Module 1(Part1)

GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS EFFECT

Introduction.
Climate change is threatening plants, animals and their habitats. Research reveals that temperature
changes and other shifts in climate are impacting plant growth stages, affecting migration patterns,
threatening species survival and affecting water quality, among other factors.

Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events –
like heavy rainstorms and record high temperatures are happening. Many of these observed changes
are linked to the rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere,
caused by human activities.
Physical definition of global warming
Earth receives energy that travels from the sun in a variety of wavelengths, some of which we see as
sunlight and others that are invisible to the naked eye, such as shorter- wavelength ultraviolet
radiation and longer-wavelength infrared radiation.As this energy passes through Earth’s atmosphere,
some is reflected back into space by clouds and small particles such as sulphates; some is reflected
by Earth’s surface; and some is absorbed into the atmosphere by substances such as soot,
stratospheric ozone, and water vapour.

The remaining solar energy is absorbed by the Earth itself, warming the planet’s surface. Certain
gases, such as CO2, CH4 and water vapour, work like a blanket to retain much of that heat.. The gases
do this by absorbing the heat and radiating it back to Earth’s surface. These gases are nicknamed
“greenhouse gases” because of their heat-trapping effect.

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature earth due to green house effect
caused by greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4 water vapour.
The present warming is generally attributed to increase in the greenhouse effect, brought about by inc
reased levels of greenhouse gases, largely due to the effectsof human industry and agriculture.

The new Carbon Problems

Dry air on the earth consists of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%),argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide(0.03%)
and other gases to a smaller extent. The relative proportion of each constituent varies in air from one
region to another region depending on the activity predominates in that place. The major gases
emitted from human and animal activities are carbon dioxide,(77%), nitrous
oxide/(14%)methane(8%), hydro fluorocarbons(HFCs),per fluorocarbons(PPCS) and sulphur
hexafluoride(SF6). Out of which the first three gases are responsible for global warming and rest
three are causing ozone layer depletion. Water vapour also contributes to increase in atmospheric
temperature. CO2 is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas, which is released through human
activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as
respiration and volcanic eruptions.
The major sources of green house gases are

 Natural sources: Animal and plant respiration, anaerobic decomposition of organic matter
fermentation from animal bleaching.
 Industrial chemicals and solvent manufacturing process.
 Power generation and power use by using fossil fuels
 Transport: Traffic by road, rail, air, sea and air by using fossil fuels like oil, petrol etc.
 Agricultural activities release carbon dioxide, methane etc.
UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) was started in March 1994 whose
signatories are required to prepare an inventory of green house gases and their removal by sinks in
accordance with specified methodologies On the global basis the percentages of emission from
different major sources are as follows

source Percentage(%)
Electricity anf heating 24.8
Deforestation and other land use 20.6
Transportation 14.5
Industry 12.8
Aagriculture 13.5
Other fuel burning 9.0
Fugitive emission 3.4
Waste 1.6
The list helps to bring out clearly that deforestation release more carbon dioxide than the transport
sector or the industrial sector

Accumulation
CO2 remains in the atmosphere longer than the other major heat-trapping gases emitted as a result of
human activities. It takes about a decade for methane (CH4) emissions to leave the atmosphere (it
converts into CO2) and about a century for nitrous oxide (N2O). After a pulse of CO2 is emitted into
the atmosphere, 40% will remain in the atmosphere for 100 years and 20% will reside for 1000 years,
while the final 10% will take 10,000 years to turn over.
Net accumulation of green house carbons (GHCs) can be expressed in terms of CO2 equivalent
contained in the atmosphere. It is given by

