt by most people indoors and outdoors. Many sleeping
people are awakened. Some are frightened, some run outdoors. Strong shaking and
rocking felt throughout building. Hanging objects swing violently. Dining utensils clatter
and clink; some are broken. Small, light, and unstable objects may fall or overturn.
Liquids spill from filled open containers. Standing vehicles rock noticeably. Shaking of
leaves and twigs of trees are noticeable.

Intensity VI: Very Strong – Many people are frightened; many run outdoors. Some
people lose their balance. Motorists experience a sensation of driving on flat tires. Heavy
objects or furniture move or may be shifted. Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster
may crack. Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures are slightly
damaged, though well-built structures are not affected. Limited rock falls and rolling
boulders occur in hilly to mountainous areas and escarpments. Trees are noticeably
shaken.

Intensity VII: Destructive – Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it
difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and furniture overturn or topple. Big
church bells may ring. Old or poorly-built structures suffer considerable damage. Some
well-built structures are slightly damaged. Some cracks may appear on dikes, fish ponds,
road surface, or concrete hollow block walls. Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and
landslides are observed. Trees are shaken strongly.

Intensity VIII: Very Destructive – People are panicky. People find it difficult to stand,
even outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged. Concrete dikes and
foundation of bridges are destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway tracks are
bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted or overturned. Utility posts,
towers and monuments may tilt or topple. Numerous landslides and rock falls occur in

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 mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown out from their positions, particularly
near the epicenter. Fissure- and fault-rapture may be observed. Trees are violently
shaken. Water splashes or slops over dikes or banks of rivers.

Intensity IX: Devastating - People are forcibly thrown to the ground. Many cry and shake
with fear. Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and elevated concrete structures
are toppled or destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers, and monuments are tilted,
toppled, or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted, or broken. Landslides and
liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boils are widespread. The ground is distorted
and undulates. Trees are shaken very violently, with some toppled or broken. Boulders
are commonly thrown out. River water splashes violently or slops over dikes and banks.

Intensity X: Completely Devastating – Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.

Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and uplifting of land forms,
and many ground fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and destructive seiches
in large lakes occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted.

RICHTER Magnitude Scale (PHIVOLCS)

The magnitude of an earthquake is a number that allows earthquakes to be compared

with each other in terms of their relative power.

Magnitude 1 - Magnitude below 1 are only detectable when an ultra sensitive

seismometer is operated under favourable conditions.

Magnitude 2 - Magnitude below 3 are “hardly perceptible shocks” and are not felt.

Magnitude 3 - Magnitude 3 to 4 are “very feeble shocks” and only felt near the epicentre.

Magnitude 4 - Magnitude 4 to 5 are “feeble shocks” where damages are not usually
reported.

Magnitude 5 - Magnitude 5 to 6 are “earthquake with moderate strength”; felt over the
wide areas; some of them cause small local damages near the epicentre.

Magnitude 6 - Magnitude 6 to 7 are “strong earthquakes”; accompanied local damages

near epicentres.

Magnitude 7 - Magnitude 7 to 8 are the “major earthquakes”; can cause considerable

damages near epicentres; may generate tsunamis.

Magnitude 8 - Magnitude 8 to 9 are the “great earthquakes” occurring once or twice a

year. When in land areas, damages affect wide areas. When under the sea, considerable
tsunamis are produced. Many aftershocks occur in areas approximately 100 to 1,000 in
diameter.

Magnitude 9 - Magnitude over 9 have never occurred since the data based on the
seismographic observations became available.

Magnitude 10 - Magnitude over 9 have never occurred since the data based on the
seismographic observations became available.

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 Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Magnitude
measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Magnitude is determined from
measurements on seismographs. Intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the
earthquake at a certain location. Intensity is determined from effects on people, human
structures, and the natural environment.

WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

Illustration No. 1
Before an Earthquake

1. The key to effective disaster prevention is planning.

 Determine whether the site is along an active fault and/or prone to liquefaction
or landslide which may cause damage to your house or building;

 Be sure that proper structural design and engineering practice is followed when
constructing a house or building;

 Evaluate the structural soundness of buildings and important infrastructure;

strengthen or retrofit if found necessary;

 Plan ahead with your family in case of an earthquake. Decide on a place to meet
in the event that you are separate; and

 Develop family, workplace and community preparedness and evacuation plans.

2. Prepare your place of work and residence for an event.

 Strap heavy furniture/cabinets to the wall to prevent sliding or toppling;

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  Check the stability and secure hanging objects, like ceiling fans and chandeliers,
which may break loose and fall during earthquakes;

 Heavy materials, breakable items, harmful chemicals, and flammable materials

should be stored in the lowermost shelves and secured firmly; and

 Make it a habit to turn gas tanks off when not in use.

3. Familiarize yourself with your place of work and residence.

 Identify relatively strong parts of the building like locations near elevator shafts,
near columns and beams, and sturdy tables where you can take refuge during
an earthquake; and

 Learn to use fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms, and emergency exits. These
should be accessible/conveniently located, and prominently marked.

4. Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival kit consisting of a battery-powered

radio, flashlight, first aid kit, potable water, and candles, ready to eat food, sturdy rope,
water- resistant matches, whistle, dust mask, clothes and blanket.

5. Conduct and participate in regular earthquake drills.

Illustration No. 2
During an Earthquake

1. Stay Calm

2. If you are inside a structurally sound building, stay there.

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  Protect your body from falling debris by staying in stronger parts of the building
like near columns and beams, outside the elevator shaft, or by getting under a
sturdy desk or table. Remember Duck, Cover and Hold (Duck and Cover under a
table, Hold on to the legs);

Illustration No. 3
Duck, Cover and Hold

 Stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets and other heavy objects; and

 Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open.

3. If you are outside, move to an open area.

 Get away from power lines, posts, walls and other structures that may fall or
collapse;

 Stay away from buildings with glass panels;

 If you are on a mountain or near a steep hill slope, move away from steep
escarpments which may be affected by landslide.

4. When driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop. Do not attempt to
cross bridges or overpasses, which may have been damaged.

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Illustration No. 4
Do’s and Dont’s During an Earthquake

5. If you are near the shore and you feel an earthquake strong enough to make
standing difficult, it is always safest to assume that a tsunami might be triggered.
Move quickly to higher ground.

Illustration No. 5
After an Earthquake

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 1. Once the shaking stops, take the fastest and safest way out of the building.

 Do not rush to the exit. Get out calmly in an orderly manner. Bring your
emergency kit. Do not use elevators; use the stairs. Go to an open area or
designated evacuation area. Check yourself and others for injuries.

2. Unless you need emergency help:

 Do not use your telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention
authorities may need the line for emergency communication. Do not use your car
and drive around areas of damage, as rescue and relief operations need the roads
for mobility.

3. Help reduce the number of casualties from the earthquake.

 Do not enter partially damaged buildings; strong aftershocks may cause these to
collapse;

 Gather information and disaster prevention instructions from battery-operated

radios; and

 Obey public safety precautions.

5. Check your surroundings.

 Clean up chemical spills, toxic and flammable materials to avoid any chain of
unwanted events;
 Check for fire and, if any, have it controlled; and

 Check your water and electrical lines for defects; if any damage is suspected turn
the system off through the main valve or switch.

II. FLOOD

Flood is due to water overflowing from streams and other bodies of water, as well
as by the accumulation of rainwater by drainage. Floods can cause severe damages to
lives and properties.

Flood/Flooding/Inundation – is a great flow of water that rises and spreads over

the land when a volume of water from lakes/streams/rivers exceeds its carrying capacity
and escapes from its usual boundaries.

Types of Floods

Flooding can be classified based on the following criteria:

 Based on location or place of occurrence

 River flooding is caused by the overflowing of the river when run-off exceeds
the capacity of the channels and flooding the adjacent low-lying areas called

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 the floodplain. This may last a few hours or many days depending on the
intensity, amount and the distribution of the rainfall.

Illustration No. 6

 Coastal Flooding may occur due to storm surges, high tide and tsunamis
(waves produced by earthquakes/volcanoes at sea). Storm surge occurs when
strong onshore winds push the water inland and cause a rise in seal level, and
flooding the low-lying coastal areas. Worst cases could occur when it coincides
with the occurrence of high tide.

Illustration No. 7

 Urban Flooding occurs in an area where roads are usually paved. During rainy
episodes, water cannot infiltrate the ground and is normally retained in the
surface. This type of flooding is often associated with the limited capacity of
the sewerage system to drain the heavy rains that are falling.

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Illustration No. 8

 Based on Duration of Occurrence

 Flash Flooding is caused by a very short period of unusually heavy rainfall or

cloudburst over a relatively small drainage area. Flash floods carry highly
destructive flood waves and are most common in mountainous areas or in
steep places that have streams flowing though narrow canyons.

Illustration No. 9

 Sheet Flooding is caused by comparatively shallow water flowing over a wide

area and is very common in floodplains that are normally flat. Sheet flooding
may also result when water from a river channel with insufficient carrying
capacity over-tops its bank, inundating the adjacent areas.

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Illustration No. 10

Causes of Flooding

Floods are due to the complex combination of weather, climatic and human activities:

 Heavy, continuous rain that does not cease, or ceases only briefly.

 Meandering river system.

 Heavy siltation of the river system which could decrease the carrying capacity of
the river.

 Dam spilling/over-topping of dikes and embankments.

 Unusually high coastal and estuarine waters due to storm surges.

 Damming – Sudden discharge of floodwater with accompanying debris materials,

including trees, rocks, soil, etc.

 To a certain extent, astronomically influenced phenomena such as high tides

coinciding with the occurrence of heavy rainfall.

Aggravating factor:

 Presence of informal settlers;

 Increasing population;

 Increasing level of urbanization;

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  Altering the ecological system in a river basin, which could have an impact on the
hydrology of the watershed; and

 Denudation of the forests and watershed areas

If it has been raining hard for several hours, or steadily raining for several days, be alert
to the possibility of a flood. Floods happen as the ground become saturated.

Pre-Flood Preparation

 Avoid building your house on the floodplains and riversides

 Keep drainage areas free from debris accumulation.

 Ensure that drainage facilities are functioning properly.

 Plant trees and protect the forests, especially in the mountains to diminish floods

 Protect the rivers. Do not throw garbage because it will make them shallow,
destroying their draining capabilities.

 Do not connect septic tanks to the drainage canals and rivers.

 Periodic desilting, dredging, widening and deepening of riverbeds must be conducted.

Before the Flood

 Be informed of the daily weather conditions and forecasts from PAGASA.

 Be aware of how often and to what extent your location is likely to be flooded.

 Know the flood warning system and evacuation plan of your community and make
sure your family knows them.

 Identify an evacuation area for the family and livestock.

 Assign specific tasks and responsibilities to family members according to an

evacuation plan.

 Keep a stock of food, which requires no or little cooking and refrigeration, good for at
least three days.

 Keep a battery-operated radio and flashlight, cell phones, emergency cooking

equipment, candles, matches, and a first aid kit handy in case of emergency.

 Securely anchor weak houses.

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When Warned of Flood

 Watch for rapidly raising flood waters.

 Listen to your radio for emergency and possible evacuation orders or instructions.

 Store drinking water in containers as water service may be interrupted.

 Move household belongings to upper levels.

 Transfer livestock to higher ground.

 If advised to evacuate, do so. Do not panic. Move to a safe area before access is cut
off by flood waters.

 Turn off the main electricity switch and gas valve. Disconnect electrical appliances.
Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water. Lock your
house before evacuating.

During the Flood

 Stay indoors.

 Do not attempt to cross rivers or flowing streams where water is above the knee.

 Do not go swimming or boating in swollen rivers.

 Do not drive through flooded areas or streets. Avoid needless trips.

 Stay away from downed power lines.

 Be alert for gas leaks. Use a flashlight to inspect damage.

 Report flooded areas to the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils.

After the Flood

 Re-enter your house with caution using a flashlight, not lantern or torches.
Flammables and dangerous animals like snakes may be inside.

 Be alert for fire hazards like broken electric wires.

 Do not eat food and drink water until they have been checked for contamination.

 Report broken utility lines (electricity, water, gas and telephone) to appropriate
agencies/authorities.

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  Do not turn on the main switch or use appliances and other equipment until they have
been checked by a competent electrician.

 Consult health authorities for immunization requirements.

 Do not go “sight-seeing” in disaster areas. Your presence might hamper rescue and
other emergency operations.

III. TROPICAL CYCLONE

A Tropical Cyclone is an intense low-pressure system with minimum sustained

winds of 35 kilometers per hour (KPH). Approximately twenty tropical cyclones enter
the Philippine Area of Responsibility yearly of which ten will be typhoons with five being
destructive. The Philippines is "the most exposed country in the world to tropical storms"
according to a Time Magazine article in 2013. In the Philippine languages, typhoons are
called “bagyo”.

Classification of Tropical Cyclones

Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the latent heat of condensation which made
them exist only over the oceans and die out rapidly on land. One of its distinguishing features is
its having a central sea-level pressure of 900 mb or lower and surface winds often exceeding 100
knots. They reach their greatest intensity while located over warm tropical waters and they begin
to weaken as they move inland. The intensity of tropical cyclones vary, thus, we can classify them
based upon their degree of intensity.

The classification of Tropical Cyclones Intensity Scale according to the strength of the
associated winds as adopted by PAGASA as of 01 May 2015 are as follows:

1. TROPICAL DEPRESSION (TD) - a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of up

to 61 kilometers per hour (kph) or less than 33 nautical miles per hour (knots).

2. TROPICAL STORM (TS) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 62 to 88 kph
or 34 - 47 knots.

3. SEVERE TROPICAL STORM (STS) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 89
to 117 kph or 48 - 63 knots.

4. TYPHOON (TY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 118 to 220 kph or 64
- 120 knots.

5. SUPER TYPHOON (STY) - a tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed exceeding 220
kph or more than 120 knots.

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Structure of a Tropical Cyclone

Illustration No. 11
Primary Components of a Tropical Cyclone

The primary components of a Tropical Cyclone:

1. Eye – is the center of the tropical cyclones and is normally circular in shape with generally
cloud-free skies. The wind is light and calm or there are relatively very light winds and no
rain. It ranges in size from 10 to 100 kilometers in diameter.

2. Eye Wall – is the ring where very high winds and rains are at the heaviest. The highest
winds are on the forward right side of the wall of the storm. If the storm is heading west,
the highest winds will be on the northern side of the storm. The heaviest damage occurs
when the tropical cyclone’s eye wall passes over the land.

3. Rainbands – the spiral rainbands of showers and thunderstorms surround the eye. High
wind gusts and heavy downpour often occur in individual rainbands, with relatively calm
weather between bands. It covers an area of several square kilometers.

The Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS)

As the weather disturbance moves through the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR),
Public Storm Signals may be upgraded or downgraded.

An area’s given signal number is based on the intensity, size of circulation and the forecast
direction, and speed of the tropical storm or typhoon when the Public Storm Warning Signal is
raised. Changes in intensity, size of circulation, or movement of the tropical cyclone also
determines the change of the Public Storm Warning Signal in a given area.

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Illustration No. 12

Public Storm Warning Signal No. 1

Meteorological Conditions:

 A tropical cyclone will threaten/affect an area;

 Winds of 30-60 kph is expected; and

 Intermittent rains may be expected in at least 36 hours. (When the tropical cyclone
develops very close to an area, a shorter lead time of the occurrence of the winds will be
specified in the warning bulletin.

Impact of the Winds:

 Twigs and branches of small trees may be broken;

 Some banana plants may be tilted or uprooted;

 Some houses of very light materials may be partially unroofed;

 Only very light or no damage may be sustained by areas affected;

 Rice crops in flowering stage may suffer significant damage; and

 No damage to very light damage.

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Precautionary Measures:

 When the tropical cyclone intensifies and moves closer, this warning signal number may
be upgraded;

 The waves on coastal waters may gradually develop and swell;

 The people are advised to listen to the latest severe weather bulletin issued by PAGASA
every six hours;

 Business may be carried out as usual except when floods occur;

 Disaster preparedness units are activated to alert status.

Illustration No. 13

Public Storm Warning Signal No. 2

Meteorological Conditions:

 A tropical cyclone will affect an area; and

 Winds of greater than 61 kph and up to 120 kph may be expected in at least 24 hours.

Impact of the Winds:

 Some coconut trees may tilt; some of them may break;

 Few big trees may be uprooted;

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  Many banana plants may be downed;

 Rice and corn crops may be affected;

 A large number of houses made of light materials may be unroofed;

 Old galvanized iron roofing may be peeled off;

 In general, the winds may bring light to moderate damage to the exposed communities;
and

 Light to moderate damage.

Precautionary Measures:

 The sea and coastal waters are dangerous to small seacraft;

 Special attention should be given to the latest position, direction and movement speed,
and intensity of the storm as it moves toward an area;

 The public especially people traveling by sea and air are cautioned;

 Outdoor activities of children should be postponed;

 Secure properties before the signal is upgraded; and

 Disaster preparedness agencies/organizations are in action to alert their communities.

Illustration No. 14

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Public Storm Warning Signal No. 3

Meteorological Conditions:

 A tropical cyclone will affect an area; and

 Winds of greater than 121 kph up to 170 kph may be expected in at least 18 hours.

