Guidelines: For Cargo Securing in Steel Distribution and Steel Service Centers
Guidelines: For Cargo Securing in Steel Distribution and Steel Service Centers
Guidelines
for cargo securing in Steel Distribution
and Steel Service Centers
Content
1. legal basis p 4
1.1. necessity of loading security p5
1.2. responsibility / liability for loading security p5
2. technical basis p 6
2.1. reactions of the vehicle p6
2.2. reactions of the loading p6
2.3. physical power p 6
example of calculation in annex
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Content 1. Legal Basis
5.4. packaging of bended rebars p 29 Cargo security is not an end in itself, This booklet is a guideline providing in charge of the cargo securing
but is mandatory by law to prevent you with ideas how to prevent our operations will be held criminally
damages. It is important to notice loaded goods from falling of trucks liable, but can also involve (and this
6. loading plan p 31 that liability in case of damages and trailers. is highly dependent on the specific
applies as well in case of imprudent It is mandatory to make a HIRA national criminal law systems)
7. fixing of the load p 32 or reckless action as in the case regarding the cargo securing safety middle and top managers of the
7.1. form closure p 32 of omission (lack of the required rules in each plant, to make sure, that ArcelorMittal legal entity having had
diligence - negligence). all special circumstances are taken a relevant role in those operations,
7.2. anti-slip-mats p 41
into account. and who
7.3. grounding with wood p 42 The main principle is that - either i) must ensure the availability of all
7.4. lashing p 43 in the normal and usual course When loads are lost during transport the security means,
7.5. direct lashing p 46 of business, as in the case of there is a real danger that persons ii) train the relevant employees about
8. loading control p 47 the fulfilment of any contractual get severely inured (can even results the risks and good practices,
obligation - individuals must always in one or more fatalities). In that iii) is eventually directly in charge of
perform their obligations according case not only civil liability (monetary the assessment of the compliance of
to the general legal duty of being indemnification) but also criminal all the security processes and of the
ANNEXE - example of calculation in annex as diligent as possible (which also liability (fines, prison, etc.) will be correct performance of the works.
includes checking by AM that involved. This criminal liability is even
our sub-contractor complies existing without any calamity, for
with regulations and has taken all example when inappropriate securing
measures to prevent any injury or is assessed at a police road check. In
damage). addition, not only the people directly
4 5
1.1. Necessity of cargo security 2. Technical basis
The necessity of cargo security to know what the minimum cargo since the national legislation in the These guidelines are written for road transport.
results form the accident prevention securing requirements are for a given different EU member states typically To understand the necessity of the cargo security, one must know the main technical basis.
standards and instructions, the cross-border transport operation. requires the means of securing to Cargo security must work for the normal traffic situations, like full braking, strong, sudden emergency avoidance, fast
above mentioned general principles This is why in any event, securing of comply with European standards, but bends and bad streets!
of liability, and many legal standard cargo on a vehicle should be carried mostly without prescribing the norms Normal traffic situations does not mean an extra slow and careful drive to the customer around the corner, but must
rules, which range from very detailed out according to all legislations in detail. always be calculated on the extreme driving situations!
laws on specific cargo and loading applicable in all countries where
safety procedures existing in some the transport will pass by. These Such guidelines are a relevant
countries, to just general principles legislations ultimately all actually refer reference for all public or private 2.1. Reactions of the vehicle
of due diligence and administrative or are expected to refer in the near parties directly or indirectly concerned
regulations existing in other countries, future to the “European Best Practice by cargo securing, they represent the In case of strong breaking, combined with emergency avoidance, the vehicle may swing. Here, we have very strong
which apply in general terms to such Guidelines on Cargo Securing for accumulated knowledge of European force to front and side. In case of a fast bend, the vehicle may decline, here, the centrifugal force is increased!
works. Road Transport”, although the level experts in this field, and are designed
Important:
In view of the general principles of liability mentioned above, such standards should be seen as a «MUST» and not 2.3. Physical power
a «CAN». It is the job of the acting responsible persons, the loading employees and the drivers, to guarantee and
define how to assure the danger will be excluded. It is clear, that the vertical mass must be taken completely.