∑sources of CO2- ∑sinks of CO2= net accumulation

It does not matter where the source is located or where the sink is located. Both are part of the overall
atmosphere around the earth and the earth is revolving. As the half life of CO2 is long, it takes a long
time dying out. The developed countries have occupied 70% of the carbon space though their
population is only 20%.
Long Half- life
The gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, H2O, CFCs, HFCs etc collectively called green house gases released
by different activities were accumulating in the atmosphere and leading to a slow change in the
climate which is a very important phenomenon affecting our lives.CO2 contributed more than any
driver in climate change between 1975 to 2011.As per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) the positive radiative forcing” (RF) value of CO2 is the highest among all GHGs.
Other gases have more potent heat-trapping ability molecule per molecule” (RF) than CO2 (e.g.
methane), but are simply far less abundant in the atmosphere.
The CO2 has a half life of about 120-150 years. That means the carbon dioxide released about 120
years ago is still there in the atmosphere. The accumulation will increase at a faster rate with increase
in population and industrialisation. In 2005 the CO2 concentation in the atmosphere was estimated to
be 385ppm and it is increasing at a rate of 2 to 3 ppm per year.
Heating Potential
Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the
atmosphere up to a specific time horizon, relative to carbon dioxide. It compares the amount of heat
trapped by a certain mass of the gas to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon
dioxide and is expressed as CO2 equivalent (CO2s GWP is standardized to 1). A GWP is calculated
over a specific time horizon, commonly 20, 100, or 500 years, the time horizon can greatly affect the
numerical values obtained for CO2 equivalents. In the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, methane has a lifetime of 12.4 years and with climate-
carbon feedbacks a global warming potential of 86 over 20 years and 34 over 100 years in response
to emissions. For a change in time horizon from 20 to 100 years, the GWP for methane therefore
decreases by a factor of approximately 2.5.
The GWP depends on the following factors:
 the absorption of infrared radiation by a given species
 the spectral location of its absorbing wavelengths
 the atmospheric lifetime of the species
Thus, a high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. The
dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated. Even if a gas absorbs
radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere
already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength.
Calculating the global warming potential
Radiative forcing provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to
influence the climate system to one another; global warming potentials (GWPs) are one type of
simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future
impacts of emissions of different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense. The GWP is
defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of
a trace substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas.
The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed
by the greenhouse gas that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:
RF= ∑Absi.Fi
(pathlength.density)
i = an interval of 10 inverse centimetres. ,Absi = integrated infrared absorbance of the sample in that
interval,
Fi = RF for that interval (IPCC) provides the generally accepted values for GWP, which changed
slightly between 1996 and 2001.
Carbon Emission Factors
Evaluation of carbon emissions is essential to studying carbon related issues. Emission factors
assume a linear relation between the intensity of the activity and the emission resulting from this
activity:
Emission pollutant = Activity * Emission Factor pollutant
Intensities are also used in projecting possible future scenarios such as those used in the IPCC
assessments, along with projected future changes in population, economic activity and energy
technologies. The interrelations of these variables are treated under the so-called Kaya identity.
The level of uncertainty of the resulting estimates depends significantly on the source category and
the pollutant. Some examples:

 (CO2) emissions from the combustion of fuel can be estimated with a high degree of certainty
regardless of how the fuel is used as these emissions depend almost exclusively on
the carbon content of the fuel, which is generally known with a high degree of precision.
 Sulphur dioxide (SO2), since sulphur contents of fuels are also generally well known.
 Levels of other air pollutants and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from combustion depend
on the precise technology applied when fuel is combusted. These emissions are basically caused
by either incomplete combustion of a small fraction of the fuel (carbon monoxide, methane, non-
methane volatile organic compounds) or by complicated chemical and physical processes during
the combustion and in the smoke stack or tailpipe. Examples of these are particulates, NOx, a
mixture of nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2).
 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils are highly uncertain because they depend
very much on both the exact conditions of the soil, the application
of fertilizers and meteorological conditions.
The factors are given in ranges because the actual emissions depend on the chemical composition of
the substance and the efficiency with which it is burnt and the efficiency of ignition device..
Carbon absorption in nature
Climate change has been linked to the accumulation of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.In an
efficient ecosystem the carbon production is balanced by carbon absorption in nature so that the
recycling can go on. Several ways are there in which carbon released to the atmosphere is absorbed
back in nature making a cyclic turnover from time to time are called as the sink. These are trees,
grass, forest, soil, peat, permafrost, ocean waters, carbonate deposits in deep oceans and natural
sequestration process. Photosynthesis is a process that converts light energy into the organic
molecules of biomass which is composed of mainly carbohydrates symbolized as CH2O.

In this process the oxygen produced is about 1.6 times of the weight of the algae produced by
photosynthesis. About 14% of oxygen produced through photosynthesis is consumed back in
respiration and rest helps all living things to survive. Carbon sequestration, the long-term storage
of carbon in plants, soils, geologic formations, and the ocean. It occurs both naturally and as a result
of anthropogenic activities and typically refers to the storage of carbon that has the immediate
potential to become carbon dioxide gas.