Impact of the Winds:

 Many coconut trees may be broken or destroyed;

 Almost all banana plants may be downed and a large number of trees may be uprooted;

 Rice and corn crops may suffer heavy losses;

 Majority of light material houses may be unroofed or destroyed. There may be

considerable damage to structures of light to medium construction;

 There may be widespread disruption of electrical power and communication services;

 In general, moderate to heavy damage may be experienced, particularly in the agricultural

and industrial sectors; and

 Modrate to heavy damage.

Precautionary Measures:

 The weather condition is dangerous to the communities affected;

 The sea and coastal waters will be very dangerous to all seacraft;

 Travel is very risky especially by air and sea;

 People are advised to seek shelter in strong buildings, evacuate low-lying areas, and stay
away from the coasts and riverbanks;

 Watch out for the passage of the eye of the typhoon indicated by a sudden occurrence of
fair weather immediately after very bad weather, with very strong winds coming
generally from the north;

 When the eye of the typhoon hit the community, do not venture away from the safe
shelter because after one to two hours, the worst weather will resume, with the very
strong winds coming from the south;

 Classes in all levels should be suspended and children should stay in the safety of strong
buildings; and

 Disaster preparedness and response agencies/organizations are in action with

appropriate response to emergency.

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Illustration No. 15

Public Storm Warning Signal No. 4

Meteorological Conditions:

 A very intense typhoon will affect the area; and

 Very strong winds of more than 171 to 220 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.

Impact of the Winds:

 Coconut plantations may suffer extensive damage;

 Many large trees may be uprooted;

 Rice and corn plantation may suffer severe losses;

 Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed construction may be severely

damaged;

 Electrical power distribution and communication services may be severely disrupted; and

 Damage to affected communities can be heavy to very heavy.

Precautionary Measures:

 The situation is potentially very destructive to the community;

 All travels and outdoor activities should be cancelled;

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  Evacuation to safer shelters should have been completed;

 The area is very likely to be hit directly by the eye of the typhoon;

 As the eye of the typhoon approaches, the weather will worsen continuously, with winds
increasing to its strongest coming generally from the north;

 A sudden improvement of the weather with light winds will be experienced, which means
the area is under the eye of the typhoon;

 Depending on the eye’s diameter and movement speed, this improved weather may last
for an hour or two;

 As the eye moves out of the area, weather conditions will worsen, with strong winds
generally coming from the south; and

 The Disaster Coordinating Councils concerned and other disaster response organizations
are now fully responding to emergencies.

Illustration No. 16

Public Storm Warning Signal No. 5 / SUPER TYPHOON

Meteorological Conditions:

 A Super Typhoon will affect the area; and

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  Very strong winds of more than 220 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours.

Impact of the Winds:

 Almost total damage to structures of light materials, especially in highly exposed coastal
areas;

 Complete roof failure on many buildings. Severe and extensive window and door damage;

 Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed construction may be severely

damaged;

 Electrical power distribution and communication services severely disrupted;

 All signboards blown down;

 Total damage to banana plantation;

 Most tall trees are broken, uprooted, or defoliated;

 Coconut tress are stooped, broken, or uprooted;

 Few plants and trees survived; and

 Very heavy to widespread damage.

Precautionary Measures:

 The situation is potentially extremely destructive or catastrophic to the community;

 All travels and outdoor activities should be cancelled;

 Evacuation to safer shelters should have been completed since it may have been too late
for this situation;

 The area is very likely to be hit directly by the eye of the typhoon;

 As the eye of the typhoon approaches, the weather will worsen continuously, with winds
increasing to its strongest coming generally from the north;

 A sudden improvement of the weather with light winds will be experienced, which means
the area is under the eye of the typhoon;

 Depending on the eye’s diameter and movement speed, this improved weather may last
for an hour or two;

 As the eye moves out of the area, weather conditions will worsen, with strong winds
generally coming from the south; and

 The Disaster Coordinating Councils concerned and other disaster response organizations
are now fully responding to emergencies and in full readiness to immediately respond to
possible calamity.

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What to Do in Case of Typhoons

BEFORE

 Stay indoors and keep calm;

 Monitor TV and radio reports;

 Secure your home;

 Trim trees near dwellings;

 Keep roads clear for emergency vehicles;

 Have a flashlight and radio handy, with fresh batteries;

 Stock up on food, potable water, kerosene, batteries, and first aid supplies;

 Avoid low-lying areas, riverbanks, creeks and coastal areas, slopes, cliffs, and foothills.
Rain can trigger landslides, rockslides or mudslides; and

 Stack furniture above the expected flood level. Keep appliances, valuables, chemicals,
toxic substances, and garbage beyond the reach of flood waters;

DURING

 Go to the nearest designated evacuation center if your house is in a flood-prone area;

 In case of flooding, turn off the main sources of electricity, gas and water in your
home; and

 Do not operate any electrical equipment during flood.

AFTER

 Avoid wading through flooded areas. Do not attempt to cross flowing streams; and

 Do not use gas or electrical appliances that have been flooded.

Table No. 3
CLASS SUSPENSION DURING TROPICAL CYCLONE WARNING SIGNAL (TCWS)
(DepEd Order No. 43, s. 2012)

CLASS SUSPENSION
TCWS
(Public and Private)
1 Public and private preschool and kindergarten classes
2 Public and private preschool, kindergarten,
elementary and secondary classes
3 All levels

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 Executive Order No. 66 s. 2012 PRESCRIBING RULES ON THE CANCELLATION OR
SUSPENSION OF CLASSES AND WORK IN GOVERNMENT OFFICES DUE TO TYPHOONS, FLOODING,
OTHER WEATHER DISTURBANCES, AND CALAMITIES

Section 2. Localized Cancellation or Suspension of Classes and Work in

Government Offices. In the absence of typhoon signal warnings from PAGASA, localized
cancellation or suspension of classes and work in government offices may be
implemented by local chief executives, as chairmen of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (LDRRMC) concerned, in coordination with PAGASA and the
NDRRMC, specifically in flood-prone or high risk areas.

Announcements will be made not later than 4:30 AM of the day of the intended
cancellation of classes and work, or not later than 11:00 AM for suspension of work and
classes in the afternoon session, through diverse mass media, particularly radio and
television, landline communications and other technologies for communication within
the community or locality.

Section 3. Cancellation or Suspension of Classes and Work in the Government

During Other Calamities. Classes in all levels in both public and private schools as well as
work in the government offices may be cancelled or suspended in areas affected by
disasters or calamities other than typhoons, such as but not limited to floods,
earthquakes, tsunami and conflagration, upon the declaration by the President of a State
of Calamity based on the recommendation of the NDRRMC.

The concerned Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO)
headed by the Local Chief Executive shall be responsible for announcing the suspension
of classes and work in the government offices in the affected areas in coordination with
the NDRRMC, through all forms of mass media available under the circumstances.

DepEd Order No. 43, s. 2012 Guidelines on the Implementation Of Executive Order No. 66
(Prescribing Rules on the Cancellation or Suspension of Classes and Work in Government Offices
Due to Typhoons, Flooding, Other Weather Disturbances, and Calamities)

c. Cancellation/Suspension of Classes and Work During Other Calamities

Decisions on and subsequent announcement of cancellation/suspension of classes in
public and private schools and work in government offices in areas affected by disasters
or calamities other than typhoons, such as but not limited to floods, earthquakes,
tsunamis and conflagration, shall be made by the local government executive as
chairperson of the LDRRMC, in coordination with the National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council (NDRRMC), through all forms of mass media available under the
circumstances.

IV. THUNDERSTORM

A thunderstorm is a violent local atmospheric disturbance accompanied by

lightning, thunder and heavy rain, often with strong gusts of wind and sometimes by hail.

A typical thunderstorm is 5 kilometers in diameter and lasts an average of 30

minutes, but the more severe ones may last much longer. When compared with tropical
cyclones, thunderstorms affect relatively small areas but all thunderstorms are
dangerous.

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Hazards Associated with Thunderstorms

1. Lightning

Lightning is visible electrical discharge due to high voltage differences that build
up within the cloud, or between the rain cloud and the ground below.

The temperature of a lightning bolt is 5 times hotter than the surface of the sun.
The sudden lightning creates sound waves in the air that we hear as thunder.
Lightning can cause death and injuries and can spark fires.

2. Heavy Rainfall

Excessive rains can produce flashfloods/floods that can transform creeks into
raging flood waters sweeping over structures along their path.

3. Tornado/Waterspout

The more severe hazard brought about by a thunderstorm is a

tornado/waterspout. The amount of destruction depends largely on the strength of
the wind. Most injuries and deaths result from flying debris.

4. Hail

Hailstones are ice crystals falling from a thunderstorm cloud. Since the air
temperature in the country is normally high, hailstones that reach the ground are
usually the size of a grain of corn, which is seldom of sufficient size to cause damage
to properties. However, hail can destroy crops.

Signs of an Impending Thunderstorm

 Towering cumulonimbus clouds

 Darkening skies

 Flashes of lightning and gusty winds

 Sound of thunder

Who are at risk from a thunderstorm?

People who are outdoors (especially under or near tall trees, in isolated sheds or near
hilltops) are at risk from lightning. Also in danger are people in automobiles when flash flooding
occurs near them.

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How to Prevent Damages Due to Lightning

 If you are outdoors, seek shelter from lightning. Go inside the house, enclosed cars or
large building, if you can.

 If you can’t find shelter, avoid the solitary tree or the tallest object in the area. Lightning
tends to strike tall objects.

 Stay away from anything that conducts electricity.

 Don’t use any plug-in electrical appliances such as telephones, computers or television
sets.

 Stay in your automobile if you are travelling.

 When outside, don’t use metal objects.

 Get out of water, it conducts electricity.

 When you feel an electrical charge – your hair stands on end or your skin tingles –
lightning may be about to strike you. Don’t drop to the ground. Sit down instead, but
with only your feet touching the ground and positioned apart from each other while you
cover your head with your hands or touching your knees.

 Remember, if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to be strike by lightning.

V. TORNADO

A tornado is described as a violently rotating column of air extending from a

thunderstorm to the ground. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form
of a visible condensation funnel whose narrow end touches the earth and is often
encircled by a cloud of debris.
A tornado acts like a giant vacuum cleaner, sucking and carrying objects – such as
trees, structures or debris – aloft on its path and jumping across the ground in a narrow
erratic movement.

It can strike any time of the day but does so more frequently in the afternoon –
when the temperature is at its highest – and in the evening. It may also develop when
there are tropical cyclones.

Much of the damage comes from its extreme winds. Wind spreads are estimated
to exceed 450 km/hr and may last for a few minutes. Whenever a tornado strikes, it may
leave marks of destruction.

Tornadoes are often obscured by rain or dust

There have been reported occurrences of “buhawi,” the local term for tornado, in the
Philippines. In the Municipality of Jaen, one occurred in Brgy. San Pablo, Jaen Nueva Ecija, and
the roof of San Pablo National High School building was removed.

Signs of an Impending Tornado

 A funnel-shaped column appears from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud.

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  The weather feels warm, humid, uncomfortable and calm.

 Lightning flashes and thunder cracks.

 A tornado reaching the ground produces a roaring or buzzing sound.

Illustration No. 17
Tornado (Buhawi)

VI. SOIL EROSION

Soil erosion is, at its core, a natural process. Put simply, it is when topsoil, which is the
upper-most layer of the ground, is moved from one spot to another. Why this matters is
because topsoil is the part of the land that is highest in organic matter and best suited for
farming and other fertile activities, which is why soil erosion can have the greatest impact
on farmers and agricultural land. In other words, soil erosion is a naturally occurring and
slow process that refers to loss of field’s top soil by water and wind or through conversion
of natural vegetation to agricultural land.

When farming activities are carried out, the top soil is exposed and is often blown
away by wind or washed away by rain. When soil erosion occurs, the movement of the
detached topsoil is typically facilitated by either a natural process – such as wind or water
movement – or by the impact of man, such as through tilling farmland.

The process of soil erosion is made up of three parts:

1. Detachment - This is when the topsoil is actually “detached” from the rest of the
ground.

2. Movement (Transport) - This is when the topsoil is relocated to another area.

3. Deposition - Where the topsoil ends up after this process.

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Illustration No. 18
Process of Soil Erosion

When it comes to our planet, natural resources are typically affected by two things –
either naturally-occurring ones such as weather, or from man-made influence. Soil erosion, or
the gradual reduction of topsoil in a geographic area, can be caused by both natural and
unnatural processes, but it can also have great effects on inhabitants of an affected area. One of
the major concerns regarding soil erosion is that it can permanently affect the land, which can be
devastating for farmers or those with agricultural pursuits.

Unfortunately, many people are still uneducated about soil erosion, which is leading to the
occurrence in greater amounts around the world. Soil erosion contributes to pollution in adjacent
water sources and reduces cropland productivity. Major crops that cause soil erosion include
coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, palm oil, soybean and wheat that can increase soil erosion beyond
the soil’s ability to maintain itself.

Causes of Soil Erosion

As mentioned, the predominant causes of soil erosion are either related to naturally -
occurring events or influenced by the presence of human activity. Some of the principal causes
of soil erosion include:

1. Rain and rainwater runoff

In a particular heavy rain, soil erosion is common. First of all, the water starts to
break down the soil, dispersing the materials it is made of. Typically, rainwater runoff will
impact lighter materials like silt, organic matter, and finer sand particles, but in heavy
rainfall, this can also include the larger material components as well.

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 2. Farming

When land is worked through crops or other agricultural processes, it reduces the
overall structure of the soil, in addition to reducing the levels of organic matter, making
it more susceptible to the effects of rain and water. Tilling in particular, because it often
breaks up and softens the structure of soil, can be a major contributor to erosion. Farming
practices that reduce this activity tend to have far less issues with soil erosion.

3. Slope of the land

The physical characteristics of the land can also contribute to soil erosion. For
example, land with a high hill slope will perpetuate the process of rainwater or runoff
saturation in the area, particularly due to the faster movement of the water down a slope.

4. Lack of vegetation

Plants and crops help maintain the structure of soils, reducing the amount of soil
erosion. Areas with less naturally-occurring flora may be a hint that the soil is prone to
erosion.
5. Wind

Wind can be a major factor in reducing soil quality and promotion erosion,
particularly if the soil’s structure has already been loosened up. However, lighter winds
will typically not cause too much damage, if any. The most susceptible soil to this type of
erosion is sandy or lighter soil that can easily be transported through the air.

Effects of Soil Erosion

A major problem with soil erosion is that there is no telling how quickly or slowly it will
occur. If largely impacted by ongoing weather or climate events, it may be a slow-developing
process that is never even noticed. However, a severe weather occurrence or other experience
can contribute to rapid-moving erosion, which can cause great harm to the area and its
inhabitants.

Some of the greatest effects of soil erosion include:

1. Loss of topsoil

Obviously, this is the biggest effect of soil erosion. Because topsoil is so fertile, if
it is removed, this can cause serious harm to farmer’s crops or the ability to effectively
work their land.

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 2. Soil compaction

When soil under the topsoil becomes compacted and stiff, it reduces the ability
for water to infiltrate these deeper levels, keeping runoff at greater levels, which
increases the risk of more serious erosion.

3. Reduced organic and fertile matter

As mentioned, removing topsoil that is heavy with organic matter will reduce the
ability for the land to regenerate new flora or crops. When new crops or plants can’t be
placed successfully in the area, this perpetuates a cycle of reduced levels of organic
nutrients.

4. Poor drainage

Sometimes too much compaction with sand can lead to an effective crust that
seals in the surface layer, making it even harder for water to pass through to deeper
layers. In some ways, this can help erosion because of the densely packed soil, but if it
perpetuates greater levels of runoff from rainwater or flooding, it can negatively impact
the crucial topsoil.

5. Issues with plant reproduction

When soil is eroded in an active cropland, wind in particular makes lighter soil
properties such as new seeds and seedlings to be buried or destroyed. This, in turn,
impacts future crop production.

6. Soil acidity levels

When the structure of the soil becomes compromised, and organic matter is
greatly reduced, there is a higher chance of increased soil acidity, which will significantly
impact the ability for plants and crops to grow.

7. Long term erosion

Unfortunately, if an area is prone to erosion or has a history of it, it becomes even

harder to protect it in the future. The process has already reduced the soil structure and
organic matter of the area, meaning that it will be harder to recover in the long run.

8. Water pollution

A major problem with runoff from soils – particularly those used for agricultural
processes – is that there is a greater likelihood that sediment and contamination like the
use of fertilizer or pesticide. This can have significant damage on fish and water quality.

What to do:

 Careful tilling - Because tilling activity breaks up the structure of soil, doing less tilling with
fewer passes will preserve more of the crucial topsoil.

 Crop rotation - Plenty of crop rotation is crucial for keeping land happy and healthy. This
allows organic matter to build up, making future plantings more fertile.

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  Increased structure for plants - Introducing terraces or other means of stabilizing plant
life or even the soil around them can help reduce the chance that the soil loosens and
erodes. Boosting areas that are prone to erosion with sturdy plant life can be a great way
to stave off future effects.

 Water control - For those areas where soil erosion is predominantly caused by water –
whether natural or man-made – specialized chutes and runoff pipes can help to direct
these water sources away from the susceptible areas, helping stave off excess erosion.
Having these filters in particular areas rather than leading to natural bodies of water is a
focus to reduce pollution.

 Increased knowledge - A major factor for preventing soil erosion is educating more and
more people who work with the land on why it is a concern, and what they can do to help
reduce it. This means outreach to farmers in susceptible areas for ways that they can help
protect crops from inclement weather, or ways that they can help make sure their soil
remains compact without restricting their plant growing activities.

