8.

SECURITY TOWER FOUNDATION DESIGN

The Security Tower foundation design calculations were carried out according to the procedures
given in the reference codes and standards. The Limit State design approach was used to perform the
design.
Adequate reinforcement steel and member sizes were provided based on the maximum forces and
moments reactions from the analysis of the superstructure. Spreadsheets were used for the
calculations.
Section 9, Appendix A2 presents the detailed design calculations for the Security Tower foundation.

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9. APPENDIX A2: FOUNDATION DESIGN

Fig. 9.1: Foundation Layout

REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Design information
EN 1991-1:2002 Compressive strength concrete fck = 25 N/mm2
Table A1
Characteristic strength of reinforcement fyk = 410 N/mm2
Steel grade, G43 pyp = 265 N/mm2
EN 1991-1:2002 Design strength of concrete fcd = ad*fck/gc
Section 3.1.6 Coefficient of long term effect on strength ad = 1
EN 1991-1:2002 Partial safety factor for concrete gc = 1.5
2.4.2.4, Table 2.1N fcd = ad*fck/gc 16.67 N/mm2
Design strength of reinforcement fyd = fyk/gs
Partial safety factor for steel gs = 1.15
Design strength of reinforcement fyd = fyk/gs 356.52 N/mm2
Density of concrete Dc = 25 kN/m3
Cover to main reinforcement: nominal cover for severe condition of
c = 50 mm
exposure cover to column base
REACTION SUMMARY (ULS)
Node L/C Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kNm
Max Fx 2 208 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL-X 56.57 348.31 -37.01 44.5 0.1 -29.3
Min Fx 4 207 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL+X -57.37 360.28 -39.64 46.1 -0.1 28.5
Max Fy 4 207 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL+X -57.37 360.28 -39.64 46.1 -0.1 28.5
Min Fy 2 211 1.35DL + 1.5WL+X -52.56 -234.42 28 -27 0.1 43.4
Max Fz 2 211 1.35DL + 1.5WL+X -52.56 -234.42 28 -27 0.1 43.4
Min Fz 4 207 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL+X -57.37 360.28 -39.64 46.1 -0.1 28.5
Max Mx 4 207 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL+X -57.37 360.28 -39.64 46.1 -0.1 28.5
Min Mx 3 207 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL+X -40.05 200.9 22.6 -49.8 -0.5 76.3
Max My 3 208 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL-X 44.37 -61.58 -14.59 21.7 0.6 -76.5
Min My 1 207 1.35DL + 1.05LL + 1.5WL+X -44.29 -65.81 -13.78 23.4 -0.6 76.5
Max Mz 3 211 1.35DL + 1.5WL+X -40.28 160.97 20.65 -41.3 -0.5 76.6
Min Mz 1 212 1.35DL + 1.5WL-X 40.3 160.03 21.81 -40.6 0.6 -76.6

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 REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Maximum vertical reaction Fy = ULS 360.28 kN
STAAD.Pro
Maximum horizontal reaction Fz = 56.57 kN
Design Load (ULS) NEd = 360.28 kN

Fig. 9.2: Column pedestal

Pedestal sizing (preliminary)
Width of pedestal Bped = 500 mm
Length of pedestal Lped = 500 mm
Depth of pedestal hped = 1000 mm
Volume of column pedestal Vped = Bped x Lped x hped 250,000,000 mm3
Weight of pedestal Wped = Vped x Dc 6.25 kN

Base sizing
Width of base Bb = 1000 mm
Length of base Lb = 1000 mm
Thickness of base hb = 300 mm
Volume of base Vb = Bb x Lb x hb 300,000,000 mm3
Weight of base Wb = Vb x Dc 7.5 kN

Base plate design

EN 1993-1-5:2005 Grade of base plate S355
Table 3.1 Design strength (thickness ≤ 40 mm) py = 345 N/mm2
Table 3.1 Bearing capacity of base plate Pbs = 550 N/mm2
Grade of bolt 8.8
EN 1993-1-8:2005 Shear strength of bolts Ps = 375 N/mm2
Table 3.1 Tensile strength of bolt Pt = 560 N/mm2
Axial force N = 360.28 kN
Lateral force Fh = 56.57 kN
Check base plate dimensions: 400mm x 400mm
Length of base plate Lpl = 400 mm
Width of base plate Bpl = 400 mm