The Global Emission Situation

Standard procedure has evolved for estimating emissions from various sources and various fuels to
compare the emissions by different countries. Carbon dioxide emissions, primarily from the
combustion of fossil fuels, have risen dramatically since the start of the industrial revolution. Most of
the world’s greenhouse gas emissions come from a relatively small number of countries. China, the
United States, and the nations that make up the European Union are the three largest emitters on an
absolute basis. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions are highest in the United States and Russia.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Major countries. (2012)

Global Emissions by Economic Sector

Global greenhouse gas emissions can also be broken down by the economic activities that lead to
their production
 Electricity and Heat Production (25% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions): The
burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of
global greenhouse gas emissions.
 Industry (21% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions): Greenhouse gas emissions from
industry primarily involve fossil fuels burned on site at facilities for energy. This sector also
includes emissions from chemical, metallurgical, and mineral transformation processes not
associated with energy consumption and emissions from waste management activities. (Note:
Emissions from industrial electricity use are excluded and are instead covered in the
Electricity and Heat Production sector.)
 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (24% of 2010 global greenhouse gas
emissions): Greenhouse gas emissions from this sector come mostly
from agriculture(cultivation of crops and livestock) and deforestation. This estimate does not
include the CO2 that ecosystems remove from the atmosphere by sequestering carbon in
biomass, dead organic matter, and soils, which offset approximately 20% of emissions from
this sector.[2]
 Transportation (14% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions): Greenhouse gas emissions
from this sector primarily involve fossil fuels burned for road, rail, air, and marine
transportation. Almost all (95%) of the world's transportation energy comes from petroleum-
based fuels, largely gasoline and diesel.
  Buildings (6% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions): Greenhouse gas emissions from
this sector arise from onsite energy generation and burning fuels for heat in buildings or
cooking in homes. (Note: Emissions from electricity use in buildings are excluded and are
instead covered in the Electricity and Heat Production sector.)
 Other Energy (10% of 2010 global greenhouse gas emissions): This source of greenhouse
gas emissions refers to all emissions from the Energy sector which are not directly associated
with electricity or heat production, such as fuel extraction, refining, processing, and
transportation.
 Summing up all the different emissions and population involved the total emission and
emissions per capita can be determined. The latest per capita emission is given for different
countries.

Per capita emissions for different countries.