VII. HEAT WAVES

Heat waves occur when the daily maximum temperature of more than five
consecutive days exceed the average maximum temperature by 5 degree Celcius, the
normal period being 1961-1990 (World Meteorological Organization).

Heat can kill by pushing the human body temperature beyond its limits. Elderly
people, young children and those who are sick or overweight are more likely to become
victims of extreme heat. Men sweat more that women so they are more susceptible to
heat illness and become more quickly dehydrated. Excessive heat that lasts for more than
two days significantly increases heat related illnesses. People living in urban areas may
be at greater risk from the effects of a prolonged heat wave than people living in rural
regions.

What to Do Before:

 Plan changes in your daily activities to avoid strenuous work during the warmest part of
the day.

 Consult a physician when affected by extreme heat.

 Undergo training on first aid.

 Interview local physicians and paramedics about the dangers of sunburn, heat exhaustion,
heat stroke, and other possible conditions caused by excessive heat.

What to Do During:

 Wear loose-fitting, lightweight, light-colored clothing that will cover as much skin as
possible.

 Protect your face and head by wearing a wide-brimmed hat.

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  Drink plenty of water even if you do not feel thirsty to prevent dehydration.

 Avoid drinks with alcoholic or caffeine, which can also cause dehydration.

 Take frequent breaks if you must work outdoors.

 Use a buddy system when working in extreme heat.

 Eat frequent small meals for easy digestion.

 Use salt tablets or table salt because it retains fluid.

B. HUMAN-INDUCED HAZARDS

I. Technological and Sociological Hazard

Hazardous materials defined as any release of materials (during its

manufacture, use, storage, or transportation) that is capable of posing a risk to health,
safety and property and one of the most common is the organophosphate poisoning.
Organophosphates include pesticides and fertilizers.

Since majority of residents in Jaen works full time or part time in the field as
farmers, it cannot be disregarded that organophosphates are one of the major risks
being faced by most farmers since it is a common practice to utilize organohosphates
as fertilizers and pesticides. Prior to use of pesticides and fertilizers, registration of
such products must be checked and it should comply with the standards set by FPA or
Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority.

The standard includes:

1. Quality and suitability of the active ingredient and of the finished product;
2. Bioefficacy;
3. Safety to handlers; and
4. Safety to users/consumers handling, packaging, labelling and disposal.

According to the Manual of Technical Guidelines in the Management of Toxic Substance

Exposures at the Field Level by Maramba et al., 2009, the general public may be exposed to
pesticides unintentionally during the formulation, transport, storage, use and disposal. Passive
non-occupational exposure could result from contamination of food, water, soil and air with
pesticides. Fire extinguishers should be at place as well as buckets of sand, sawdust and dry soil
in order to control the spread of spills. Coordination with local fire department is also equally
important.

The following guidelines are lifted word per word from Manual of Technical Guidelines in
the Management of Toxic Substance Exposures at the Field Level by Maramba et al., 2009, p50.

As with any incident, preparedness is the crucial factor for the success in managing
hazmat incidents. The important areas for preparedness are 1) incident combat, for example,
plugging the leak in cases of chemical release; 2) triage, transport and medical treatment of
victims; 3) remediation restitution and rehabilitation; and 4) dealing with uncertainties about the
health effects of the released hazardous substances.

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 While trained hazmat teams take care of first area and environmental engineers the third,
field responders have important roles in the second and fourth areas for preparedness.

Field responders like other public health professionals, should have well-defined roles in
the overall preparedness plan. Therefore they should be involved in the planning processes.
Participation in planning and preparedness at the local level is expected from field responders in
the following areas:

1. Joining up with other public health professionals (doctors, nurses, paramedics, public
health specialists, firemen, policemen, environmental specialists, public officials, etc.) to
create a multidisciplinary team that will meet during the planning stages and that will
respond during an incident;

2. Networking and establishing contacts with distant specialty hospitals, poison control
centers, toxicology laboratories etc., and keeping their phone, fax and mobile numbers,
and email addresses;

3. Conducting a community risk assessment which will assess the severity of the potential
effects of a hazmat incident in the local area. This involves identification of sites of
hazardous materials, pipelines and transport routes, identification of possible incident
scenarios, identification of vulnerable populations and facilities, and estimation of the
health impact of potential incidents and the resources needed for an adequate response;

4. Conducting a baseline assessment that will measure the background levels of illnesses in
a community before an incident. This is important later on as a point of comparison to
assess the impact on health that an incident has caused;

5. Conducting a baseline environmental assessment by measuring the baseline levels of

hazardous substances in the environment before an incident occurs;

6. Liaising with the local community by meeting with representative community members
and or local chemistry industry, and involving them in disaster preparations;

7. Drawing up a public health hazardous material incident plan in close cooperation with all
agencies, specialists, communities, and other concerned organizations and individuals;

8. Establishing access to information, databases and expertise that will provide quick
information about the physical characteristics of a hazardous materials, the test, both
biological and environmental, that can be done to detect it, medical signs and symptoms,
decontamination techniques, treatment and needed antidotes;

9. Assessing the availability of adequate local and neighbouring health care facilities. An
alerting mechanism should also be developed and tested among these participating
health care facilities; and

10. Pursuing measures that will reduce the probability of incidents and reduce the health
effects of these incidents if ever they occur, putting in place preventive measures and
regulations.

Civil unrest, drug-related violence, military insurgence, election-related violence, crimes

are some of the most common societal hazards in every municipality. Terrorist activity are
somehow not common in Region 3. With the recent programs set by the current administration,
the war on drugs has become rampant and as of July 2016 up to November 2017, there were

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around 704 drug users who voluntary surrendered to the Jaen Police Station during the double
barrel approach of PNP, the “Oplan Tokhang”.

Hazardous Incident Operations

Dangerous goods such as hazardous, flammable, combustible liquids are stored around
the area and in farm storages. An accident involving such goods could result in a serious fire risk
or evacuation of nearby residents. The movement of hazardous chemicals/materials by road or
in the house may possibly occur. Potential therefore exists for an accident involving quantities of
hazardous chemicals/materials with the possibility of explosion, fire or leakage of toxic chemicals.
The degree of this threat is considered to be slight. A potential threat also exists in the built up
locations or along the main highways from containers being dislodged from vehicles.

Risk - Hazardous materials are carried by road transport throughout the region.

Treatment - Education of personnel involved in the storage and transport of such

materials. Adherence to the regulations for the storage and transportation of the goods.

List of trainings of field responders to be effective in an actual incident are:

1. Incident Command System (ICS)

The establishment of an ICS is the first task to be done in responding to hazmat

incidents to ensure coordination among all personnel involved. It is a standardized, on-
scene, all-hazard incident management concept consisting of organizational hierarchy
with mechanism of controlling personnel, facilities, equipment, and communications.

In order to prevent disaster management difficulties, ICS is designed to be

interdisciplinary, flexible and able to:

 Adapt to any kind or complexity of incident depending on the need;

 Allow personnel from various agencies to join rapidly into a common structure with
common terminologies;

 Provide logistical and administrative support to operational staff;

 Avoid duplication of efforts to achieve cost-effectiveness; and

 Field responders should be familiar with the ICS in order to fit well into the disaster
management structure.

2. On-site Medical Care Using Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment START

Many lives can be saved if victims are promptly and adequately managed. Providing
emergency care within the shortest possible time aims to save as many lives as possible.
Field responders should promptly apply a triage system to all victims that will enable
responders to give the greatest good for the greatest number of people in light of limited
resources. This goal of triage in an MCI is evidently different compared to the daily
emergency care. This is necessary to optimize care for the maximum number of
salvageable patients and to distinguish those who will recover with the minimum care
from those who will die despite maximal care.

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 Once classified, the following colored tags are placed on victims (severity or care
needed, and definitions are indicated in the table below):

Table No. 4
Victims Colored Tags

RED YELLOW GREEN BLACK

Color Tag
Severity/Care
IMMEDIATE DELAYED MINOR DEAD
needed
Immediate Urgent but can Delayed care, Victim is dead,
Definition care, life be delayed First Aid care no medical
threatening only care needed

The only medical care interventions provided at this stage are opening obstructed airways
and direct pressure on obvious bleeding body sites. Victims are then transported to hospitals and
other health facilities for definitive care. “Red” victims who would benefit most from definitive
care, and untreatable in the field, should be transported first.

3. First-Aid including Basic Life Support (BLS)

Ideally, field responders should have sufficient first-aid training to enable them to
help anybody who is injured or suffering from an acute life-threatening episode.

The essential resuscitation procedures at the site and during transportation of

victims are:

 Establishing and maintaining patent airway;

 Providing and maintaining adequate oxygenation;

 Controlling external bleeding; and

 Splinting fractures and applying neck collars.

4. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A responder must ensure that he/she is adequately protected against

contamination before handling victims of a chemical exposure by wearing PPE. Not
practicing this precaution, a health care worker could be contaminated and would
become a victim.

There are various levels of PPEs ranging from a set of gloves, face shield, goggles
and coveralls (LEVEL D) to a chemical protective suit with a Self Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA) (LEVEL A).

Phases of Public Health Surveillance Program for Toxic Substance Exposures:

 Assessment of needs – involves mapping out of potential toxic exposures

in the community;

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  Selection of program goals and target populations – can be surveillance to
detect exposure, screening for a disease, baseline study or identification
of risk factors, establish causation or association;

 Selection of testing modalities – depends on the goal of the program;

 Interpretation of data;

 Identification of exposures and disease patterns;

 Communication of results;

 Intervention based on results; and

 Program evaluation.

A. VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

A car accident, also referred to as a “traffic collision,” or a “motor vehicle accident,”

occurs when a motor vehicle strikes or collides another vehicle, a stationary object, a pedestrian,
or an animal. While some car accidents result only in property damage, others result in severe
injuries or death.

A number of factors contribute to the risk of collision, including vehicle design, speed of
operation, road design, road environment, and driver skill, impairment due to alcohol or drugs,
and behavior, notably speeding and street racing. Worldwide, motor vehicle collisions lead to
death and disability as well as financial costs to both society and the individuals involved.

Illustration No. 19

Common Causes of Car Accident

There are virtually an unlimited number of causes of car accidents. Weather and road
conditions are a common cause of many car accidents, but many accidents are caused by failure
of a driver to keep his attention to the road, and operation of his vehicle. Understanding the

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factors that contribute to car accidents can help drivers avoid them. Some of the most common
causes of car accidents include:

 Speeding – Failure to follow the legal speed limit is perhaps one of the leading causes of car
accidents that occur within the United States. Driving faster than what is considered safe for
the road conditions is considered speeding, regardless of the posted speed limit.

 Using a Device – Texting or talking while driving, or even playing with a phone, music player,
or GPS device, increases the level of danger on the road, as drivers become distracted. Many
states have begun passing laws prohibiting phone use while driving, and some have
expanded these “cell phone laws” to include any distracting activity. These are called
“distracted driving laws.”

 Driver Fatigue – Driving while extremely tired can lead to falling into a trans-like state, or
even falling asleep at the wheel. When a driver nods off or falls asleep, there is a very high
chance of becoming involved in a car accident.

 Drunk Driving – Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is dangerous, and often fatal.
Drinking and driving, increases the probability of causing a car accident is increased by 900%
over other drivers.

 Defective Auto Parts – When a part on a vehicle is defective or goes bad, it can cause the
vehicle to operate in an unsafe manner. Common defects include brake issues, defects in
tires, defective air bags, top-heavy design, and more. When an accident does occur,
defective safety features can increase the chance of serious injury or death.

 Rubbernecking – Drivers looking at things along the roadway, such as sunsets, traffic
accidents, flashy billboards, and other things, are distracted, and commonly cause accidents.

 Poor Weather Conditions – Weather conditions that leave the roadway wet or icy, or reduce
visibility, pose a danger to vehicles on the road, and require drivers to pay extra attention,
and to slow down. High winds, blowing dust, fog, and torrential downpours are common
causes of accidents.

What To Do During Vehicular Accidents

(as per Metro Manila Development Authority MMDA)

It is not uncommon for a driver in a car accident to panic, or not know what to do. When
injuries occur, emotions run high, and the people involved often forget to take important steps.
It is vital for drivers to know what to do after a car accident, to prevent further injuries, and to
avoid breaking the law.

Minor Accidents

1. Safety First

The principle concern during a car accident is the safety and well-being of
everyone involved. Alight from your vehicle and take pictures of the situation whatever
happens.

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 2. Do Not Cause Traffic

After that, the drivers should pull their vehicles out of the road immediately so
that they're both clear of oncoming traffic. Use flares or cones, if you have them, to alert
other drivers, and turn on your hazard lights so that you can be more visible. Call the
nearest hospital if anyone has been hurt. Do not leave the scene of an accident--even a
minor one--until everything has been resolved to everyone's satisfaction.

3. Interacting with the Other Driver

Once the initial shock wears off and it's apparent that no one's been seriously hurt,
tempers may flare. Refrain from losing your temper. Get the other driver's name, address,
contact information and insurance details, and provide the same for him (this is why it's
a good idea to carry your insurance information in your vehicle). See if an amicable
settlement can be made. If not, call the MMDA hotline 1-3-6, and ask for traffic
enforcers/investigators to be present on the scene immediately. Remain at the scene until
the investigators arrive and tell you that you can go.

4. Insurance and Repairs

With the basics taken care of, it's time to see about the damage to your car and
how you can go about getting it fixed. If you can, call your insurance agent immediately
while you're still at the scene and ask him about repairs. Keep in touch with the traffic
investigators, and file a report on the accident if they ask.

Major Accidents

1. Check if anyone is hurt.

Check yourself and your passengers to see if anyone has been injured. If someone
is hurt, summon medical assistance right away.

2. Make sure to take pictures of the accident

Once your condition and that of your passengers has been established, take
pictures. This is the best arguing tool that you can have. Photos showing the vehicles and
the surrounding area can help get you out of a bind if the other person denies what
happened. Make sure to take pictures of both vehicles, (including license plates), and the
area in which the accident occurred.

3. Move your vehicle off to the side of the road if possible

It is unsafe to continue to sit in traffic and a two-car fender bender could turn into
a multiple-car pileup very quickly. If you are unable to move your vehicle, make sure to
stay in the area of the incident until the investigators arrives.

4. Let the investigator take command of the situation, and institute measures to
prevent the accident from getting worse.

When the police arrive, you will want to get their names so that you can refer back
them later when reviewing the accident details. Additionally, you shouldn't rely solely on
the police report to tell your side of the story.

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5. Exchange information with the other driver.

If involved in an accident with another driver, make sure to exchange the following
information with that driver: name, address, phone number, insurance company, policy
number, driver's license number and license plate number. You also should write a
description of each vehicle, including the make, model, year and color.

6. Contact your insurance company and know what your policy covers.

After exchanging information with the other driver, you next move should be to
contact your insurance company to let them know that you've been in an accident and to
give them your version of the events. Additionally, you should be aware of what exactly
your policy covers. You might find out that the actual cost to repair your car manageable
enough to avoid going through your insurer and incurring a premium hike.

7. File an accident report with the police department.

Having a police report on hand can assist in speeding up the insurance claims
process. You can file a report at your local police station.

If you follow these common sense steps, you will be taking the most important
steps to ensuring you avoid an accident.

1. Develop the right attitude about driving.

Many teen auto accidents are a result of attitude and maturity, not skills
or knowledge. Make a commitment to yourself to practice a responsible attitude
about driving. You're controlling over 3,000 pounds of fast-moving metal, and you
owe it to yourself, your passengers and other drivers to drive responsibly.

2. Get as much supervised practice driving as possible.

Your parents should take an active role in your practice driving. Make a
firm schedule with them and stick to it. And keep it up until you take your test to
get a license. Many states now have graduated licensing laws.

3. ALWAYS wear your safety belt.

Get into the habit of wearing a safety belt whenever you are in a car,
whether as a driver or a passenger - no exceptions.

4. Underage drinking and drug use is illegal.

Even if you've consumed only one drink or smoked one joint, there is a
chemical effect on your brain that can impair judgment and reaction time. Driving
under the influence of alcohol, marijuana or other drugs can cost you your license
- or your life.

5. Limit your passengers.

The risk of a fatal crash increases with every additional passenger. When
you're a new driver, it is best to limit your number of passengers.

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6. Limit your night driving.

The risk of a fatal crash is three times higher at night than in the day for
every mile driven. It's better to avoid nighttime driving until you're comfortable
driving during the day.

7. Keep it slow and safe for starters.

Fast-moving, high volumes of traffic can make you feel uncomfortable, so

avoid them until you can get enough supervised driving experience. Then you can
gradually introduce more difficult driving situations, like highway driving, merging
and driving in cities.

8. Train for poor weather conditions.

Even when you begin to feel confident driving on dry pavement, it's best
to avoid driving in bad weather conditions unsupervised. Keep it simple at first,
and get as much supervised practice driving in poor weather as you can before
trying it on your own.

9. Cell phones are for emergency use only on the road.

One of the worst habits anyone can get into is talking on a cell phone while
driving. Keep a cell phone with you in the car for emergency situations only. If you
have to use a cell phone, pull safely over to the side of the road.

10. Drive a safe vehicle.

If you are thinking of getting your own car, look for one with high safety
ratings. Avoid small cars, trucks or sport utility vehicles. Check out federal statistics
and consumer report literature to help to evaluate the safety rating of a car or
truck.