But also the horizontal forces are clearly defined.
To the front, 80% of the mass must be taken (in UK and Scandinavia even 100%),
To the side and backwards 50% of the masses must be taken.
1.2. Responsibility / Liability for cargo security: These forces can be taken by
- friction
In brief: Those persons potentially - form closure
responsible and liable for cargo Conclusion: the only way to manage liability is:
- top lashing
security are: 1. to do whatever is possible to avoid any risks
- front end, rear end and loop lashing
1. The loader (the person, who puts 2. to be able to show proof of the risk analysis/
the load on the truck) measures taken
Friction is created by micro fine surface roughness, which interlocks with each other. Steel on wood has a coefficient
2. His / her supervisor 3. to have available a handbook containing guidelines
friction of 0,2. When using an anti-slip-mat, the coefficient rises up to 0,4 - 0,7, depending on the producers
3. His/her Company which will be implemented by the operational
guarantee.
4. The driver staff of AM and ultimately also to third parties,
On wet, oily or dirty loading areas this data reduces drastically! Dirt, oil, sand etc. must be avoided! An important tool
5. His / her supervisor clearly showing that AM aims at the highest/best
for loading security is a broom!
6. His/her Company standard of cargo securing.
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A truck must be clean and tidy! Wood and straps causes people to fall, sand, water and oil make it slippery. Before it is
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started, clean it up!
Form closure results of a direct closure of the loading at the front wall or the side wall. This example shows the results of a bad cargo securing: The result was of the load at a normal breaking, a
The front wall should resist 40% of the maximum cargo load; most are constructed to resist maximum 5 to. Some 1. No form closure to front damaged truck, a damaged load and a lucky driver, he
front walls are constructed to resist a higher force, the old ones sometimes resist a lot less! 2. No anti slip mats was not hurt, lost his/her drivers license plus receive a big
The side walls resist 30% of the maximum cargo load, but on the complete board size, not on one point. 3. No front end lashing financial fine for both the loader and driver.
A certificate is mandatory. 4.Just two straps top lashing for 10 tons sheets
Clamping is done with lashing wires, lashing chains and lashing straps.
The lashing material does not pull the whole resisting power down, but much less! They only increase the friction. A
5 to lashing strap holds 500 kg down, with an optimum angle of nearly 90 degrees! If the angle is only 30 degrees, it Chart «lashing»: dynamic friction coefficients
pulls only half! Initial Tension
But the strap must be in a good condition and torsion-free tensed. per tension 0,1 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
So, we operate with 400 kg per strap. 100 kg 20 40 50 60 80 100 120
It depends also on the coefficient of friction. The higher, the better! 200 kg 40 80 100 120 160 200 240
300 kg 60 120 150 180 240 300 360
400 kg 80 160 200 240 320 400 480
500 kg 100 200 250 300 400 500 600
600 kg 120 240 300 360 480 600 720
700 kg 140 280 350 420 560 700 840
800 kg 160 320 400 480 640 800 960
900 kg 180 360 450 540 720 900 1080
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Raising of the friction by lashing per lashing strip
©Foto: Klaus Brändle
Attention! The more flat the lashing angle a, the less the friction force between load and
loading area!
This example does not make any sense! Angle a
1. Only top lashing without form closure, without anti friction mats does not give enough friction. 90 degrees 100%
2. The many straps give such a strong force to the trailer, that it is bent and badly damaged. 60 degrees 87%
3. It takes hours to fix those 90 strips. Time is money, so it is very uneconomic. 45 degrees 71%
30 degrees 50%
15 degrees 26% Here is a lashing crosswise to driving direction set.
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Clean palletized sheet-packages, with anti-slip mats,
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with 3 lashing straps braced.
Attention! The angle is 30 degrees!
Do we have a form closure?
Are the packages in a form stable condition?
3. Technical Equipment of Trucks
To guarantee the security of the heavy steel loads, trucks must have a minimum equipment.
The vehicle must be able to load all normal occurring load safely. The cargo safety must be technically safe and
economical. Depending on the products, a special truck is necessary.