EN 1993-1-1:2005 Bearing Pressures

Bearing pressure Pb = N/(Lpl x Bpl) 2.25 N/mm2
Steel Designers' Bearing strength of concrete (allowable) fp = 0.6 x fck 15 N/mm2
Manual, 6th Edition
Pb (actual) < fp (allowable) Bearing Pressure OK
(2003)
Plate thickness
Nominal gusset plates shall be provided for fixing
Consider 1 mm strip of base plate
Lever arm ℓ = 200 mm
Bearing pressure Pb = w 2.25 N/mm2
Maximum moment on base plate M = wℓ2/2 45,035 Nmm
Steel Designers' Edge distance between base plate and column pedestal face c = 50 mm
Manual, 6th Edition Thickness of base required tp c x (3w/py)0.5 7.00 mm
(2003) Provide 10 mm thick base plate 10 mm

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 REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Bolt design for shear
Number of bolts n = 4 No.
Check 4No. 20mm Ø anchor bolts Ø = 20 mm
Shear force to be resisted Fh = 56.57 kN
Steel Designers' For Grade 8.8 bolts, shear strength per bolt Ps = 375 N/mm2
Manual, 6th Edition
(2003) Effective diameter of bolt (excluding 2mm for shank) Db = Ø - 2mm 18 mm
Effective area of bolts Ab = πD b²/4 254.5 mm2
EN 1993-1-1:2005 Shear capacity of bolts P = Ps x Ab 95.4375 N
Total shear capacity of bolts Psc = nxP 381.75 kN
4No. 20mm bolts provided OK

Bolt design for tension

Design of Column Characteristic strength of reinforcement fyk = 410 N/mm2
Base plates;
Allowable tensile stress ft = 0.33 x fyk 135.3 N/mm2
J.T.DeWolf &
D.T.Ricker, AISC Effective area of bolts Ab = πD b²/4 254.5 mm2
Publication,1990 Allowable bolt tensile load T = Ab x ft 34.43 kN
Required hook length to develop half of T Lh = 0.85T/(0.7 x fck x Db) 92.91 mm
Minimum embedment length Lm = 475 mm
Total bolt length LT = L h + Lm 567.91 mm

Column pedestal design

Consider typical column pedestal dimensions: 500mm x 500mm
Width of pedestal Bped = 500 mm
Length of pedestal Lped = 500 mm
Cross sectional area of column pedestal Ac = 250,000 mm2
Clear height between restraints ℓo = 1,000 mm
EN 1992 Coefficient based on support condition β = 2
12.6.5.1 Effective length ℓe = β x ℓo = 2 x ℓo 2000 m
EN 1992 Slenderness ratio λ = ℓe/Bped 4
5.8.3.2, pg 66 Slenderness < 10 (for unbraced column) 4 < 10 OK

Design column as short

EN 1992 Check that h < 4b
9.5.1 , pg 162 Height of column h = 1m
4 x Bped 2m
h < 4B OK

Maximum design load (ULS) N = 360.28 kN

Pedestal dimensions:
Width of pedestal Bped = 500 mm
Length of pedestal Lped = 500 mm
Depth of pedestal hped = 1000 mm
Volume of column pedestal Vped = Bped x Lped x hped 250,000,000 mm3
Factored weight of pedestal Wped = 1.35 x (Vped x Dc) 8.44 kN
Total design load, NEd = N + Weight of pedestal = NEd = N + Wped 368.72 kN
For Axially loaded columns with h < 4b;
EN 1992 Area of reinforcement As 0.10 NEd/fyd 103.42 mm2
9.5.2 (2) , 9.12N Minimum area of reinforcement required As,min 0.2% x Ac 500.0 mm2
Only nominal reinforcement is required
EN 1992 Max Area of steel = 4%*bd = As,max 4% x Ac 10,000 mm2
9.5.2 (2) , 9.12N Area provided As,prov Provide 8Y16 1,610 mm2
9.5.3 6Y10 @ equal spacing - links Y10 @ 150mm c/c