11. Pull into traffic slowly.

Stop, Look, Listen. Be aware of blind spots, including those in rear view
mirrors and behind windshield pillars or highway road signs. Also, when at an
intersection making a right-hand turn, look both directions at least twice before
proceeding. Vehicles can appear almost out of nowhere very quickly, so exercise
caution when pulling into a busy intersection.

12. Watch for red light runners.

Count to three before entering an intersection on a green light. Look both

ways and be sure no one is trying to speed through a yellow light. Exercise caution
when passing semis. Truck drivers have a large blind spot on their right-hand side,
so be especially careful when driving next to an 18-wheeler. If you cannot see the
truck''s side mirrors, the truck driver cannot see you.

13. Keep at least one hand on the steering wheel.

Reduce in-car distractions such as changing radio stations or CDs, cell

phones, eating or momentarily taking a hand off the wheel. A gust of wind,

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 pothole or a blown tire could send the vehicle into another lane and cause a
serious accident.

14. Watch for kids.

Children and animals have a habit of suddenly popping out from between
parked cars and into roadways. If you are driving in a residential neighborhood
with kids present, watch carefully and slow down.

15. Perform engine maintenance regularly.

Avoid sudden stalls or other vehicle failure by changing the oil regularly
and keeping tires properly inflated.

16. Scan 12 seconds ahead.

Always concentrate on the area where you will be driving in 10-12 seconds.
For highway driving, keep positioned far enough from other cars so if someone
were to suddenly stop or swerve, you could avoid them.

17. Look backwards when backing out.

Fender benders in parking lots are all too common, so look out for cars
leaving parking spaces. Don’t depend on mirrors alone -- physically look over your
right shoulder while steering to alleviate blind spots mirrors can create.

18. Do not tailgate.

Leave a three-second cushion between you and the car in front of you and
begin your journey early enough so you don''t speed to make up time. As tempting
as it may be when in a hurry, tailgating is a major cause of accidents.

19. Be courteous to other drivers.

No one owns the roads, so treat others with respect and report any
suspicious driving activity to authorities.

II. Biological and Environmental Hazards

Biological hazards are hazardous substances or organisms that threaten the

health of humans and include microorganisms, virus or toxins. Most of these
biological hazards are carried by a vector such as mosquitoes, flies or other insects or
animals and transmit them to humans causing injury, sickness, property damage,
social and economic disruptions and death. Common examples of biological hazards
include Malaria (for some endemic areas in the Philippines), Dengue Fever,
Meningitis, Influenza, AIDS from HIV, H5N1 virus (Bird Flu), Ebola, H1N1 virus (Swine
flu), Anthrax, Cholera, and Diphtheria.

Hazard assessment for Jaen revealed that Dengue and Leptospirosis are the
topmost priority. Most barangays are unaware of the programs called ABKD or
Aksyon Barangay Kontra Dengue and 4S, which are both movements to decrease the
number of mosquitoes by improving sanitation to mass cleaning of backyards, garden
and households. The program aims to reduce mortalities and morbidities related to

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 mosquito as vector and focuses mainly on decreasing the breeding sites for
mosquitoes. Outbreak from vaccine preventable diseases such as measles, mumps,
and rubella can be reduced by proper logistics management of the vaccines and
involvement of the community making them proactive in terms of advocating herd
immunity.

A. AVIAN INFLUENZA (Bird Flu)

Avian influenza—known informally as Avian Flu or Bird Flu is a variety

of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. The type with the greatest risk is Highly
Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse
flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to
a specific host. Out of the three types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C), influenza A virus
is a zoonotic infection with a natural reservoir almost entirely in birds. Avian influenza,
for most purposes, refers to the influenza A virus.

Illustration No. 20

From April to September 2017 in the Philippines, an outbreak of H5N6 avian influenza or
bird flu affected poultry in at least three towns in Central Luzon; San Luis
in Pampanga and Jaen and San Isidro in Nueva Ecija.

The occurrence is the first avian flu outbreak recorded in the Philippines. While the
occurrence of the disease was reported as early as April 2017, it was only on August 11, 2017
that the avian flu was confirmed. The outbreak was officially declared over in September 2017.

On August 18, 2017, Agriculture Secretary Manny Piñol confirmed occurrence of bird flu
in the towns of Jaen and San Isidro in Nueva Ecija.

After the strain of the bird flu was confirmed to be H5N6 which can be transmitted to
humans, it was reported on August 25, that Department of Health is monitoring 34 farm workers
in Nueva Ecija and Pampanga as suspected human cases of the disease

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Cause

The strain of the avian influenza virus is not of the H5N1 strain according to the Research
Institute for Tropical Medicine which conducted testing on samples of the virus from infected
birds. The samples were sent to Australia where the Australian Animal Health
Laboratory determined the exact strain of the virus. In the latter part of August 2017, the samples
tested positive for H5N6 subtype. H5N6 can be transmitted to humans although it is less
infectious and less fatal compared to the deadlier H5N1 strain.

Epidemiology

It is yet to be determined how avian influenza was successfully transmitted to the

Philippines. The Department of Agriculture either suspects that the virus was transmitted by
migratory birds or through the smuggling of Peking Ducks through Subic Port. The farm where
the avian flu originated had a practice of setting up quails above ducks.

Trade Ban

Through a circular dated on August 11, 2017, the Department of Agriculture imposed a
temporary ban against transporting birds and poultry products from Pampanga to other parts of
Luzon as well as banned the transfer of live poultry and poultry products from Luzon to Visayas
and Mindanao to prevent the spread of the disease.

After consulting with biosecurity experts, the ban was partially lifted by August 23 but the
transport of poultry from within the quarantine areas centered on affected towns in Pampanga
and Nueva Ecija remains.

Impact

The outbreak cause a drop of the farm gate prices of poultry. The prices dropped
to ₱10 to ₱15 per kilogram (₱4.5 to ₱6.8 per pound) from the average price of ₱70 per kilogram
(₱31.75 per pound). The poultry industry has estimated that it suffered a ₱179 million loss per
day. As of August 23, 2017, the outbreak already costed the country's poultry industry ₱2.3
billion.

AVIAN INFLUENZA PROTECTION PROGRAM

(as per Department of Agriculture/Bureau of Animal Industry)

MANUAL OF PROCEDURES

SUSPECT PREMISES

Section 1. Identification of Suspect Premises

Premises shall be considered as Suspect Premises upon observation of the following:

1.1 For commercial poultry operations:

 Occurrence of a one (1) day mortality of 3% (on the basis of the house population)
followed by a two-fold increasing trend for the next three (3) days with no evident
cause attributable to management, nutritional or environmental factors.

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 1.2 For backyard poultry raisers:

 Any unexplained mortality of poultry in two (2) or more households within a

Barangay/Purok in a span of two days.

1.3 For caged birds, aviaries and wild birds

 Any unexplained mortality with no evident cause attributable to nutritional,

management or environmental factors or human intervention.

1.4 For facilities with serologically positive birds:

 Healthy birds subjected to serological tests as requirement for transport and/or

active surveillance and yielded positive results (H5 or H7).

Section 2. Reporting and Diagnosis of Suspect Premises

2.1. The veterinarian in-charge of the suspected commercial poultry farm shall initiate
and complete, within 24 hours from reporting by the field personnel, the diagnostic
procedures as follows:

2.1.1. For farms with diagnostic laboratory capabilities, the veterinarian may opt
to initially conduct an in-farm testing of a minimum of 30 tracheal/oropharyngeal
swabs collected from poultry that recently died or from poultry showing any
clinical signs, using a rapid test for Influenza A virus. The veterinarian will submit
30 blood and tracheal/oropharyngeal (OP) samples (15 from apparently healthy
and 15 from sick birds) to the Animal Disease Diagnostic and Reference Laboratory
(ADDRL) of the Veterinary Laboratory Division (VLD) of Department of Agriculture
(DA) – Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) or Regional Avian Influenza Laboratories
(RAIDLs) of identified DA Regional Field Offices (DARFOs) (see Annex 5). The
samples should also be subjected to differential laboratory diagnosis for
Newcastle Disease (ND), Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Infectious Laryngotracheitis
(ILT) and Fowl Cholera, among others.

2.1.2. For farms with no diagnostic laboratory capabilities, the veterinarian shall
collect 30 tracheal swabs to be submitted to the BAI-VLD-ADDRL for Reverse
Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing within 24 hours from 31
Avian Influenza Protection Program – Manual of Procedures (2016) reporting for
BAI confirmation. All pertinent information and/or flock history should be
provided as indicated in Annex 13. 2

2.1.3. For farms without a veterinarian, the farm owner/manager shall report
within 24 hours to the nearest barangay official and/or City/Municipal/Provincial
Veterinarian or Agricultural Officer about the occurrence of unexplained mortality
in order to initiate disease investigation procedures.

2.2. Backyard poultry raisers or owners of caged birds, aviaries and wild birds shall report
within 24 hours to the nearest barangay official, City/Municipal/Provincial Veterinarian
or Agricultural Officer about the occurrence of unexplained mortality in order to initiate
disease investigation procedures. The City/Municipal/Provincial Veterinarian shall report
all pertinent history and initial disease investigation findings to the BAI Animal Health and
Welfare Division (AHWD) and DARFO or Department of Environment and Natural
Resources Field Office (DENRFO) concerned.

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2.3. Detection of serologically positive (H5 or H7) birds tested in any of the Avian Influenza
(AI) laboratories as requirement for transport and/or active surveillance shall be reported
to BAI-AHWD. Corresponding samples for confirmatory testing shall be forwarded to the
BAIVLD-ADDRL. BAI-VLD-ADDRL shall provide the BAI-AHWD with the results of the
confirmatory tests for appropriate action.

2.4. After receipt of initial report, an Investigating Team will be formed to conduct an
investigation within 24 hours and shall be composed of the following:

 City/Municipal/Provincial Veterinarian or Agriculturist;

 Technical Staff of the Regional Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (RADDL) of

the Integrated Laboratory Division (ILD) of DARFO concerned; and

 DENR local officers (if case involves wild birds)

2.4.1. The Investigating Team shall be accompanied by the following, who shall
remain outside the Suspect Premises while maintaining order and controlling
human movement:

 Barangay Representative; or

 Local Philippine National Police (PNP)

2.4.2. The Investigating Team shall use personnel protective equipment (PPE)
(refer to Annex 14). The items for implementing intensified biosecurity measures
and for disease investigation are enumerated in Annex 15. 2.4.3. The Investigating
Team shall submit blood and/or tracheal/oropharyngeal samples or samples of
dead poultry collected immediately to RADDL or BAI-VLD-ADDRL following
procedures stated in the Annex 5.

2.4.4. The Investigating Team shall submit a written report to the BAI Director
within 24 hours.

Section 3. Movement Control in Suspect Premises

3.1. All farm personnel or any person from Suspect Premises, including the
Investigating Team, shall be instructed by local authorities to remain in the
premises for the next 24-72 hours while awaiting laboratory results and further
instructions.

3.2. Movement of poultry, poultry products, equipment, supplies, feeds, manure,

etc. out of the Suspect Premises is strictly prohibited and shall be imposed by the
veterinarian in authority. Additional assistance from the Philippine National Police
(PNP) and local chief executives (LCEs) shall be sought in case there is a need to
enforce regulations.

3.3. All dead birds must be properly disposed within the boundaries of the Suspect
Premises (Annex 16).

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Section 4. Other Biosecurity Measures in the Suspect Premises

4.1. All stray animals (e.g. dogs, cats, large animals, and other poultry species)
within the Suspect Premises shall either be put on a leash or caged to prevent
these from roaming out of the Suspect Premises.

4.2. An intensified rodent control program shall immediately be implemented in

Suspect Premises by installing rodent bait stations in and around strategic
locations within the Suspect Premises. The bait stations shall be regularly
monitored for replenishment of the bait and/or collection of captured rodents for
proper disposal.

4.3. The veterinarian shall implement the spraying of a virucidal agent inside and
outside poultry houses or around the Suspect Premises for at least five (5) times a
day.

4.4. The veterinarian shall implement spraying of larvicide and insecticide

(attractant type) within the Suspect Premises, to be repeated as necessary.

INFECTED PREMISES

Section 1. Reclassification of Suspect to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)

Infected Premises

1.1. The Suspect Premises shall be reclassified into HPAI Infected Premises when
RT-PCR tests in BAI-VLD-ADDRL are positive for H5 or H7.

1.2. All positive reactors in RT-PCR will be subjected to gene sequencing in the
reference laboratory to determine its pathogenicity.

1.3. The BAI-AHWD shall submit a formal case report to the BAI Director
recommending the reclassification of Suspect Premises to HPAI Infected Premises.

1.4. The BAI Director will inform the DA Secretary and coordinate with the DARFO,
DENR, Department of Health (DOH) and local government unit (LGU)
concerned before the formal declaration of the area as HPAI Infected
Premises. 33 Avian Influenza Protection Program – Manual of Procedures
(2016)

1.5. The LGU shall acknowledge the declaration through a local ordinance stating
the activities to be carried out in an Infected Premises and the responsibilities of
the different government agencies.

Section 2. Declaration of Quarantine Area

Upon declaration of the HPAI Infected Premises, the DARFO, in coordination with
the BAI and LGU, shall declare a minimum of 1-km radius from the Infected Premises to
be the Quarantine Area. This shall be contained in the local ordinance stated in Section
B.1.5.

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Illustration No. 21
Illustration of Premises and Areas

Section 3: Activities in the HPAI Infected Premises and Quarantine Area

3.1. Stamping out of all poultry shall be implemented in the HPAI Infected
Premises. All other susceptible poultry and birds in captivity in the Quarantine
Area shall be euthanized at the shortest possible time.

3.2. The above activities shall be implemented by the following personnel:

 DA and BAI representatives

 LGU Representatives

 Official Veterinarian (LGU and Farm Veterinarian)

 Farm personnel

 Military personnel

 Excavator operator

 PNP Personnel

3.3. Human health monitoring and movement will be the responsibility of the
DOH.

3.3.1. Persons in contact with live poultry should also be closely monitored
for illness during and after responding to outbreaks of Notifiable Avian
Influenza (NAI) among poultry jointly by the DOH Epidemiology Bureau
(EB), Regional Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit (RESU) of the concerned
DOH Regional Office (RO) and local health authorities. INFECTED PREMISES
QUARANTINE AREA 1 km CONTROL AREA SUSPECT PREMISE S 1 km 7 km
34 Avian Influenza Protection Program – Manual of Procedures (2016)

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 3.3.2. Biosecurity and infection prevention and control protocols will be
strictly implemented.

3.3.3. Use of PPE will be recommended for identified person.

3.3.4. Immediate transport and referral to the nearest DOH referral

hospital or health facility of symptomatic and/or laboratory confirmed
cases will be undertaken.

3.3.5. Provision of antiviral agents to exposed persons will be

implemented.

3.4. The safety of all personnel involved in the stamping out activity is of utmost
importance, thus the following should be observed:

3.4.1. Every person involved in the destruction of the birds shall wear
protective gear such as cover-all, mask, headgear, rubber boots and
waterproof gloves. Farm owners shall be required to secure the necessary
protective gears for their farm personnel. Specifically, the following
protective gears must be used:

 Protective clothing, preferably coveralls plus an impermeable

apron or surgical gowns with long cuffed sleeves plus an
impermeable apron

 Heavy duty rubber work gloves that may be disinfected

 N95 masks

 Safety Goggles

 Rubber or polyurethane boots that can be disinfected or protective

foot covers that can be discarded

3.4.2. All persons who have been in close contact with the infected animals
shall wash their hands frequently with soap and water. This shall be
followed by hand disinfection with a 70% alcohol or iodine based hand
wash.

3.4.3. All persons exposed to poultry in the Infected Premises and in the
Quarantine Area shall be under close monitoring by local health
authorities.

3.4.4. The local health authorities shall prescribe the use of prophylactic
medication for all persons involved in the stamping out activity in Infected
Premises and Quarantine Area.

3.5. Methods and procedures by which poultry or birds will be euthanized in the
conduct of the stamping out activity are enumerated in Annex16.

3.6. When applicable, poultry houses during the stamping out procedure should
be closed down to prevent the airborne spread of the virus and to minimize entry

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 of free flying birds that can come in contact with the infected birds and spread the
infection mechanically.

3.7. Carcasses should be placed in heavy duty sealed plastic bags before bringing
these to the nearest designated burial site.

Section 4. Disposal of Euthanized Poultry or birds and of Other Products

4.1. All poultry products and materials associated with euthanized poultry or birds
in the Infected Premises and Quarantine Area shall be included in the disposal.
This shall include rice hulls, eggs, manure, feeds, etc. 35 Avian Influenza Protection
Program – Manual of Procedures (2016)

4.2. Surface of containers with carcasses and other contaminated materials shall
be disinfected prior to disposal.

4.3. Methods and procedures for the disposal of poultry products and materials
associated with euthanized poultry or birds are enumerated in Annex16.

Section 5. Movement Restriction in the Quarantine Area

5.1. Humans

5.1.1. The DOH, through the local health authorities, shall release
information material stating all the necessary guidelines on human
movement limitations & restrictions.

5.1.2. Farm personnel or any person not showing signs and symptoms of
any disease coming from the Infected Premises shall be subject to
quarantine in the designated temporary quarters for ten (10) days from
the last day of stay in the Infected Premises.

5.1.3. All entry and exit of persons shall be closely monitored and recorded
by the PNP/Barangay Health Emergency Response Teams (BHERTs).