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occasional impact by the steel- when loading.
with many lashing straps.
Depending on the products, the loading area must have special equipment, described below.
The angle is steep, edge protection is included.
A number of lashing points is always mandatory.
Do we have a form closure?
Are the packages in a form stable condition?
3.1.1. Sheets and Plates
Sheets and plates can be laid on the flat loading area. There is no special performance necessary; they only need a
number of lashing points and, depending on the sizes, a possibility for stanchions to bring a form closure.
3.1.2. Coils
If coils are loaded lying (vertical axis), there is the same performance of the loading area like for sheets and plates
necessary. If the coils are loaded standing (horizontal axis), a coil-dumper and stable stanchions are mandatory.
Do it in a way, that the load can be divided on the axes, and that the coils cannot roll off. The coil-dumper must be
parallel to the drive direction, or have a certification. Small coils in coil container need to be approved by th BA safety
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manager.
Long products must often be secured at several points. That’s why lashing
points are necessary on the loading area, not only at the edges. Ideal are
Example of a load without any form closure, without anti slip mats, but with a good top lashing. fixing trails. There must be enough points on the truck; every bar must be
This was only window dressing! fixed minimum twice or more, depending on the position and weight. The
fixing trails must be fixed with the truck on there whole length, not only at
Examples for calculations with / without anti slip mats can be found in the annex. the edges.
Also column lines are necessary, to bring the products with different length
a form closure to front. Often the products are unloaded with chains or
forklifts, so we need fixed woods crosswise the driving direction.
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3.1.4. Rebars and Wire Mesh
Wire mesh must be fixed to all directions. There must be columns, fixed to the loading, with minimum the same
height as the loading. The material must not start to move.
Rebars need a form closure to front and side, so, positioning of many columns is a good solution.
Often different products are transported at the same time. We need trucks with a flexible loading area. 3.2. Front Walls
Loading rectangular wood must be removable, but be fixed during the transport, either by fixing to the floor or with
anti slip mats. Front walls must secure the loading from slipping over the front edge of the loading area.
To be able to load single sheets or several positions of sheets under the long products a flexible height is a good So, they must be as high as the highest loading.
practice. They must also withstand a pressure of minimum 5 to.
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Example for a flexible usable trailer. Also there are often front walls for partition necessary. They should be divisible and must also resist a pressure of 5 to on the
whole size, not at one point.
Stanchions aside, four possibilities to build a front wall for partition, here are also lashing points.
Attention! Take care of a good condition! The wood must not be rotten, there must not be heavy damage.
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Example of a good truck for combined loading.
The roof and the side curtain can be opened front or back.
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Many fixing points are on the whole truck.
Here is no form closure! There are no anti-slip-mats used. This Even on extendable trailers a front wall partition is necessary
Rectangular wood helps the cargo secure. is very dangerous and forbidden! and possible. So short bars can be combined and safely
Loading straps in a good condition. transported with extra long bars.
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This front wall is taken by loading chains.
So no form closure is possible. Very bad!
Those packages of bended rebars are not secured enough by one lashing strap. If it breaks, the side walls must take the whole
force. If the loading is once moving, the side walls can keep only very light loadings from falling!
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3.5. Lashing Points
At the lashing points the lashing straps and lashing chains are fixed. They must be fixed over the whole loading area.
On both sides the lashing points must be fixed. They must be proved on a 2 ton force when using lashing straps and 4
ton when using lashing chains and be able to take the normal used hooks of chains and straps.
Number of lashing points: You can never have enough! But the minimum is one per meter on both sides.
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There are never enough attachment points on a truck for mixed loadings. Here, you can also put stanchions all over the loading
area.
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Example of a correctly fixed attachment point.
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Examples of very bad «attachment points»
Depending on the loading products, there must be enough lashing points on the loading area. Best, they are lashing
trails, so there are lashing points on the whole widths of the truck. The lashing trails are fixed crosswise to the driving
direction. They must resist the complete force by lashing and fit to the normal lashing straps. The distance should be
each 1m, or at a minimum, lashing points each meter and lashing trails each 2 m.