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 REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Concrete base design
Try 1000mm wide x 1000mm long x 300mm thick base
REACTION SUMMARY (SLS)
Node L/C Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN Mx kNm My kNm Mz kNm
Max Fx 2 104 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL-X 38.5 248.62 -25.93 32.6 0.1 -17.2
Min Fx 4 103 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL+X -39.09 259.08 -28.13 34 -0.1 16.4
Max Fy 4 103 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL+X -39.09 259.08 -28.13 34 -0.1 16.4
Min Fy 4 12 WIND LOAD (-X) 37.9 -199.72 22.44 -25 0 -23.4
Max Fz 4 12 WIND LOAD (-X) 37.9 -199.72 22.44 -25 0 -23.4
Min Fz 4 103 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL+X -39.09 259.08 -28.13 34 -0.1 16.4
Max Mx 4 103 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL+X -39.09 259.08 -28.13 34 -0.1 16.4
Min Mx 3 103 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL+X -26.64 149.64 15.94 -36.4 -0.3 50.8
Max My 3 104 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL-X 29.64 -25.34 -8.85 11.2 0.4 -51.1
Min My 1 103 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL+X -29.56 -28.78 -8.05 12.7 -0.4 51
Max Mz 3 111 1.0DL + 1.0WL+X -26.86 111.61 14.09 -28.3 -0.4 51.1
Min Mz 3 104 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0WL-X 29.64 -25.34 -8.85 11.2 0.4 -51.1

STAAD.Pro Maximum vertical reaction Fy = SLS 259.08 kN

Maximum horizontal reaction Fz = SLS 39.09 kN
Design Load (ULS) N = Fy 259.08 kN
Maximum axial load Nmax = N + Wped 265.33 kN
Add weight of concrete base; Wb = 7.5 kN
Total axial load (SLS) Ntot = Nmax + Wb 272.83 kN
Assume reinforcement diameter Ø = 12 mm
Lever arm ℓa (hped + hb) - c - Ø/2 1.24 m
Maximum moment M = Fz x ℓa 48.63 kNm
Width of base Bb = 1m
Length of base Lb = 1m
Thickness of base hb = 0.3 m
Effective depth d = hb - c - Ø/2 244 mm

Bearing Pressures
Maximum pressure p1 = N/BL + 6M/BL2 564.6 kN/m2
2
Minimum pressure p2 = N/BL - 6M/BL -18.94 kN/m2
N

p2
p1

Fig. 9.3: Bearing pressure

Check for bearing capacity
Assumed soil bearing capacity at 0.8m depth ρ = 380 kN/m2
Load on concrete base Ntot = 272.83 kN
Area of concrete base required Ab,req = Ntot/ρ 0.72 m2
Area of concrete base provided Ab,prov = Bb x Lb 1.00 m2
Bearing capacity OK UC = 0.72

Check shear at column face

Perimeter of the column pedestal u = 4 x Bped 2,000 mm
Maximum shear resistance at column face VRd,max = 0.5ud x [0.6 x (1 - fck/250) x fcd 2,196 kN
VRd,max > NEd Shear OK

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 REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Reinforcement provision
Thickness of concrete base hb = 300 mm
Assume Ø = 12 mm
Effective depth d = hb - c - Ø/2 244 mm
Maximum moments
Assume a constant pressure w = ρ 564.6 kN/m2
Critical moment is at the column face
Length from edge of column base to column face ℓ = Lb/2 - Lped/2 0.25 m
Maximum moment M max = wℓ2/2 17.64 kNm
b= b = 1000 mm
EN 1992-1-1:2004 Factor defining effective strength η = 1
2.3.1.7 (3)
EN 1992-1-1:2004 Normalized design moment M/bd 2ηfcd 0.0178
3.1, 3.2 ,5.4, 5.8.8
z = [0.5 + √(0.25 - m/0.9)]d ≤ 0.95d z = [0.5 + √(0.25 - m/0.9)]d ≤ 0.95d 240.1
RCD to Eurocode, ℓa = 0.95
Mosley, Bungay &
Hulse: Fig 7.5 z = ℓa x d 231.8
z = 240 mm
Area of steel required As,req = M/0.87fykz 206 mm2
EN 1992-1-1:2004 Minimum area of steel required As,min = 0.13% x bh 390 mm2
9.2.1.1 Maximum area of steel required As,max 4% x bh 12,000 mm2
Provide Y12 @ 150 mm c/c 754 mm2

Check for punching shear

EN 1992-1-1:2004 Critical perimeter (1.5d from face of column) Pcr =
9.4.3 Assume a constant pressure w = 564.6 kN/m2
Critical perimeter (1.5d from face of column) Pcr = (4 x Bped) + (8 x 1.5d) 4,928 mm
Area within perimeter Apr = (Bped + 3d)2 1,517,824 mm2
Punching shear force, V V = - 292.36 kN
Since punching shear force is negative, no punching effect expected

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10. CONCLUSION
Analysis and design results show that the general configuration of Observation Tower is satisfactory.
Member stress limits are not exceeded in accordance with the reference codes and standards.

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