5.1.4. The local health authorities, assisted by and in coordination with

DOH-RO-RESU and DOH-EB, shall conduct daily monitoring for fever
and/or respiratory signs among people who were in close contact with
poultry from the Infected Premises. Appropriate assistance and quarantine
procedures will be applied as needed based on the assessment of the
Municipal or City Health Officer. Anti-viral drugs should be given within the
first two (2) days of exposure to persons in close contact with poultry
within the Quarantine Area.

5.1.5. Movement of persons from Quarantine Area to the Infected

Premises shall be restricted and will be allowed only upon approval of local
health authorities, in coordination with DOH.

5.1.6. Movement of persons from the Quarantine Area to the Control Area
shall be allowed, but these persons should comply with a policy prohibiting
visit to any poultry holding facility. This shall be stipulated in the local
ordinance stated in Section B.1.5.

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 5.1.7. Persons involved in a stamping out activity, however, shall be
restricted and allowed movement only after ten (10) days from the last day
of the stamping out activity which shall be monitored by the local health
authority in coordination with the DOH.

5.1.8. Transport and referral of symptomatic and/or laboratory confirmed

human cases to the nearest DOH referral hospital or health facility will be
immediately implemented.

5.2. Poultry and Poultry Products

5.2.1. Movement of any live poultry or bird, poultry products or poultry by-
products from the Infected Premises and Quarantine Area is strictly
prohibited. 36 Avian Influenza Protection Program – Manual of Procedures
(2016)

5.2.2. Checkpoints manned by local PNP along thoroughfares in the

periphery of Quarantine Area should be in place to ensure compliance with
Section B 5.1.7.

5.2.3. Meat from poultry coming from the Infected Premises and the
Quarantine Area should not, in any instance, be used as human food nor
as feed for other animal population.

5.3. Live Swine

5.3.1. Movement of live swine will be prohibited in and out of the

Quarantine Area until it is cleared and reclassified as Disease Free Area.

5.3.2. Nasal/oropharyngeal swab sample collection in pigs will be done in

the Quarantine Area for PCR testing for H5 and H7 in BAI-VLD-ADDRL upon
the recommendation of the Investigating Team. If negative, pigs maybe
slaughtered for human consumption but only within the quarantine area.If
there is any positive reactor, all pigs must be condemned and disposed of
humanely.

5.3.3. Mandatory vaccination for Swine Influenza within the Quarantine

Area will be enforced immediately after testing negative in the laboratory.

5.4. Movement of other animal species aside from poultry and swine shall be
regulated in Quarantine Area and shall be under the authority of DA-BAI.

CONTROL AREA

Section 1. Identification of Control Area

Upon declaration of Infected Premises, the BAI Director shall identify a seven (7)
kilometer zone radius from the periphery of the boundary of the Quarantine Area as
Control Area, which may be extended as deemed necessary. The BAI Director shall also
advise the DILG to direct the local chief executives concerned to enforce mandatory
quarantine measures.

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Section 2. Surveillance of Avian Species

2.1. Representative avian population shall be subjected to a rapid field test

procedure for the detection of Influenza A by the BAI or DARFO during the
stamping out activity in the Infected and Quarantine Area.
Tracheal/oropharyngeal swabs will also be collected and submitted to BAI-ADDRL
for RT-PCR testing.

2.2. The DA-BAI shall intensify the information campaign for all poultry raisers and
other concerned stakeholders to monitor poultry/birds for any qualifying
indication of Suspect Premises.

2.3. Observation of clinical signs suggestive of avian influenza in any avian

population such as respiratory and nervous signs and high mortalities should be
immediately reported to the City/Municipal/Provincial Veterinarian/Agriculturist
so that immediate evaluation of avian health status can be done.

Section 3. Monitoring of Other Susceptible Animals

3.1. City/Municipal/Provincial Veterinarian/Agriculturist shall monitor other

susceptible animals within the Control Area for any sign of respiratory disease.

3.2. Animals with respiratory signs shall be subjected to a rapid field test
procedure for the detection of Influenza A by the BAI or DARFO.
Tracheal/oropharyngeal swabs will also be collected and submitted to BAI-ADDRL
for RT-PCR testing.

3.3. Positive reactors will be destroyed.

Section 4. Movement Limitations & Restrictions in Control Area

4.1. Poultry/Birds & poultry products

4.1.1. Any activity involving the gathering of any poultry/bird species in the
Control Area shall be prohibited during the period of stamping out and
restocking of the Infected Premises and Quarantine Area. This shall
include cockfighting, sale of live birds in public market or in any road
network, trade fair or show of poultry, etc.

4.1.2. Movement of poultry and poultry products out of the Control Area
shall be prohibited after the completion of stamping out and restocking
activities until such time that the outbreak is declared cleared.

4.1.3. If no new case is reported after a 21-day period, movement will be

allowed provided shipment is accompanied by a Veterinary Health
Certificate and Shipping Permit issued by BAI.

4.1.4. Movement of live poultry/birds from a Disease Free Zone via major
thoroughfare(s) through the Control Area shall be allowed provided that:

 These are accompanied by a Veterinary Health Certificate, Shipping

Permit and other pertinent documents.

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  The final destination shall be to a Disease Free Area.

4.2. Live Swine

A Certificate of PCR-Negative Results for Influenza A, Veterinary Health

Certificate and Shipping Permit issued by BAI should accompany movement of live
swine from the Control Area.

4.3. Humans

4.3.1 Movement of humans from the Control Area shall be allowed subject
to the monitoring of local health authorities and the DOH.

4.3.2. All potential human cases with respiratory symptoms for possible
testing in Control Area will be reported to and evaluated by DOH; any
laboratory confirmed human case shall be referred and managed
accordingly.

4.3.3. Updates will be provided to the community in the Control Area

regarding the status of the adjacent Quarantine Area.

Section 5. Poultry Vaccination as Last Resort

5.1. Vaccination shall be considered as an option in case stamping out is not

successful or cannot be implemented for whatever reason (e.g. successive
infections).

5.2. Vaccination, if resorted to, shall be done in accordance with OIE and FAO
recommendations.

5.3. Vaccines to be used shall be manufactured according to OIE standards for AI

vaccines.

5.4. The BAI Animal Feeds, Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Control Division
(AFVDBCD) shall continuously evaluate possible candidate vaccines available in
the international market that may be used.

5.4.1. A DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy

shall be a qualifier in the evaluation of candidate vaccine.

5.4.2. Vaccine/Antigen Bank, if available, may be considered as vaccine

source.

TRACING OF SUSPECT PRODUCTS

Section 1. Identification and Tracing of Suspect Products

1.1. The following shall be considered as potential facilities with Suspect Products:

 Hatchery

 Poultry farms (including gamefowl farms, racing pigeons)

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  Processing Plants

 Poultry and poultry product retail outlets

 Live bird markets (including pet shops)

 Aviaries

 Egg depots

 Cold storage facilities

These facilities shall be those that received products and by-products (e.g.
eggs, day old chicks, live birds and poultry meat) and related equipment and farm
implements from Infected Premises 21 days prior to declaration of being infected.

1.2. All live avian species and its products stated in Section 1.1 which have been in
the area 21 days before said premises were declared infected shall be located,
identified and disposed of properly.

1.3. Equipment and other farm implements must be properly and thoroughly
cleaned and disinfected.

RECOVERY AND REPOPULATION

Section 1. Cleaning

1.1. The surfaces of the interior and the exterior of the poultry house, cage and/or
teepee shall be thoroughly washed with water and detergent.

1.2. Manual scrubbing of all surfaces shall be done to effectively remove any
remaining manure or dirt adhering to these surfaces.

1.3. The order of the washing shall be roof first, followed by the wall, and then the
floor. This shall be implemented in all houses or confinements.

1.4. The washing of any poultry equipment shall be done within the area where
the poultry was housed.

1.5. All other structures in the Infected Premises shall be adequately cleaned.

1.6. An authorized veterinarian shall assess the adequacy of cleaning prior to the
start of disinfection activity.

Section 2. Disinfection

2.1. The order of disinfection of any poultry structure shall be roof first, followed
by the wall, and then the floor.

2.2. For backyard poultry, use of a knapsack sprayer for spraying the surroundings
with an approved disinfectant can be done.

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 2.3. Only approved disinfectants and dilution shall be used. All surfaces shall be
thoroughly soaked with the disinfectant solution (see Annex 2).

2.4. Caustic soda shall be applied liberally on the surface of the burial site.

2.5. Aerial spraying with a virucidal disinfectant shall be done after disinfection of
all surfaces.

2.6. Other structures in the Infected Premises and Quarantine Area that cannot be
subjected to disinfection similar to that of a poultry structure shall be disinfected.

2.7. A final disinfection of the poultry housing structure shall be done 14 days after
the first disinfection. Formalin-based disinfectant is highly recommended for the
Infected Premises.

Section 3. Restocking with Sentinel Poultry

3.1. There shall be a rest period of 21 days prior to restocking with sentinel poultry.

3.2. Restocking of sentinel poultry at two percent (2%) of the house population
(for commercial poultry operation) or 30 heads (for backyard poultry operation)
shall be done in the Infected Premises and in selected locations within the
Quarantine Area.

3.3. Broiler chicks shall be used as sentinel birds.

3.4. The poultry shall be given the basic vaccination program for IBD, IB and ND.

3.5. The sentinel poultry shall be grown to a minimum period of 35 days.

3.5.1. Observe sentinel animals for clinical signs daily.

3.5.2. Thirty (30) oropharyngeal or tracheal swab samples from the same
set of poultry shall be taken on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. On day 35, thirty
(30) representative sentinel animals shall be sacrificed for necropsy and
organ sampling for testing. For backyard farms, minimum of ten (10) birds
shall be sampled.

3.5.3. These samples shall be tested using RT-PCR for H5 or H7.

3.6. Any incidence of unusual high mortality shall be monitored daily and reported
to BAIAHWD.

3.7. In the event that signs are indicative of a potential repeat of infection in the
Infected Premises, the growing of the sentinel birds shall be immediately
terminated. The same procedure as in the Stamping Out activity shall be
implemented.

3.8. Upon completion of the 35-day period and confirmation by BAI-VLD-ADDRL

of the absence of the NAI virus, the premises shall be subjected to cleaning and
disinfection (Section E.1 and E.2) in preparation for repopulation.

Section 4. Declaration of a Disease Free Area

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 4.1. The Director of BAI shall declare an Infected Area as a Disease Free Area when
no indication of infection is detected in the sentinel population.

4.2. The declaration shall be based on RT-PCR test results from BAI-VLD-ADDRL.

Section 5. Repopulation

Repopulation of the previously Infected Premises shall be carried out upon

approval by DA-BAI based on results of growing the sentinel poultry.

GUIDELINES FOR NOTIFIABLE AVIAN INFLUENZA

This guideline shall apply to situations wherein the reference laboratory has
determined that the isolate is of low pathogenicity.

1. Birds in the Infected Premises will be stamped out within 24 hours upon declaration.

2. Animal movement restriction and intensified surveillance will be conducted in the one
(1) kilometer radius Quarantine Area.

3. Intensified surveillance will be conducted in a minimum 1-km radius Control Area.

4. All other applicable activities for reclassification from infected to disease free area
must be followed as determined by BAI.

Prevention

People who do not regularly come into contact with birds are not at high risk for
contracting avian influenza. Those at high risk include poultry farm workers, animal control
workers, wildlife biologists, and ornithologists who handle live birds. Organizations with high-risk
workers should have an avian influenza response plan in place before any cases have been
discovered. Biosecurity of poultry flocks is also important for prevention. Flocks should be
isolated from outside birds, especially wild birds, and their waste; vehicles used around the flock
should be regularly disinfected and not shared between farms; and birds from slaughter channels
should not be returned to the farm.

With proper infection control and use of personal protective equipment (PPE), the chance
for infection is low. Protecting the eyes, nose, mouth, and hands is important for prevention
because these are the most common ways for the virus to enter the body. Appropriate personal
protective equipment includes aprons or coveralls, gloves, boots or boot covers, and a head cover
or hair cover. Disposable PPE is recommended. An N-95 respirator and unvented/indirectly
vented safety goggles are also part of appropriate PPE. A powered air purifying respirator (PAPR)
with hood or helmet and face shield is also an option.

Proper reporting of an isolated case can help to prevent spread.

The Rural Health Unit has created the Jaen Health Emergency Preparedness, Response
and Recovery Plan (HEPRRP) which includes different biological and environmental hazards that
maybe present in our municipality.

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 JDRRMP was incorporated the Jaen Health Emergency Preparedness, Response and
Recovery Plan (HEPRRP) in order to understand deeply the hazards that may really affect our
health.

The Municipal Government of Jaen adopted the protocol/guidelines in the Avian

Influenza Protection Program issued by the Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Animal
Industry through the enactment of Sangguniang Bayan Resolution No. 076, S – 2017.

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 CHAPTER IV
SECTORAL PLANS AND ARRANGEMENTS

A. SECTORS AND THE EMERGENCY SITUATION

Sectors or clusters emerged as key areas for inter-agency coordination and action during
emergency situations in the course of this contingency planning exercise. Based on the actual
needs expected to rise, they consist of Health, Water and Sanitation, Evacuation, Relief and
Rehabilitation, Transportation, Security, Fire, Communication, Search, Rescue and Retrieval,
Engineering and Rehabilitation, and Command and Control.
In the worst flood case scenario, all sectors are faced with an emergency situation
described as follows:

 Many areas are heavily inundated;

 Flood waters rendered certain road impassable, isolating flood-prone areas and making
travel and mobility around the city very difficult if not impossible;

 Roads are blocked with fallen trees, electric posts and other structures, garbage, debris
and other obstructions, further aggravating the flow of goods and services;

 People are unable to secure food, fuel and other basic needs from the market or stores;

 There is no electricity in wide areas of the municipality;

 Flood victims either have destroyed dwellings or were forced to abandon their houses;

 Significant number of victims are either killed, injured or missing; and

 Many especially children and elderly are getting weak and sick due to the cold, hunger,
and waterborne diseases.

On the other hand, in the worst earthquake scenario, all sectors are faced with emergency
situation as follows:

 Stumbled poles and fences, collapsed houses, cracked roads and bridges, broken pipes;

 Possible that there is no electricity;

 Telephone lines including cellular networks are down;

 Fire broke out in several residential clusters;

 Some school buildings collapsed;

 Many roads are not passable;

 Many families have lost their homes and begin to occupy open spaces;

 Hundreds are estimated trapped dead or injured from collapsed or burning houses and
factories;

 Food and drinking water are becoming scarce;

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  Abandoned vehicles, some damaged by falling objects littered the streets;

 A few hospitals are heavily damaged;

 Outbreak of infectious diseases becomes a threat for lack of clean water;

 Many people, especially children, suffer from shock, traumatized by the strong shaking;
and

 Reports of casualties continue to rise to several thousands.

B. SECTORAL OBJECTIVES, RESOURCES, VS. PROJECTED NEEDS AND CONCEPT OF OPERATION

Command and Control Sector

A. General Objectives

To ensure the full implementation of the Incident Command System (ICS) and Standard
Operational Procedures (SOP) based on the Contingency Plan.

To have a Command and Control by all concerned Emergency Support Function (ESF) and
Rescue Team during emergencies and disasters.

B. Specific Objectives

1. To strengthen the coordination and collaboration among Emergency Support Function

and Disaster Action Team of the JDRRMC at all levels;

2. To ensure an efficient, timely, and well-coordinated actions in managing the disaster

impact;

3. To establish resource-sharing mechanisms among the key players in the Operation

Manual;

4. To provide logistical needs of all teams during the operation particularly communication
equipment and other support services.

5. To provide timely and accurate vital information to decision makers; and

6. To prioritize the Hotspot Barangays which is high susceptible to fatalities.

FLOOD
DRRMO
Responsible in directing all phases of flooding operation.

Table No. 5
Support Offices / Agencies and their Roles

Office / Agency Role

1. Activate BDRRMC
2. Monitor early warning system
BDRRMC 3. Provide update on status of early warning systems,
result of damage assessment and other issues and
concerns affecting the barangay to EOC/IC

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 1. Provide food for responders of the different
Office of the MSWDO
sectors
MPDO, Engineering Office, RHU, 2. Jointly undertake RDANA and PDANA
MSWDO, Municipal Agriculture’s
Office, DRRMO

Objectives;

 To establish command and control mechanism in strategic areas of Municipality of Jaen.

 To facilitate the command and control sector operations effectively.

 To provide timely and accurate vital information to decision makers.

Table No. 6
Flood Associated Significances to Sectors

Primary Hazards: Secondary

Core Elements Primary Damage and Loss
Flood inundation Hazard/Damage and Loss

27 Barangays 1. Affected almost all

citizens of this
Population
80% out of 27 municipality
Barangays
1. Structural Damage 1. Loss of lives &
a. Roads & bridges property
b. Residential, 2. Loss of income &
Economic Activity commercial livelihood
structures
c. Drainage system
d. Rip-raps
Access to 1. Displaced Families 1. Disease Outbreak
Income/Services Casualties
1. Quick Rise of 1. Loss of lives 1. Food/medicine
Flood 2. Damage/loss of shortage
2. Water Flash priorities 2. Water-borne disease
Floods 3. Roads & Bridges outbreaks
Damage 3. Electricity & water
Emergency 4. Widespread supply
Management and evacuation 4. Contamination of
First Responders 5. Damage to power lines potable water
5. Stranded disruption of
essential services (e.g.
transportation)
6. Suspension of classes

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 1. Structural damages 1. Outbreak of diseases
a. Residential 2. Contamination of
b. Establishments water supply
c. Commercial 3. Disruption of public
Institutional and Establishments services, commercial
Land 2. Drainage System activities
Use Administrators 3. Ripraps
4. Bridges & Roads
Utilities (water &power
lines)
5. Loss of lives, properties
& livelihood

Systems Support to Operations

A . Policies, Guidelines and Protocols

1. Executive Order No. I-16-024 known as the Jaen Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Office (JDRRMO) based on the duties and functions as the secretariat of the Jaen Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council (JDRRMC) for the implementation of the
Contingency Plan.