Depending on the products, there are stanchions or front walls for partition necessary. They should be departed
regular, at a loading area of 13,6 m they are fixed at 3,4, 6,8 and 10,2 m, in the width at both sides and on 1/3 of
the width. They must resist 5 ton in total to front direction. This box for lashing strips is very good, but some of the lashing strips are to be discarded!
The stanchions are put in embed trails.
In these trails the stanchions and lashing strips can be fixed. The front walls for partition can be fixed on the stanchions, like
here, or must be build in a hinged way.
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Contact area of plate
Anti-slip
-material
4. Technical equipment of loading aids wooden-
beam
Aids for load safety must be suitable for their purpose. Certificates for these products must be present.
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They must not be used higher than the normal load limit. Each manipulation or miss usage is strictly forbidden!
4.1. Anti-slip-mats
Anti-slip-mats greatly increase the friction between wood and steel, they must be laid between every layer. Each For separate loaded sheets and plates.
loaded - layer must be completely divided by anti-slip-mats, but it should not be laid on the whole loading area (no Even if the sheets touch each other, the friction is enough, if minimum 3 pieces of anti slip mats (100 x 100 x
carpeting). In the steel distribution strips are useful. 8 mm, friction min. 0,6) are laid crosswise to the driving direction, minimum each meter (Dr. Werner Schmidt,
So, the number of the necessary lashing strips can be reduced enormous. Verladeempfehlung für Bleche, Dresden 2011). So, our strips are good, but minimum laid in less than one meter
The gliding friction point can be increased a lot by anti-slip-mats, depending on the producers description, it can be apart.
seen as μ= 0,6. Using a gliding friction point higher than μ= 0,6 is not advisable.
Here exist different kinds and models, most fulfil the physical numbers.
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Only rectangle wood, which lies on both ends on the ground, is allowed. Square woods can tip or roll. Round wood is
forbidden.
Anti friction mats The wood must not be brittle, strongly round edged, cracked, split otherwise.
are used as strips ©foto: Dolezych
Good practice: Anti friction mats are nailed on wooden beams Loading wood must be stocked clean, to give a good grip.
P Short U-beams are practical to transport big round bars.
Attention! Use anti-slip-mats!
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4.4.2. Lashing chains
Strap steel cables can be used, together with cable winches and lashing points.
The cable winches are often fixed on the trucks.
A lashing strap is a tool for cargo security, which can be If it is necessary to discard the strap, the lashing straps
fixed with a lashing point, to secure the load on street must be trashed immediately. Cut them before disposing
vehicles. A lashing strap is made of a belt, a tensioning of them! Lashing straps, which are not destroyed, will be
element (ratchet) and fasteners (hooks). collected from the waste and reused by extreme-savers!
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©foto: Dolezych
©foto: Dolezych
These lashing straps must be discarded immediately. Don´t leave those strips on the vehicles! Cut and dispose of them! The hooks at the end of lashing straps can be built in different ways. Here is an open and a closed one shown, depending of the
fixing job, both are very useful.
Those edge protectors must not be made by anti-slipping materials (anti-slip-mats, old gloves etc.), because the power
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of the strip must be turned around as equal as possible. Anti slip materials reduce the lashing power immensely!
Short edged sheets are forbidden. They get lost on the street and expose people to danger! Edge protectors must have
a buckle on both sides of the lashing strap.
This lashing strap is in danger of being destroyed by the sharp edge of the wood. This lashing strip is completely worn out.
It can be destroyed by using.
©foto: Dolezych
Example of a flexible hose as edge protector
©foto: Dolezych
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©foto: Dr. Werner Schmidt
Example of a very good edge protector
PÎ This is just a bend sheet, not a good edge Protector. The
vibration could easily make the sheet slip out and injure people.
Very dangerous!
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They must be used as instructed by the manufacturer.
If it is done correctly, the pallet is one product, which is fixed on the vehicle.
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5. Preparation, Packaging of the Material
Material, which is unstable in itself, must be packed to be one package / bundle.