Global carbon dioxide emissions, according to the report, are on track to rise by more than 2% on the
back of renewed use of coal and continued growth in oil and gas use. Other top emitters the US and
China have also registered an increase in carbon dioxide emissions 2.5% and 4.7%, respectively.
European Union, the third-largest emitter, registers a small -0.7% fall in 2018. India has the world’s
fourth highest CO2 emissions, but its emissions per person are very low. World-average per capita
emissions were 4.2 tonnes in 2016. Source: CDIAC, Global Carbon Project, and UN.
Its effect in India
India’s CO2 emissions grew by an estimated 4.6% in 2017, despite a turbulent year for its economy.
Measured per person, India’s emissions are still very low – at only 1.8 tonnes of CO2 per capita –
which is much lower than the world average of 4.2 tonnes. But those emissions have been growing
steadily, with an average growth rate over the past decade of 6%.With India being the world’s fourth
largest emitter of CO2, it is important to understand what the country’s emissions are currently and
where they might be headed. Given India’s early stage of economic development, low per-capita
emissions and its large population, there is significant scope for its emissions to increase.
India’s pledge under the Paris Agreement is to reduce the carbon intensity (see below) of its
economy by 33-35% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. Given projections of very strong economic
growth over this period, emissions are expected to grow significantly. Every year, the Global Carbon
Project, of which CICERO(Centre for International Climate Research) is a key contributor, prepares
a budget of sources and sinks of CO2 emissions. Alongside this budget is a projection of the current
year’s global emissions, before the full year’s data is available.
The Kyoto and other protocols
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into
force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 parties to the Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to reduce the onset of global
warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" The Kyoto Protocol applies to the
six greenhouse gases listed as Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O),
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6).The Protocol
is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it acknowledges that
individual countries have different capabilities in combating climate change, owing to techno -
economic development, and therefore puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed
countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.Under this protocol countries are also rewarded financially for CER (certified
emission reduction) under CDM (clean development mechanism).and countries are paid for setting
dedicated forest for carbon absorption through photosynthesis. Indian industrialists have been
benefitted for more than 300 times.
Paris agreement on climate Change
The Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris)[3] is an agreement within the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions
mitigation, adaptation, and finance, starting in the year 2020. The agreement's language was
negotiated by representatives of 196 state parties at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the
UNFCCC in Le Bourget, near Paris, France, and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. As of
November 2018, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 184 have become party to
it. The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well
below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, since this would
substantially reduce the risks and effects of climate change.
The Copenhagen meeting
It is another meeting took place in Copenhagen in 2011to counteract the exceeded emission from
their target by different countries, It is decided to go by nationally appropriate mitigative action
(NAMA) for each country. It worked on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation
(REDD) scheme under which payment was made for control of deforestation.
Its views in India.
Kyoto protocol
The Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Qatar in December 2012. The
amendment includes new commitments for parties to the Kyoto Protocol who agreed to take on
commitments in a second commitment period from January 2013 to December 2020 and a revised
list of greenhouse gases to be reported on by Parties in the second commitment period, according to
the UNFCCC website. India's Permanent Mission to the UN said that India deposited its Instrument
of Acceptance of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol under the UN Convention on Climate
Change. India became the 80th country to accept the amendment relating to the second commitment
period of the Kyoto Protocol, the international emissions reduction treaty.
Paris Agreement.
The Paris Agreement requires India to submit its national contribution every five years,
ensuring that each contribution is a progression on the previous one. It also requires India to
report periodically on its actions to achieve and implement its contribution. In addition, India
should ‘strive’ to submit long-term low-GHG development strategies within which these
national contributions will sit. India and its economic growth are vulnerable to climate change.
In the absence of a rigorous oversight system, India will be left with an imperfect method of
ensuring that other countries are keeping their promises, the world as a whole is moving in the
right direction, and countries are sharing the burden equitably.
Effect of climate change
Climate change caused by the global increase in temperatures triggers multiple negative effects on
the planet.. How will climate change effect us, there are many factors that will be affected by climate
change including rising sea levels, drought and loss of agricultural land. In recent times, we seems to
be hearing about two things that are happening in terms of climate change i.e. extreme weather
fluctuations in different parts of the world and rising sea level owing to melting glaciers and
decreasing sea cover in polar region. As per the reports (2010) of the scientists of IISC Bangalore the
world has already warmed by 10C and if the carbon emission is not controlled it will warm further
another 10C to become 1.7 -20C by 2030. Increasing temperatures caused by climate change will
make the water of the oceans expand; ice melting in the Antarctic and Greenland will also contribute
to the sea level. Sea levels could rise by as much as 25 to 50 cm, by 2100.It is getting hotter, faster
than we think. The global average sea level was observed in 1961 to be rising at 1.8mm per year.
During the past one century as a whole there has been an increase of about 17cm in the level of the
sea. Sea level is expected to rise further by a total of 15 to 38cm by 2050and 46 to 60 cm by 2100.
Climate changes will affect everyone, but some populations will be at greater risk. Countries whose
coastal regions have a large population, such as Egypt and China, may have to move whole
populations inland to avoid flooding.
It’s Impact
Three main levels of climate change impact, the global increase in temperatures can influence the
physical, biological and human systems. First, variations in the physical systems of the planet can be
observed in the melting of the poles, which at the same time cause glacial regression, snow melting,
warming and thawing of permafrost, flooding in rivers and lakes, droughts in rivers and lakes, coastal
erosion, sea level rise and extreme natural phenomena. In the biological systems, there is death of
flora and fauna in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, wildfires and flora and fauna displacement
searching for better life conditions. In human systems, climate change affects and destroys crops and
food production, causes disease and death, destruction and loss of economic livelihoods and
migrations of climate refugees.
A few of the important impacts which may be caused by climate change are