2. Emergency Support Function (ESF) shall be responsible for the implementation of the
Operational Manual and Contingency Plan in disaster response within their respective
agencies and units.

B . Networking and Collaboration

1. The JDRRMO shall conduct semi-annual consultative meetings among its implementing
partners or as often as needed.

2. The JDRRMO shall organize and lead in the annual planning and joint monitoring and
evaluation.

3. The Command and Control Sector (JDRRMO) shall perform as the Secretariat of JDRRMC
for transportation and equipment needed by responders.

4. The Local Chief Executive shall oversee the Command and Control process. In case of
extreme events where the LGU is overwhelmed, the chairperson in DRRMC or his
designate shall be the ICS commander.

5. The JDRRMO shall establish check-in counters for all responders (local and foreign) at
designated points of entry for screening, briefing and proper deployment.

6. An accreditation program for local volunteers shall be established for the different
categories of the ESF volunteers led by JDRRMO in collaboration with concerned
implementing partners.

7. Foreign volunteers shall undergo assessment based on registration criteria set by the
Command and Control Sector.

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C . Reporting

1. The Local Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (LRDANA) report shall be
reported to LCE, PDRRMO, OCD RO III and DILG.

2. The Municipal Government of Jaen together with the PDRRM and OCD III shall be guided by
proper protocol on confidentiality of report.

D . Communication

1. In times of disasters, the Command and Control shall establish communication apparatus
and networks within the ESF members for the dissemination of information and other
updates at all levels.

2. The JDRRMO shall be designated as the clearing house for information dissemination.

3. The information officer in respective sectors appointed by the Incident Commander shall
ensure validated information and properly disseminate in timely basis to EOC.

4. The Municipal Administrator shall coordinate the development of information

communication plan on sector level to cluster level in collaboration with other
information partners.

OPERATIONAL PROPERTIES IN CASE OF DISASTER

The Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council has set the following
guidelines on disaster preparedness and management plan for implementation at the
municipality with all council members performing their mandated duties and responsibilities. The
disaster preparedness and management plan will be in accordance with the three (3) phases of
Disaster Management:

PHASE I - PRE-DISASTER PERIOD

 Capability enhancement of Disaster Coordinating Council especially the flood

prone areas;

 Intensification in the conduct of Disaster Management Training Seminars from the

Municipality down to Barangay Level;

 Organization and provision of specialized training on disaster response team;

 Massive information drive and education campaign;

 Improvement of communication and warning system;

 Conduct of evacuation drills and exercises;

 Updating of contingency and evacuation plan;

 Development of an effective disaster response at the lower level; and

 Improvement of the monitoring and feedback mechanism.

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TASKING

 The Disaster Coordinating Council must have a vivid foresight and close
coordination among its member on any eventuality that may occur in the flood
prone areas;

 The conduct of Disaster Management Seminars and other trainings relative to

disaster management must be intensified in order to upgrade public awareness
and understanding to prevent loss of live and minimize damage to properties;

 To organize a special training course to disaster response team for immediate

mobilization;

 To conduct massive info drive and education campaign at the municipality down
to the barangay level for public awareness program on the importance of Disaster
Preparedness;

 To improve communication and warning system for use in the disaster monitoring
activities and to ensure effective and efficient operation;

 To conduct of vulnerability and hazard analysis is a must, in order to provides

detailed information on hazards, vulnerability and risk, which is technical in
nature;

 To conduct periodic communication and warning/evacuation drills and exercises

in order to avoid public confusion during actual implementation of the plan;

 To develop an effective response group at the lower level that will respond
immediately at the first impact of disaster; and

 To improve the monitoring and response system for smooth disaster operation
for positive and maximum results.

PHASE II – DISASTER PERIOD

 Full activation of the MDRRMC and its Disaster Operation Center;

 Provision of emergency services such as relief, rescue and evacuation,

transportation and engineering, emergency and general medical care and
communication and warning;

 Conduct damage assessment; and

 Submission of Reports.

TASKING

 The activation and manning of MDOC on a 24hour round the clock during disaster
period and provisions of emergency services such as relief, evacuation, and
medical care to the affected areas; and

 To conduct damage assessment during disaster prior to the submission of report

to the Chairman PDRRMC.

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 PHASE III – POST DISASTER PERIOD

 Determine rehabilitation requirements of disaster victims;

 Restoration, repair and rehabilitation of damage infrastructures and agricultural

crops; and
 Conduct post disaster assessment/critiquing and to review the existing plan.

TASKING

 To determine rehabilitation requirements areas and victims further conduct

assessment after the disaster operation.

Objectives:

1. Protect life (highest priority), property, and the environment.

2. Meet the immediate needs of people, including rescue, medical care, food, shelter, and
clothing.

3. Provide, operate and maintain a continuous and reliable warning system throughout the
period before, during, and after disaster.

4. Temporarily restore facilities that are essential to the health, safety, and welfare of
people (such as medical, sanitation, water, electricity, and emergency road network).

5. Meet the rehabilitation needs of people (temporary housing, transportation, and

employment); and

6. Mitigate hazard that post a threat to life, property, and the environment.

7. Provide for the protection, use, and distribution of resources to maximize their
effectiveness.

Things one can do to Mitigate Floods:

 Regulate cutting of trees.

 Report illegal loggers and kaingeros.

 Report illegal construction of fishponds and other establishments in waterways.

 Do not throw garbage in creeks, esteros and rivers.

 Help clean the neighborhood.

 Support community activities intended to lessen the occurrence of floods.

 Avoid throwing anything like plastic wrappers anywhere which may clog or block
the drainage system.

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The Flood Alerts

Under the heavy rainfall warning system, a yellow rainfall advisory (Alert, Standby) is
raised when the expected rainfall amount is between 7.5 mm and 15 mm within one hour and
likely to continue.

Communities given this advisory are advised to be aware of the weather condition and
warned that flooding may be possible in low-lying areas.

The orange rainfall advisory (Preparation) is raised in areas where rainfall is between
15 mm and 30 mm within one hour. Flooding is a definite threat in communities under the orange
alert.

A red rainfall advisory (Evacuation) is issued when downpours constitute an emergency.

This is raised when observed rainfall is more than 30 mm within one hour or if rainfall has
continued for the past three hours and is more than 65 mm.

When PAGASA raises a Red warning, communities should be prepared to respond. It

means serious flooding is seen and that residents should be ready to evacuate to safety.

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Illustration No. 19
Yellow Rainfall Advisory

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Illustration No. 20
Orange Rainfall Advisory

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Illustration No. 21
Red Rainfall Advisory

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Illustration No. 22
Flood Warning Levels

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Figure No. 1
JAEN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
(JDRRMC)

Chairperson /
Local Chief Executive

Vice – Chairperson
Chair – Disaster Preparedness
Sangguniang Bayan

DISASTER PREVENTION EMERGENCY REHABILITATION

PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

MDRRM Office Engineering Office Jaen BFP Engineering Office

MPDO MDRRM Office Jaen PNP Mayor’s Office

MENRO Municipal Health Office MSWD Office

MSWD Office ABC President MDRRM Office

Municipal Health Office Veterinary Office ABC President

Agriculture Office DILG - MLGOO

Budget Office Administrators Office

Municipal
Engineering Office
Accountant

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Continuation…

DISASTER PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY REHABILITATION

PREPAREDNESS MITIGATION RESPONSE AND RECOVERY

DILG - MLGOO Red Cross

ICO Municipal
Treasurer

Administrators Office

Municipal Assessor

PSDS, DepEd
Jaen II

PSDS, DepEd
Jaen I

CSO – Lalang CSO – Samahang CSO – Hawak CSO – Tunay

Private Sector,
Brotherhood Talungko Inc. ng Kamay Damayan ng na Haranista ng
SIDC
Inc. Jaen at Karatig Inc. Langla Inc. Bayan

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 Figure No. 2
BARANGAY DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
(BDRRMC)

BDRRMC
Chairperson

Disaster Prevention & Emergency Recovery &

Preparedness Mitigation Response Rehabilitation

Monitoring Commu- Transpo Relief Dis- Supplies & Evacuation Damage

Rescue Security Health
& Warning nication rt-ation tribution Logistics Center Mgt Assessmnt

DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF JAEN DRRMC

Jaen Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (JDRRMC)

 Direct the LGU, civil society organizations, private groups to include business
establishments, and community disaster volunteers to utilize their facilities and resources
for the protection and preservation of life and properties during disaster;

 Establish community-based programs on risk reduction and disaster mitigation activities;

 Organize volunteer groups in the community level as first responder; and

 Organize and make operational the Jaen Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan
2017-2026.

Jaen Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (MDRRMO)

 Act as the Action Office of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council who will be responsible in directing all phases of disaster operations;

 Designated as the lead office of the Command and Control Sector and secretariat to the
JDRRMC;

 Operational supervision and control over the secretariat including its work assignments,
functions, duties and responsibilities shall originate from the JDRRMC Action Officer;

 Conduct Information Education and Communication (IEC) campaign along the field of
disaster risk reduction;

 Establish an efficient and effective radio communication system for the use JDRRMC
before, during, and after a disaster;

 Provide documentation of activities carried out by JDRRMC during disaster operations;

and

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  Ensure functional radio communication system before, during and after disaster.

Municipal Mayor/Chairperson

 Act as Chairperson of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council;

 Provide the over-all leadership in planning for risk reduction and disaster mitigation;

 Direct all available resources in time of emergency;

 Shall direct all the necessary resources in times of emergency; and

 Ensure the proper coordination being carried out with the National Agencies, other LGU’s,
private organizations, civic volunteer organizations, and non-government organizations.

Chairperson on Disaster Preparedness/Vice Chairperson-Sangguniang Bayan

 Act as the Vice Chairperson of the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council;

 Shall provide the necessary legislative measures on disaster risk reduction programs; and

 Exercise the duties of the Mayor, in case the Mayor is on official leave of absence/or not
yet around.

Jaen Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)

 Provide support personnel in rescue operations;

 Inspect all establishments to ensure fire safety and conduct regular fire drill;

 Identify alternative sources of water to ensure effective fire fighting and fire suppression
operations during widespread fire outbreaks; and

 Clear the area of chemical spills, toxic and flammable materials to avoid occurrence of
chains of unwanted events.

Jaen-Philippine National Police (PNP)

 Undertake search, rescue and retrieval of victims in affected areas that require quick
response in time of disaster or calamity;

 Provide traffic enforcers during disaster to guide emergency vehicles, ease the flow of
traffic within the disaster area;

 Provide security in the disaster stricken area to safeguard the affected families against
looters;

 Maintain peace and order in disaster sites to prevent any untoward event to happen and
prohibit unauthorized persons;

 Ensure the implementation of proper security measures within the disaster area;

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  Undertake rescue operation on man-made or natural phenomena like earthquake, fire,
floods, landslides, and typhoons; and

 Secure all critical facilities and other business establishments (e.g. Churches, Malls,
Groceries, Markets, Drug Store).

Barangay Operations Center (BOC)

 Responsible for monitoring situational problems at the 27 barangays; and

 Coordinate the immediate mobilization of the BDRRMCs in time of emergency.

Municipal Engineering Office (MEO)

 Take charge of emergency engineering operations and facilitate restoration of damaged

public utilities and infrastructures;

 Conduct Rapid Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA) in the affected areas;

 Identify alternative roads/streets to transport needed materials and supplies in the

affected area;

 Strictly implement the National Building Code of the Philippines;

 Ensure the proper maintenance of municipal roads and streets;

 Conduct regular infrastructure audit to ensure its structural integrity;

 Ensure the availability of all government-issued vehicles to be used in all phases of

disaster operation; and

 Assist in transporting personnel, relief goods, and medical supplies.

Municipal Budget Department, Municipal Accounting Department and Municipal Treasurer’s

Office

 Provide financial requirements to the Council or to each operating units, subject to the
existing accounting and auditing laws, rules and regulations; and

 Allocate funds to implement disaster risk reduction programs.

Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO)

 Manage clean-up operations, utilize of all available dump trucks in clearing of debris to
open ways for retrieval operations.
 Provide personnel support in rescue operation.

Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office (MSWDO)

 Identify/establish relocation site for disaster victims

 Identify evacuation centers in collaboration with the Barangays,

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  Manage evacuation centers,

 Coordinate with the RHU for medical needs of victims of disaster,

 Provide food and relief assistance, and

 Conduct Critical Incidence Stress Debriefing in evacuation centers.

 Promote gender sensitive Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
programs and

 Assist in developing information materials, training module and manual on gender

sensitive DRR and CCA.

Rural Health Unit (RHU) including Department of Health-Human Resources for Health (DOH-
HRH)

 Provide medical assistance to victims of natural or man-made disasters;

 Manage the medical post at evacuation areas and transport disaster victims to hospitals
if necessary;

 Conduct periodic inspection of evacuation center/s and treatment of the sick and injured
victims;

 Manage to prevent the occurrence of communicable diseases; and

 Conduct Rapid Health Risk Assessment and HEARS Report.

Municipal Planning and Development Office (MPDO)

 Ensure the proper implementation of the municipal land used planning; and

 Maintain an updated comprehensive disaster hazard and risk map.

Department of Education (Jaen School Supervisors, School DRRMO, Principals and Teachers)

 Promote learning and education on disaster risk reduction and disaster mitigation; and

 Identify open areas for temporary evacuation areas in all public and private schools.

Municipal Administration Office

 Provide support services in time of earthquake, fire, floods, landslides and typhoons along
the field of rescue operations;

 Conduct regular inventory of public parks and open areas that can be utilized as field
hospitals in times of strong earthquakes or whenever mass casualty is involved; and

 Provide inventory of public and private swimming pools to be used by the BFP in case of
widespread fire outbreaks.

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Radio Communications Service

 Ensure functional radio communication system before, during and after disaster; and

 Establish an efficient and effective radio communication system for the use of JDRRMC
before, during, and after a disaster.

Liga ng mga Barangay

 Ensure that communication facilities of the 27 BDRRMC’s are functional and disaster
response teams are operational before the disaster occur; and

 Submit a barangay situational report to the Chairman of the JDRRMC through the
Barangay Chairman.

Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC)

 Evacuate people from disaster-stricken areas to pre identified open areas of their
respective barangays;

 Assist the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council on the
implementation of disaster management programs, especially on disaster preparedness
and prevention;

 Assist in the supervision of traffic/crowd control;

 Ensure that communication equipment are operational; and

 Deploy trained RDANA Team on the first six (6) hours operational period.

Other Officials and Employees

 Render all possible assistance they can provide to the public.

OTHER AGENCY

Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC)

 Assist in emergency medical response;

 Establish an on-scene medical post;

 Assist in the pre-hospital treatment, evacuation and relief operations; and

 Assist the Social Services Development in Management.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)

COORDINATION

1. It is assumed that the Emergency Operation Center EOC (DRRM Building) has been
activated and Incident Commander (IC). With the worsening situation, this Contingency
Plan (CP) is deemed activated.

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 2. The Local Chief Executive / IC shall convene DRRM Council meeting for the following
expected outputs:

 Initial RDANA report presented as basis of activating this CP.

 Sectoral operational updates and work plans presented.

 Declaration of state of calamity (if necessary).

 IC succession.

 Logistical requirements of the different sectors.

 Additional manpower and equipment for deployment.

3. The IC at the main EOC shall maintain the following personnel complement/ deployment
one IC, one Planning Officer, one Logistics Officer, one Communications Officer, one
Liaison Officer and 4 support staff reporting on a 12 hour shift.

4. The IC shall coordinate with sectoral leads, RDANA team and BDRRMC for continuous
updating.

RESPONSE ACTIONS

1. The IC shall establish line of communication with MMDRRMC and NDRRMC OPCENs, DILG-NCR.
The MDRRMC is located at Jaen Municipal Compound with telephone number ____________.

2. The IC shall provide continuous monitoring of all response actions of the different sectors, assist
in the provision of all the needed logistics, coordinate / link sector needs to partners

3. The Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office shall provide food for responders of the
different sectors.

4. As needed, conduct meetings with sectoral leads and RDANA Teams for updating to address
response issues and concerns encountered.

5. Sector leads are required to provide updates/feedbacks to EOC/IC every two hours.

6. The IC shall decide / declare the termination of response operations of EOC.

7. Consolidation of sectoral lead and RDANA documentation report. Sector leads are given a week
to prepare and submit documentation reports.

Sub Emergency Operation Center (Sub EOC)

1. Each Sub EOC shall be manned by one area commander, at least one representative per
barangay and three support staff working on a 12 hour shift.

2. The area commander shall deploy personnel to conduct initial DANA.

3. The area commander shall continue to monitor situation at the respective areas of
responsibility, address request of barangays / sectors, elevates request to main IC.