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This action is carried out in the preparation area, before the loading. Material, which is delivered packed by the
supplier, must be checked by the sending company for the quality of the packaging, if necessary, it must be repacked
before sending.
Eventually, sensitive material must be protected by the packaging from weather damage or mechanical damage.
In those countries, where European Guidelines are transferred into law and where the packages are not stripped
according to a mill standard, we recommend to calculate the cargo securing lashing with a friction coefficient of 0.2. For small bundles strong adhesive tapes are well usable. Beam bundles must be bended well also.
Regarding to the European Guidelines for cargo securing, to be considered a «homogeneous loading unit» or «unity
load», the package must resist a lift up to 26 degrees, without any parts moving in the bundle. From spring 2011
mandatory only in Belgium. The packages must resist movements in all directions.
Bundles, which are not well packed, are single beams. There must be anti-slip-mats put between each single beam! Or,
each beam must be calculated as a single unit.
Well packed beams are one unit load devise. But the bundles must be well packed, to prevent of losing single beams.
A single bend (steel or plastic) never fits. Two bends are the minimum, bigger packages need several bends more.
The packaging materials must have enough lashing power, to fix the bundles. The weak points are often the fasteners
and the binding points of the wires.
This are typical bundles of long products. Do the beams in the middle of the
bundle resist? Probably, they slip off, then other means are to be done, like
form closure.
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5.2. Packaging of sheets and plates
Quarto plates and wide plates are often unpacked, even as single plates. Both galvanized and normal sheets often have
a paper or metal packaging and at minimum edge protection.
Even here: packages, which are not banded, are single loading units where anti-slip-mats must be put in between!
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Banded packages are a unit load devise. The packages must be banded longitudinal and crosswise in a strong way.
Single sheets can work like an axe or a big knife! They must be banded in every direction, to prevent even the smallest
movement, minimum two bands in each direction on all packages bigger than 400 mm.
To unload packages in a safe way, wooden square beams are directly banded in the packages. In case of stacking, the
Paper under the steel strip can prevent any surface damage. Each wire on the bundle must be twisted several times.
Attention! It may decrease the stability of the bundle, esp. when
wood must have the same distance, to prevent transport or stocking damages.
wet. If they are only moved by magnets, the wood can be left.
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Another problem are stitching wires, which can injure people, and make an easy loading / unloading more complicate.
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5.3. Packaging of small pieces
These are first class sheet packages!
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Cutted steel parts can be fixed on pallets with steel strips.
Attention! Each part must be fixed in each direction unmovable
Cutted steel parts or small parts can be packed in a wooden or
steel box. The parts must not move inside the box so the box
with the pallet! could be destroyed.
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5.4. Packaging of bended rebars
Rebars are often delivered in small bended pieces, even in big numbers. They must be fixed in a bundle, so they cannot
fall of the crane or the truck.
This can be done by wires, cables, boxes or big packs.
Beside the safety, economics must be taken into account.
With this rest of wire mesh, the bended rebars are safe in 2
directions, but not in 4!
If a plastic sheet is binded into the wire mesh,
This paperboard is a small help, but this
one wire is not enough.
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Those bent rebars are fixed in themselves. So, it is treated as a
unit, if it is banded to one package.
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Here, the packaging wires got loose.Very dangerous!
If the paper gets wet
It can be fixed in all directions. It has no function.
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©foto: Dr. Werner Schmidt
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Bundles must be bended in a proper and tight way. The fixing wire must not be used for lifting!
Here, the fixing wires must be increased the tension.
The minimum are two wires for each bundle. Shorter beams must be bended with two wires into a bigger package.
Longer or bigger packages need more wires, they must be divided all over the complete length.
The lifting of the packages must be done with cables or chains, which normally stay on the bundles for unloading. Only
Small bended rebars can be packed very well Here, the packaging wires got loose. in extraordinary situations, wires of minimum 5 mm can be used for lifting, but they must be separate. Never hook at
in big packs. Very dangerous! the binding wires!
30 31
6. Loading plan 7. Fixing of the Load
Before starting the load, the responsible for loading should consider the points below. If all conditions for load security are in place, load security must be done!