 Health
 Habitat
 Drainage
 Agriculture
 Resources
 Business
 Political
Health related impacts
According to WHO some of the health impacts are temperature related illness and even death,
extreme weather related health effects ,air pollution related health effect, water and food-borne
illness, rodent and vector borne diseases, effect of food and water shortages, psycho-social impact on
displaced populations and conflicts over domain.
Public health: The incident of malaria, dengue and other vector borne diseases in coastal region will
increase, which are serious problem health problems of poor countries located in warm and wet
areas. Now they are likely to be aggravated due to global warming and sea level rise. Pathogen and
insect population dynamics are affected by the temperature and humidity. The mosquito transmission
window has increased by 2 to 5 months in a year in India. In USA pollen count in spring (2010) is
increased leading to increased case of allergy due to temperature rise.
In all countries some species will be lost forever and some will survive after adaption.
Habitat related Impacts
It is now widely accepted that global climate change is affecting many ecosystems around the globe
and that its impact is increasing rapidly.. Habitat related impact occur mainly in coastal areas owing
to cyclone, hurricanes and rise in sea level. As 40% population are living in coastal areas many
species will be wiped out and people will be displaced due to rise in sea level. Sea Islands and deltas
may be vanished under sea. A study by ISRO show that the sea moved inland by 15 meter near
Gujarat. The Arabian sea’s average temperature is rising by 2to 50C in the past four decades leading
to increasing number of cyclones originating from Arabian sea and hitting India and Pakistan coastal
area. Another habitat related problem is reduction in species diversity. Each species has its optimum
range of temperature for good growth, enormous changes likely to occur in the coming decades.
Warming have a slow but sure effect on species diversity8 to 33% of species are expected to
disappear in due to climate change. The PH of sea water will drop due to high level of acidic CO2
dissolution in sea water.
Drainage related Impacts
Adverse effects will occur on the natural drainage of coastal towns. Pavement of the surfaces, along
with a possible climate change induced increase of rainfall intensities, is one of key factors
accountable for (increased) flooding in urban areas. Consequently higher runoffs have an impact on
sewer system performance in terms of higher risk of flooding and decrease of storm water treatment
performance.
Agriculture
The rising of sea level will affect agriculture, forestry, water resource and all economic activity in
coastal areas .People living in low lying area s will have to migrate to higher lands. This movement
will cause social and political problems. Each 1 degree rise in temperature is said to reduce crop
production by 4-5million tonnes per year. Government will have to survey coastal lands and earmark
areas affected by rising sea level in the next 20 to 30 years. The people living in such areas moved in
time and resettled elsewhere. Fresh water resources are expected to be affected by rise in
temperature. Millions of people in Africa and Asia are expected to experience increasing water
stress. Crop productivity and food security will diminish. Warming in highlands will affect the
volume and timing of the flow of major Asian rivers which may cause war for water in future.
Risks to conventional business from climate change
The risks to various businesses will be tremendous owing to the occurrence of extreme events and
rising sea level. Agricultural credit and crop insurance business will increase. . The municipal
drainage systems will fail to work .The meteorology department will fail in prediction of weather
forecast. Medical and hospital personnel will be overloaded with accident work. Automobile and
aircraft industry will be affected by various extreme events. Hotel and restaurant businesses will have
uncertainty of clients.
Agricultural and agro industrial business will be much affected not only in coastal areas but in other
areas. Fruit, vegetables, tea, coffee, medicinal plants & rice cultivation can be affected temperature
and humidity changes. It is estimated that 40% of crop reduction may occur by 2100.
Global warming will tend to distort the resource picture. There will be an suppy demand imbalance
around the world. Those who have resources that can be developed in spite of the earlier mentioned
problems will tend to be aggressive and increase prices.
Security and Political Risk
Climate change is one of the most pervasive global threats to peace and security in the 21st century.
Growing competition when supply cannot meet demand can lead to instability and even violent
conflict where there are no adequate management institutions or dispute resolution mechanisms in
place. For example, land disputes were a major driver of 27 of the 30 civil conflicts in Africa
between 1990 and 2009. Rising human insecurity can induce them to migrate or seek out alternative,
illegal sources of income, which in turn can also drive conflict.
Climate change will lead to three broad groups of problems for every country
 Global water stress affecting the water supplies and agriculture and related business everywhere.
 Large scale uprooting of people and migration of tem to more favourable areas throwing the
existing employment ,infrastructure and business out of gear
 Disasters of a high magnitude affecting the business and employment.
The countries of Asia and Africa are affected badly by climate change due to lack of availability of
infrastructure to face the extreme event. However the countries like Russia and Canada survive and
improved in the changed scenario.
Business opportunities in the New green Economy
The conventional businesses are likely to undergo difficult times caused by climate change and sea
level rise. Business organisations realise that their future depend on developing a low carbon
economy and support efforts for
 Undertaking carbon emission reduction programs in domestic, commercial and industrial
applications wherever possible.
 Finding more and more efficient ways of using the country’s scare resources like coal, water etc.
 Developing and applying new and renewable source of energy for power generation and
transportation
 Promoting new and more effective ways of using country’s sink for carbon absorption and
sequestration.
 Promoting new and more effective ways of controlling deforestation.
The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be
efficient, but also fair.
 Model Questions
1. Very Short Types
(a) What are green technologies?
(b) What is climate change?
(c) Write the name of green house gases.
(d) What is the half life period of CO2?
(e) Write down full form of CER and CDM
(f) Define green economy.
(g) Write the formula for net accumulation.
(h) What is name of the protocol dealing with carbon emission?
(i) Write down some sinks of carbon dioxide.
(j) What is the goal of Paris agreement,
2. Short types
(a) How CO2 contribute global warming.
(b) Describe the health impact of climate change.
(c) How the habitat is affected by climate change
(d) Describe about green synthesis
(e) What are the advantages and disadvantages of green technologies?
3. Long Types
(a) What is Carbon emission problem? Discuss various aspects of it.
(b) What is the need of green technologies? Write down different applications and future of
green technologies.
(c) What is Kyoto protocol? Discuss the view of India on different international agreements.
(d) Describe about global emission situation. What is India’s view on the emission control?
(e) What are the effects and impacts of climate change?