4. The area commander shall provide updates / feedback to the main IC every 24 hours and
/ or as the need may arise.

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 5. The area commander shall prepare and submit a documentation report to main IC upon
termination of operations of the sub EOC.

24 hours – one month

Main Emergency Operation Center (EOC)

1. The Local Chief Executive / IC shall convene DRRM Council progress meetings for the
following expected outputs:

 DANA report presented

 Sectoral operations

 Declaration of state of calamity (if necessary)

 Logistical requirements of the different sectors

 Management of regional, national and international assistance

 Other issues and concerns – finances, manpower / volunteers, etc.

2. The IC at the main EOC / ICP shall maintain the following personnel complement /
deployment one IC, one Planning Officer, one Logistics Officer, one Communications
Officer, one Liaison Officer and 4 support staff reporting on a 12 hour shift.

3. The IC shall deploy RDANA and PDANA teams composed of personnel from MPDO,
Engineering Office, RHU, MSWDO, Office of the Municipal Agriculture and DRRMO.

4. The IC shall maintain line of communication within the team.

5. The IC shall decide / declare the termination of operations of sub EOCs.

6. The MSWDO shall provide food for responders at main and sub EOC.
7. The Local Chief Executive, as Chair of the LDRRMC, shall convene the DRRMC council for
the termination of response operations upon recommendation of the IC.

8. The LDRRMO shall consolidate sectoral reports and submit documentation reports to the
Local Chief Executive, PDRRMO, OCD III, and other concerned agencies.

COMMUNICATION SECTOR

BRIEF SCENARIO:

Flooding brought about by a Category 4 typhoon, like rains with an average rainfall of
347.5 falling within six hours and 448.5 mm within twelve hours and with gusty wind greater than
185 km per hour.

This CP is based on worst-case scenario which results as are follows:

1. Flooded barangays (maybe whole);

2. People with flooded homes and displaced;

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 3. Casualties (morbidity and mortality); and

4. Largest number of evacuated population.

LEAD AGENCY: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SERVICE (MDRRM Office)

The purpose is to establish secondary or back up communication systems via two-way

radio in case of telecommunications failure during an emergency, disaster or critical situations,
and maintain essential communication services to all members of the JDRRMC operating units.

The Chief, Radio Communications Service or delegate will be responsible for the
network’s ongoing operation and shall be responsible for implementation of this plan. The in
house technician and maintenance crew will be responsible for resolution of the
telecommunications failure.

Establish means of communication between RCS and all operating units by any unaffected
means of communication/network channels, alternate phone close location: Check all close
phones for operation especially those with direct lines outside the Private Automatic Branch
Exchange (PABX). Mobile phone; Notify RCS chief of number and arrange a replacement phone
and a charger; Check all repeater operations; a back-up set should be available at all time; public
phone: communication by public phone is not desirable for ongoing use and a mobile phone
should be arranged:

Redirect traffic in communications to back up network. Confirm with all radio operator to
redirect all calls to back up channel. Contact JDRRMC members to advise of communications
failure and to redirect two way communications to back up channel.
Radio Operator redirects all calls to back up channel, make note of all redirections for
recovery when communications re- established, and contact maintenance crew to update on any
progress and confirm redirection of all call and monitor all calls to check for undiverted
transmission.
Monitoring situations and re-evaluate at 2 hours interval in priority order. After 6 hours,
decide if sustaining tasks are to be implemented. Organize continuous monitoring to all traffic
communications/transmissions.

All available back-up resources for deployment. Mobile chargers for portable radios and
extra battery packs for back up. Satellite phones (in case of major telecommunication provider’s
failure, proposed purchases, for consideration of the municipal mayor).

If confirmed that failure has ended, commence recovery tasks. Confirm with crew that
normal telecommunications have been established. Redirect all network users to assign channels
and confirm they are working contact with chief RCS to confirm resumption of normal operations.
Check that all links to JDRRMC and other network users are operating normally. Contact lead RCS
to confirm normal operations and arrange for resumption of normal work practice. Contact
JDRRMC members to advise that normal communications have been established.

PLAN OBJECTIVE:

1. To provide communications among the municipality’s various operating agencies with

speed and accuracy to enable them to respond to needs with coordination and efficiency.
2. To establish secondary or back –up communications systems via two-way radio in case of
telecommunications failure during a disaster, calamities, emergency or critical situations
and maintain essential communication services to all members of the JDRRMC operating
units.

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Lead Agency: Radio Communications Service, Office of the Mayor/MDRRM Office

Responsible Official:

The Chief, Radio Communications Service or delegate will be responsible for the
network’s ongoing operations and shall be responsible for implementation of this plan. The
Maintenance Supervisor, in house technician and crew will be responsible for resolution of the
telecommunications failure.

Table No. 5
Emergency Support Functions

AGENCIES ROLES
Radio Communications Service  For a reliable two-way radio communications link to
the Office of the Municipal Mayor in the delivery of
basic services. More efficient coordinated responses ,
most especially at times of emergencies and critical
situations in monitoring and preparing
BFP Jaen  Appropriate response actions.
 For immediate response to fire alarms and prevent
further losses to lives and properties.
PNP Jaen  Immediate response to needs on evacuation, relief
and recovery operations.
 For quick coordinated response to maintain public
safety.
Rural Health Unit  For possible casualties that needs immediate medical
attention.
DepEd Jaen  Schools as evacuation center.
Barangay Flood Prone Area  To respond to constituencies’ immediate needs
RED CROSS  For transport of those in need of immediate medical
attention

STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURE

0 – 6 Hour

 Alerts all Radio Communications Service personnel;

 Alerts members of Communication team of various departments / offices;

 Alerts all RCS Sub Stations; and

 Activate back up communication system.

7 – 24 Hours

 All RCS personnel to report to man the back-up Emergency Communications System and
Base station.
24 – 36 Hours

 Continuous monitoring, coordination, etc. For immediate information of the Chairman,

Action Officer and Jaen Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council members.

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36 hrs – 1 Month

 Damage assessment recovery and rehabilitation of Communications Equipment and

Facilities.

Figure No. 3
INCIDENT ORGANIZATION CHART

INCIDENT COMMANDER

PUBLIC INFORMATION

LIAISON OFFICER

SAFETY OFFICER

PLANNING OPERATION LOGISTICS ADMINISTRATIVE/

FINANCE

SECURITY SEARCH AND RESCUE

COMMUNICATION HEALTH AND MEDICAL

FIRE RELIEF AND REHABILITATION

TRANSPORTATION EVACUATION

ENGINEERING AND
REHABILITATION

SECURITY AND SAFETY

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SCENARIO:

Flooding brought about by a Category 4 typhoon with an average rainfall of 347.5 falling
within six hours and 448.5 mm within twelve hours and with gusty wind greater than 185 km per
hour. This CP is based on worst-case scenario with the following assumptions:

 Inundated Barangays

 People with Inundated Homes and displaced

 Casualties

 Displaced population

OBJECTIVE:

 To maintain peace and order and assist in the search, rescue, evacuation and relief
operations; and

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  To save lives, prevent needless suffering, protect property and minimize damages
brought about by perceived effects of disaster.

Lead: Jaen Philippine National Police (Jaen - PNP) and Barangay Tanod

TASK: Responsible in directing all phases of security and safety operations.

STANDARD OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE

Upon declaration or announcement from the Jaen EOC/IC of the worsening

flooding situation in northern part of Nueva Ecija in particular, this contingency plan shall
be immediately activated.

 Disaster has occurred and inflicted enormous damage to affected areas including loss
of lives and injuries to people.

 Jaen Philippine National Police (Jaen - PNP) and Barangay Tanod in the affected areas
are in full disaster response status until the situation normalizes.

PROCEDURES ON DEPLOYMENT

PHASE I – Deployment Action

The Jaen Philippine National Police (Jaen - PNP) and Barangay Tanod, shall act as
the sector lead and shall oversee the over-all security and safety operations for the
Municipality of Jaen. In case the Chief of Police cannot function as Lead, the most senior
in rank shall act as Lead.

1. The sector lead shall check-in to the EOC/IC and immediately deploys a team to
represent the sector at the EOC/IC. The team shall work on a 12-hour shift times
two shifts.

2. The sector lead shall likewise check in to the EOC /IC all security and safety
personnel deployed in the impacted areas.

PHASE II

1. The sector lead shall mobilize the Station Commander in the Police Stations of
Jaen together with the MSWDO, RHU, DA, MEO and MDRRMO to conduct initial
damage assessment to the affected areas. Initial assessment shall include
gathering of data regarding the number of casualties, damages, affected families,
flood depth, among others. The Station Commanders shall submit report to the
Sector Lead and Sector Lead to EOC/IC.

2. The Sector Lead shall deploy police visibility patrol and other security support
personnel for the maintenance of peace and order in the affected areas. The
sector shall provide security and safety services in the following areas:

a. Continuous patrolling in the inundated barangays;

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 b. Area security and safety services to the evacuation camps;

c. Security and services in areas with traffic problems to decongest traffic

and assist motorist; and

d. Security and safety in fire scenes, in areas with search and rescue
operations.

CONCEPT OF OPERATION

Jaen Philippine
National Police
(Jaen - PNP) EOC/IC

Barangay Tanod

BDRRMC

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FIRE SECTOR

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SCENARIO:

Flooding brought about by a Category 4 typhoon downpouring Ondoy-like rains with an

average rainfall of 347.5 falling within six hours and 448.5 mm within twelve hours and with gusty
wind greater than 185 km per hour. This CP is based on worst-case scenario with the following
assumptions:

 Inundated Barangays

 People with Inundated Homes and displaced

 Casualties

 Number of displaced population

 One fire scene

LEAD: Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP – Jaen)

OBJECTIVE:

 To suppress all destructive fires to minimize the loss of lives and properties; and

 To assist in search and rescue, transport of evacuees and cleaning and flushing of
mudflows in public facilities including delivery of water supply to evacuation camps.

STANDARD OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE

Upon declaration or announcement from the Jaen EOC/IC of the worsening flooding
situation in Municipality of Jaen, this contingency plan shall be immediately activated.

1. The Jaen Bureau of Fire Protection (Jaen - BFP) shall act as the Fire Sector Lead for
operation. In case the Municipal Fire Marshall cannot function as Lead, the most senior
in rank shall act as Lead.

2. The Sector Lead shall check in to the EOC/IC and immediately deploy a team to represent
the sector to the EOC /IC who shall work on a 12 hour shift x 2 shifts.

3. If there is a fire incident, the station deploy responding unit/team for verification. Each
team with twenty four (24) hour shift to be deployed to the fire incident is composed of
4 firefighters to 1 truck for fire suppression. The Most senior from the response teams
shall act as the Ground Commander. He shall declare himself as Ground Commander to
the other responders such as volunteers, if any;

4. The Ground Commander shall conduct ground assessment and verification and provide
immediate feedback to EOC/IC.

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5. Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) from adjacent cities/municipalities shall provide
augmentation and support to Jaen Bureau of Fire Protection (Jaen - BFP) on fire
suppression. Prior to operation, assisting Jaen BFP shall check in to the Ground
Commander through EOC/IC shall report the augmentation to the Sector lead and sector
lead to EOC/IC.

6. Any volunteer firefighting group should check-in first with the Ground Commander before
doing any fire suppression.

7. Upon assessment of the situation, the Ground Commander shall provide status report to
the concerned station commander and Sector Lead through EOC/IC. The Ground
Commander shall declare once fire is under control or fire is out.

8. The Chief of Operations at the Jaen Bureau of Fire Protection (Jaen - BFP) shall prepare
and submit an after fire operation report to the sector lead and sector to EOC/IC.

9. If there are no reported incidence of fire situation in the municipality, the sector lead shall
deploy the following teams to the affected communities:

Fire Services Priority Areas

Affected by
Search and Rescue
Disaster/Calamity
Affected by
Transportation services to Evacuees.
Disaster/Calamity
Assist the Health and Medical in the Affected by
impacted areas. Disaster/Calamity
Flushing of mud flows/clean up in priority 27 affected barangays
public places/facilities.
Delivery of water in evacuation
camps/affected communities.

 Fire Stations shall conduct water rationing in evacuation areas/affected

communities upon instructions from sector lead and in coordination with the
proper authorities.

 The sector lead shall deploy personnel to conduct road flushing operations in
support to the Engineering sector tasked on road clearing in coordination with
station commanders and proper authorities.

 Upon request from EOC/IC, the sector lead shall dispatch response teams to
assist the Medical and Health Sector, Search and Rescue including the
transportation sector for the transport of evacuees from the impacted areas to
the evacuation camps.

10. Sector members shall use the radio frequency intended for the fire sector only for faster
communication system upon activation of JDRRMC.

11. After termination of evacuation services, the sector through the Fire station shall conduct
flushing operation on evacuation areas in coordination with the proper authorities.

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 12. Upon instructions from the EOC/IC, fire sector operations shall be terminated through the
sector lead.

13. A post evaluation shall be carried out by the sector lead with its team. An over-all report
documenting the fire sector operations shall be prepared and submitted to DRRMO. As
needed, the sector lead shall recommend revision and or adjustment of existing protocol
to enhance future operations.

CONCEPT OF OPERATION

Jaen Bureau of
Fire Protection
(Jaen - BFP)

MDRRMO Jaen - PNP BDRRMC PRC FIRE

VOLUNTEER

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 Local Government Units
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS MANUAL
Checklist of Early Preparations for Mayors

DRRM ACTION FLOW FOR EARLY PREPARATIONS

These are proactive actions taken as preparatory and necessary measures to be able to
carry out the functions during the critical period when an Advisory or Alert is issued by PAGASA.
They are done during “peace time“or when no immediate threat of a disaster (for typhoons are
related hazards: during dry season). These actions are taken from the requirement of the law and
good practices from LGU experiences. These are Four (4) General Actions to be undertaken:

1 Create the Local DRRM structures and systems to be mobilized;

2 Institutionalize policies and plans;

3 Build the competency of the created structures through various trainings; and

Complement the competency by purchasing and preparing the needed hardware and
4 supplies to equip the actions.

Figure No. 6
Four (4) General Actions

Create Institutionalize Equip with

Build
Structures Policies and Hardware
Competencies
and Systems Plans and Supplies

1. CREATE STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS

Organizing and Planning

 Sign an Executive Order creating the following organizations at the local level:
 LDRRMC
 LDRRMO
 Incident Command System (ICS)
 Community of Disaster Volunteers (CDV)
 Local Chamber of Commerce (LCC) / Network of Local Business

 Prepare the following plans:

 LDRRMP (with Contingency Plan)
 LCCAP
 AIP
 Business Continuity Plan
 Evacuation Plan

 Conduct Infrastructure Audit

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  Designate Emergency Operation Center (EOC)

 Prepare hazard risk to include Social Vulnerability Assessment, and flush points maps

 Develop and disseminate a community/family guide for disaster preparedness and

response

 Update Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) - one of the basis on identifying highly
vulnerable areas

 Check baseline data from the Infrastructure Audit

 Issue Local DRR Communication Protocol

2. INSTITUTIONALIZE POLICIES AND PLANS

Assignment and Tasking

 Create position for LDRRM Officer and three (3) LDRRMO staff as per RA 10121

 Assign key positions of ICS

 Assign DRRMO/MSWDO

 Direct the Punong Barangays to create BDRRMC

Assign Municipal Engineer to:

 Put up signs/directions going to the Evacuation Center (EC)

 Put up security post
 Designate shelter for live stock/animal relief park
 Designate a boat garage for river side communities
 Designate evacuation center for prisoners (if prison is high risk)

 Direct the Municipal Administrator to provide SAR/SRR insurances

 Direct the Adminstrator to prepare a template for reporting and cancellation of

travel authorities

 Direct the MSWDO to designate packing/repacking area (warehouse)

 Direct the Municipal Administrator to prepare templates for:

 Suspension of classes
 Suspension of work
 Prohibition of fishing activities
 Issuance of pre-emptive and forced evacuation
 Declaration of State of Calamity
 Post-Disaster Plan Template

Establishing Linkages/Support

 Establish a memorandum of Agreement between:

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  Supermarkets (relief goods and other supplies)
 Hospitals (emergency response, use of ambulance and management of injured
persons)
 Pharmacies (medical supplies)
 Volunteer groups (mobilization for various operations)
 Transportation groups (mobilization for various operations)
 Telecommunication companies (early warning and use of communication
equipment)
 Local Construction companies (SRR and clearing operations)
 Humanitarian Organizations (retrofitting evacuation centers/structures)
 Faith-based organizations with structures (designated/alternative evacuation
centers)
 Funeral Parlors (management of the dead)

3. BUILD COMPETENCIES

Training of Information and Awareness Personnel

 Conduct training on:

 Basic Orientation on CBDRRM

 Hazard and Risk Assessment
 Climate and Weather Forecast
 Early Warning Systems and Monitoring
 Infrastructure Audit
 Risk Communication
 Media Management

Training of Security, Lifeline, and SRR Personnel

 Conduct training on:

 Flood/swift water search and rescue

 Basic Life Support (First Aid)
 Basic Sanitary Inspection and Forensic Investigation in managing the dead

Training of Humanitarian Personnel

 Conduct training on Camp Management

Training of DRRM and Admin Personnel

 Conduct training on :

 ICS
 LDRRM Plan
 LCCA Planning
 Comunty-Based Monitoring System
 Alliance-building
 DRRMO Certification (Renewable every 3 years)
Training of Post-Disaster Response Personnel

 Conduct training on:

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  Livelihood
 Business Continuity Planning
 RDANA
 PDANA

4. EQUIP WITH HARDWARE AND SUPPLIES

Acquiring Security, Search and Rescue, Medical and Clearing Resources

 Instruct the Administrator/DRRMO to purchase/prepare the following response

equipments:
A. Supplies

 First Aid Kits

 Cadaver bags

B. Equipment

 Boats/vans/trucks/buses
 Ambulance/amphibian vehicle/backhoe/dump truck/fire
trucks/crawler/tractor/scoop loader (maybe borrowed from other LGUs or
NGAs)
 Siren
 Megaphone
 Whistle
 Two-way radio, GPS device and other communication equipment (consider
satellite phone)
 Ropes and throw bags
 Search light
 Protective gears (helmet and life vest)
 Reflectorize vest
 Extrication kit (spine board, shovel, chainsaw, jack hammer or alternative
digging device)
 Chainsaw, bolo, shovel water pump
 Mobile water treatment
 Caution tape
 K9 unit (if available)
 Barricade

C. Stockpile

 Gasoline and extra batteries

 Portable generator, solar-powerde generator and flashlights
 Potable water
 Food packs (rice, canned goods, noodles, ready-to-eat meals)

Acquiring Humanitarian Resources

 Instruct Punong Barangays to make sure that every household has emergency balde

 Direct the MSWDO to pack relief goods (stand by) and to prepare community
kitchen supplies and equipment

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  Instruct the DRRMO to purchase/prepare the following:

A. Supplies

 Registration logbook

B. Equipment

 Standby vehicles
 Megaphone whistle
 Two-way radio and other communication equipment
 Flashight and extra batteries

C. Stockpile

 First aid kits/medicines

 Food packs (rice, canned goods, noodles, ready-to-eat meals)
 Potable water
 Hygiene kit (soap, shampoo, alcohol, toothbrush, toothpaste, sanitary pads,
deodorant)
 Clothing (jacket, rain coat, hard hat boots)
 Gasoline and extra batteries
 Portable generator and gasoline Beds and Beddings
 Portable toilets
 Mosquito nets

 Direct the Adminisrator to purchase or coordinate with organizations that may lend
a mobile community kitchen during or in the aftermath of the disaster

Acquiring Information and Awareness Resources

 Purchase/Prepare the following early warning equipment

A. Equipment

 Rain guage
 Water level markers
 Wind vane
 Bells (you can partner with the local churh to use the church bells for alarm
too)
 Centralized Hotline (operated and monitored by Command Center)
 Vehicles
 Siren/Batingaw
 Telephone /fax machine/internet connection
 Megaphone
 Two-way radio, GPS device and other communication equipment (consider
satellite phone)
 Flashlight and extra batteries
 Transistor radio (single frequency)
 Satellite phones
B. Stockpile

 Portable generator and gasoline

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  Direct the Municipal Engineer to create and designate public weather bulletin
boards and an area for press conference/briefing

 Secure hazard and risk maps, and potential flash points maps
 Directory/contact numbers of key local and national DRRM officials, TV and
radio stations, school principals/administrators
 Template of PSA’s (Public Service Announcements)

Local Government Units

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS MANUAL
Checklist of Minimum Critical Preparations for Mayors

Disaster Preparedness Manual Quick Guide

The Mayor leads the Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) in the local
government as the Chairperson for the Local DRRM Council. In aide of the role of the Mayor, this
Checklist of Minimum Critical Preparations enumerates “things-to-do” or series of progressive
response actions that vary depending on the intensity and possible impact of the typhoon.
Before the issuance of any Public Storm Warning Signal (Signal 1, 2 and 3 …) the Local Chief
Executives (LCEs) will recievea new set of advisories that will be called Critical Preparedness
Actions (CPAs): Alpha, Bravo and Charlie. Using the disaster Preparedness Manual, the LCEs will
have the general idea on how the CPAs will work. Here’s a quick guide on how to use it:

A. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE CRITICAL PREPAREDNESS ACTION OF THE LGU?

NDRRMC and DOST-PAGASA will give a set of advisories to the DILG-CODIX. It will be then
communicatedto the DILG Regional and Field Offices for the information of the Local Chief
Executives (LCEs). The advisories will be composed of the following: Critical Preparedness Actions
(CPAs) ALPHA, BRAVO OR CHARLIE; and the LGU’s accompanying condition.

1 Typhoons enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility

DOST and NDRRMC identifies LGUs under Alpha, Bravo and Charlie (CPA State of
2
LGUs)

3 DOST and NDRRMC communicates the CPA State of LGUs to DILG.

4 DILG transmits information to LGUs.

5 Mayors undertake preparedness actions based on the manuals and flowchart

B. HOW TO USE THE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS MANUAL?

Step 1: The Mayors will need to determine the LGU’s Critical Preparedness Action: Charlie,
Bravo and Alpha. It is also important to check the accompanying condition of each CPA (amount
of rainfall, wind speed, critical areas and potential impact).

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 ALERT LEVEL AND RAINFALL CRITICAL AREAS POTENTIAL IMPACT
Alert Level C:  Heavy damage to agriculture
CHARLIE  Travel by land, sea and air is
 10-20 mm/hr dangerous
 Heavy to intense rain  Some large trees may be uprooted
 Moderate to heavy disruption of
electric power
Alert Level B:  Moderate damage to agriculture
BRAVO  Travel by all types of sea vessels is
 5-10 mm/hr risky
 Moderate to heavy rain  Travel by aircraft is risky
 Wind: 30-60 kph  Few large trees may be uprooted
 Some iron roofing may fall off
Alert Level A:
ALPHA
 5-10 mm/hr
 Moderate to heavy rain
Wind: 30-45 kph

Step 2: Use corresponding flowchart (Alpha, Bravo and Charlie) to guide the LGU actions.
These flowcharts can be posted in the DRRM/Mayor’s office s of the municipality/city. It is divided
into three (3) timeframes (Upon Receipt of Alert, During and After) and different set of
progressive actions that are categorized into three (3) general action areas:

GENERAL ACTION AREA PROGRESSIVE RESPONSE ACTIONS

 Issuing directives
 Convening Local Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council (LDRRMC)
PREPARE ACTION
 Other Administrative and Managerial Actions
(Administrator, Finance Officer, General Services
Officer)
 Security, Lifeline, SRR (PNP, BFP, Engineering Public
Safety Offices)
RESPONSE ACTION  Humanitarian (MHO, MSWDO)
 Information and Awareness (Information
Officer/Media Relations)
 Gathering of reports
MONITOR ACTION  Monitoring alerts
 Coordinating operations

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REFERENCE BOXES

BOX A: LIST OF DIRECTIVES DURING A DISASTER

 Cancellation of Travel Authorities of Personnel
 Preparation of pre-disaster risk assessment
 Heightening response and early warning
 Monitoring typhoon path and intensity

BOX B: MEETING AGENDA IN CONVENING THE LDRRMC

 Typhoon path and possible impact/s
 Number of possible affected communities
 Incident Command System
o Identify Incident Commander
 Composition Tasking
o Administrative and logistical support
o Security, lifeline and SRR Cluster
o Humanitarian Cluster
o Information and Awareness Cluster
 Availability of the LDRRM Fund
 Prepositioning and readiness of resources
 Daily briefing, debriefing updates and schedules

BOX C: LIST OF RESOURCES NEEDED BY CLUSTER I (SRR TEAM)

 Supplies
o First Aid Kits
o Cadaver bags
 Equipment
o Boats/vans/trucks/buses
o Ambulance/amphibian vehicle/backhoe/dump truck/fire
trucks/crawler/tractor/scoop loader (maybe boeeowed from
other LGUs or NGAs)
o Siren
o Megaphone
o Whistle
o Two-way radio, GPS device and other communication
equipment (consider satellite phone)
o Ropes and throw bags
o Search light
o Protective gears (helmet and life vest)
o Reflectorize vest
o Extrication kit (spine board, shovel, chainsaw, jack hammer or
alternative digging device)
o Chainsaw, bolo, shovel water pump
o Mobile water treatment
o Caution tape
o K9 unit (if available)
o Barricade
 Stockpile
o Gasoline and extra batteries
o Portable generator, solar-powerde generator and flashlights
o Potable water
o Food packs (rice, canned goods, noodles, ready-to-eat meals)

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BOX D: LIST OF RESOURCES NEEDED BY CLUSTER 2 (HUMANITARIAN
TEAM)
 Supplies
o Registration logbook
 Equipment
o Standby vehicles
o Megaphone
o Whistle
o Two-way radio and other communication equipment
o Flashight
o TV or radio
 Stockpile
o First aid kits/medicines
o Food packs (rice, canned goods, noodles, ready-to-eat meals)
o Potable water
o Hygiene kit (soap, shampoo, alcohol, toothbrush, toothpaste,
sanitary pads, deodorant)
o Clothing (jacket, rain coat, hard hat boots)
o Gasoline and extra batteries
o Portable generator and gasoline
o Beds and Beddings
o Portable toilets
o Mosquito nets

BOX E: LIST OF RESOURCES NEEDED BY CLUSTER 3 (INFORMATION AND

AWARENESS TEAM)
 Data and Information
o Hazard and risk maps to include Social Vulnerability Assessment
and potential flush points maps
o Directory/contact numbers of key local and national DRRM
officials, TV and radio stations, school principals/administrators
o Advisory from PAGASA
o Template of Public Service Announcement (PSAs)
 Equipment
o Centralized Hotline (operated and monitored by Command
Center)
o Vehicles
o Siren/Batingaw
o Telephone /fax machine/internet connection
o Megaphone
o Two-way radio, GPS device and other communication
equipment (consider satellite phone)
o Flashlight and extra batteries
o Transistor radio (single frequency)
o
 Stockpile
o Gasoline and extra batteries
o Portable generator and gasoline

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BOX F: GUIDELINES IN UTILIZING THE LDRRM FUND
 Section 21 of RA No. 10121 provides that the General Fund
amounting to not less than five percent (5%) of the estimated
revenue from regular sources shall be set aside from LDRRM Fund.
Thirty percent (30%) of the LDRRMF shall be set aside for the Quick
Response Fund (QRF) and 70% for disaster prevention and
mitigation, response, rehabilitation and recovery.
 The release and use of the 30% QRF shall be suprted by the local
sanggunian declaring LGU under the state of calamity or a
Presidential declaration of state of calamity upon
recommendation of the NDRRMC.

BOX G: HIGHLY VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES INCLUDE, BUT NOT

LIMITED TO:
 Landslide-prone areas
 Coastal and island communities
 Coomunities near river banks and waterways
 Flood-prone areas
 Storm surge-prone areas

Notes:
 Check local hazard and vulnerability maps
 Review historical data
 Contact DENR-MGB for additional information

BOX H: GUIDELINES FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF CLUSTER 1 TEAMS

 UPON RECEIPT OF ALERT/BEFORE THE TYPHOON
o Search, Rescue and Retrieval
 Deliver potable water to the evacuation center
 Provide updates on readiness of personnel and equipment
 Mobilize volunteers (Tanods, BPATs, Kabalikat, Fire Brigade,
Red Cross, NSTP, etc.)
 Conduct rescue and evacuation
o Security Teams
 Provide updates on status of public safety
 Maintain peace and order to prevent looting
 Secure jail facilities
 Patrol communities and evacuation centers
o Medical Teams
 Provide medical assistance to evacuation centers and
affected areas
 Ensure sufficient medecines/supplies in the evacuation
centers and affected areas
 Provide pscho-social care (needs) to affected communities
as needed
o Clearing Operations Teams
 Take down billboards
 Prune trees
 Clear canals

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  Ensure unobstructed routes for the faster delivery of relief
goods/supplies/equipment
 Deploy teams to monitor landslide-prone areas
 Assess other structures or places as additional to the pre-
identified evacuation centers
 Ensure adequate markets that would guide evacuees and
operation teams
 DURING THE TYPHOON
o Advise all teams to standby
 AFTER THE TYPHOON
o Search, Rescue and Retrieval
 Deliver potable water to the evacuation center
 Continue providing updates on readiness of personnel and
equipment
 Continue mobilizing volunteers (Tanods, BPATs, Kabalikat,
Fire Brigade, Red Cross, NSTP, etc.)
 Continue conduct of rescue and evacuation
 Provide head count of injured, missing and other casualties
 Conduct retrieval of dead bodies
 Coordinate with funeral parlors to manage the dead bodies
o Security Teams
 Continue providing updates on status of public safety
 Continue maintaining peace and order to prevent looting
 Continue securing jail facilities
 Continue patroling communities and evacuation centers
o Medical Teams
 Coordinate with district or provincial hospitals for admission
o injured individuals
 Continue providing medical assistance to evacuation centers
and affected areas
 Continue ensuring sufficient medecines/supplies in the
evacuation centers and affected areas
 Continue providing pscho-social care (needs) to affected
communities as needed
o Clearing Operations Teams
 Cut uprooted trees
 Search clearing roads
 Assist SRR teams in searching for victims trapped in
collapsed structures
 Continue ensuring the safety of routes of the returning
evacuees
 Coordinate with electric and water cooperatives to repair
damaged water and power lines

BOX I: EVACUATION CENTER STANDARDS

 A. Structure and Location:
o Permanent and disaster-resilient evacuation centers (multi-
purpose centers) at the province/city/municipality/barangay
o Animals – Relief park (separate space or structure for livestock,
domestic animals and crops)
o Not in high-risk areas (refer to your risk map)

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 o Accessibility for people
o At most six (6) families per evacuation room (40m2)
 B. Amenities:
o Toilet for men and women (1:50)/Additional portable toilets
 Separates for Person With Disability (PWDs)
 Consider designated area for LGBTs and assigned
bathrooms (if available)
 Well-lighted
 Can be locked inside
 With proper ventilation
 With water supply, pail/dipper and soap
o Generators sets
o Child, woman, elderly and PWDs-friendly space
o Assembly area for relief distribution
o Consider designating couples/conjugal room
o Community Kitchen
 Stove/fuel
 Kitchen Utensils
 Water facilities
 Laundry space
o Boat garage for coastal barangays
 C. Service
o On Health and Nutrition
 Health Station/Clinic
 Breastfeeding Room
 Basic drugs, medicines, medicalsupplies and equipment
inside the evacuation center
 Medical Team: doctors, nurses, midwives
 Hygiene kit (toothpaste, toothbrush soap, shampoo,
sanitary pad diaper)
 Food packs (canned goods, ready-to-eat meals, noodles,
water, milk for infants)
 Contaceptives (at least make this available when
needed/inform the evacuees that contraceptives are
available)
 Crew (Emergency Medical Services)
 Trained psycho-social support responders (two per LGU-
PCMB) c/o DOH
o On Security
 I Police Officer
 20 Tanods (BPAT/BERT)
 Designated parking space/helibase

BOX J: MAYOR’S SCRIPT FOR ALERT/ADVISORY FOR RADIO

ANNOUNCEMENT
Mga kababayan, ako po si Mayor (sabihin ang pangalan). Ito po ay
seryosong babala. Ayon sa PAGASA may bagyong (pangalan ng bagyo)
na kakapasok lang sa Philippine Area of Responsibility. Darating ito sa
bayan sa (petsa at posibleng oras ng pagdating ng bagyo). Ibig sabihin,
tatamaan tayo sa (araw). Sa kanyang takbo na (bilis ng bagyo) at sa
lakas nitong (lakas ng bagyo) kph, ito ay katulad ng bagyong

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9nakaraang bagyo na maihahalintulad ang paparating na bagyo) kaya
kailangan ng ihanda ang inyong survival kits na naglalaman nang mga
bote ng tubig, mag ready-to-eat pagkain tulad nga biskwit at de-lata,
flashlight, mga gamot, pera at iba pang pang-kaligtasan. Siguraduhin
na rin po natin na handa at matibay an gating mga bahay sa pagdating
nang papalapit na bagyo. Pinapayuhan ko ang lahat na maging listo at
umantabay sa mga susunod na anunsyo at babala patungkol sa
pagkansela ng mga klase (Elementarya, Sekondarya at Kolehiyo) at
trabaho sa mga pampubliko at pribadong institusyon. Ipinaparating rin
ang malaking posibilidad ng pagbabawal sa pangingisda at pagtawid sa
karagatan, ilog, lawa at batis. Inaasahan ko ang inyong suporta at
kooperasyon para sa ika-liligtas ng bawat isa. Maraming salamat po.

BOX K: ACCESS GUIDE TO WEATHER BULLETIN REALTED WEBSITES

 www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph
 www.climatex.ph
 www.noah.dost.gov.ph
 www.weather.com.ph
 www.abs-cbn.com/weather
 www.gmanetwork.com/news/weather

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 References

Republic Act No. 10121 also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Act of 2010
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/

Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(DOST-PHIVOLCS)
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45&Itemid=100

Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and

Astronomical Services Administration (DOST–PAGASA)
https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/

Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals

http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/laginghanda/the-philippine-public-storm-warning-signals/

RICHTER Magnitude Scale

http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37:earthquake-
intensity-and-magnitude-scales&catid=56

DepEd Suspension of Classes’ Guidelines during Typhoons

http://www.deped.gov.ph/press-releases/deped-reiterates-suspension-classes-guidelines-during-
typhoons

The Flood Alerts

http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/how-to-make-sense-of-pagasas-color-coded-warning-signals/

Avian Influenza Protection Program

Manual of Procedures (2016)
Department of Agriculture (DA) – Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)

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