First think, second act. Depending on the loading plan and the tour, the load can be loaded on the truck.
Every truck needs a load distribution plan. Here it is to be decided, where which tonnage can be put on the truck.
This is made either by the truck manufacturer or the truck owner.
7.1. Form closure
Here are mandatory requirements:
The load must not start to move on the loading area. So, it must have a real form closure on fixed points in all directions.
-maximum and minimum load on the front axe.
Loading gaps, even only a few centimetres, are unacceptable!
-maximum and minimum load on the rear axe.
In some countries, regarding European Guidelines, 8 cm are tolerable.
-maximum total load
-safe manoeuvrability of the truck.
7.1.1. Form closure to front
A loading plan gives a plan for the individual loading.
The load must lie directly at the front wall. There must not be gaps between the front wall and the load.
Here are mandatory requirements:
Load, which is towards the rear, must lie against at the front load or a separate wall.
-weight of each package
The front wall and the separate walls must resist a pressure of 5 tons! But not each stanchion, Stanchions on new trucks
-form of each package
normally resist between 1 and 1,2 tons.
-height of the centre of mass
The load must not be higher than the front wall, minimum the load must be secure with enough space to the front wall.
-sensitivity of the material
If pallets are loaded high, be aware of tip force!
-possibility of loading security
-order of unloading
-method of unloading by the customer
The loading plan is made best by an experienced driver and the loading team together.
The final responsibility for the loading plan remains with the carrier: He is to «veto» an inappropriate loading or stowing.
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A loading plan is seldom written down or recorded.
The plates lie at the stanchions. The lower packets have form closure with
The Inox - tubes lie at the front wall. each other. Good!
The tubes and the merchant bars have no The upper package has only a form closure
form closure. Change it! in a part to the wooden bar. Is the package
a single unit?
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©foto: Stute
The separate wall gives a form closure for the shorter bars, the Lying coils need a form closure too, or a front –end lashing.
longer bars have form closure to the front wall. Good solution. One belt is never enough. Those three are good. Don´t forget
The plates and tubes have no form for a Those single stanchions are not enough for a form closure.
The round bars lie in the U-beams, to prevent them from the edge protectors!
form closure. Change it! Here a complete wall is necessary!
rolling. Anti slip mats are used. Don´t forget the lashing strips!
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Preparation of a coil well: Stanchions for form closure to front.
Anti slip mats under the coil
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Slit Coils are fixed at the stanchions with strips to avoid them
tipping. Attention! Those strips must be fixed before the
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If lying coils are in a package and cannot move to front or back,
One strap per coil is tolerable.
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This is a professional front wall.
It can be removed easily,
C-hook of the crane is removed! The last coil needs 2 straps as a minimum. It can be put into each fixing trail,
It fixes thin and oily material too.
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Standing coils in a coil well. Form closure to front by stanchions. Form closure to the side is partially done by the coil well,
additional with the lower chains. Te V-rigging to front and back keeps them on place, even at emergency situations. Keep the
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This rectangle wood produces a form closure to the front,
that’s, why it is positioned upright.
V-rigging near the coil eye, to prevent the whole chain-system from moving.
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Form closure to front can be built with a wall by stanchions (left) or directly to the front wall (right).
On the right picture you can see a rectangular wood, lying on the ground. This cannot tilt over.
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These bent rebars must be laid at the front wall or at the
front packet.
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Here is no form closure. The straight rebars can be catapulted
to the front like spears!
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On the left picture is no form closure to front, on the right it was done with a wooden pallet. The load must be put even on the
whole platform; the rear load must press in its completeness to the pallet.
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Here is no form closure. The bended packages must lay
directly at each other!
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Especially those mixed loadings need a deep attention to the
form closure of each position!
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7.1.2. Form closure to rear
When accelerating the vehicle or breaking down by a non elastic push, the load can get forces to the rear. This power must
be absorbed too. This does not work with a wall mostly, but with anti-slip-mats and lashing. Because the anti-slip-mats
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The sheets just lie on each other. No form closure to front or
side.At an evasive manoeuvre, the sharp edged sheets can cut
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Form closure to the front is done. Form closure to the side is
only at the side stanchions. The plates can slip.
increase the friction, a normal lashing is normally enough.
the lashing straps! The load must not start to move! The loading gap must be filled.
The load must not slip to the side. The best absorbing is with a form closure to the side.
Often, the side wall is not stable enough, here are rackets a good solution. The load must touch them directly, or, because
it mostly doesn’t fit to both sides, the gaps must be fitted with wood.
Only lashing, with the stanchions as «emergency breaks» after some distance is not enough!
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Form closure doesn’t exist. Neither to front nor to the side or
rear. No anti-slip-mats. No possibility for lashing on the loading
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If the filling of gaps is not possible, intermediate wood must be
put in place and a lashing on fixing trails is mandatory.
area. Very bad!
Form closure to the side stanchions is good. Form closure with stanchions is a good solution.
Loading gaps must be filled with wood. Loading gaps must be filled with wood.
The lashing straps cannot work, when they don’t touch the The right bundle is banded with lashing strips.
load! The left bundle is not banded. Here, each
beam is one single loading package!
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Form closure to one side allows to press the load with straps towards the stanchion, the straps hold them in the other direction.
So, straps can be crossed over another, lower bundle. The bundles in the middle must be banded separately!
38 39
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Big round bars need special load safety. They can roll to the side.
Change the round surface with a special wood or a U - beam to a higher friction to the ground, allowing a safe fixing to the side
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The load must never be higher than the stanchions! Fixing points for stanchions to bring a form closure are all over the truck.
Lashing points are all over the truck. So the small packages of bended rebars can be fixed, and high stacks of wire mesh also.
with loop lashings, no top lashing!
Only a single wood is not enough, the load must be secured versa rotation either, it must be fixed on several points on
the whole length.
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Form closure to one side allows to press the load with straps towards the stanchion, the straps hold them in the other direction.
So, straps can be crossed over another, lower bundle. The bundles in the middle must be banded separately!
Damageable goods must be put in a wooden box.
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Wire mesh cannot be calculated at best. To the side, either stanchions or a loop lashing is necessary.
The wire mesh is separately fixed, the banded wire mesh again separately.
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Form closure to the side can be produced by a loop lashing to a stanchion.
The stanchion fixes the load to one side, the strap to the other!
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7.2. Anti-slip-mats
Between each horizontal layer, which are not banded together (bundles & packages), anti-slip-mats must be 7.3. Filling with wood
implemented.
This can be between load floor and steel, between loading floor and wood, between wood and steel, between two Often form closure cannot be made directly, because the load and the form of the truck do not fit perfectly. Form
wooden beams or between two layers of steel. closure can be made packing out with wood. But this must be done professional. Pay attention to the direction of the
One layer without anti-slip-mats makes the other anti-slip-mats useless! wood structure!
Often, the load must have distance to the front wall, to prevent one axe from overloading. This gap must be filled
with wood. Here are no «Alibi-walls» allowed, but professional building components must be built. The new front wall
must resist 5 tons, like the original!
The height of the front wall must be as high as the load bundle.
P
The front wall must be stable versa tipping.
To the side we often need a form closure too. If this cannot be done to the stanchions directly, the gaps must be filled
with wood. Here, too, are no «Alibi-buildings» allowed, only good conditioned, fixed building components are allowed.
P
Under rebars and wire mesh, anti slip mats are mandatory too.
Put stanchions under the steel load, and anti slip mats on both sides.
P
This is professionally build! Behind the fixed hollow sections is a small sheet-package, behind it a stack of pallets. A form closure
to the side is here impossible. Take care of anti-slip-mats and enough lashing strips. Better one strip too much! A loop lashing
The anti slip mats must have the width of the wooden beams as a minimum. would be the best alternative.
42 43
7.4. Lashing
Lashing is fixing of the load with lashing straps, lashing cables or lashing chains.
Top lashing is not the main load security, but an addition to the form closure before.
To fix the load only with lashing straps, the steel packet must be covered nearly completely with lashing straps. This is
never a good solution.
Top lashing additional to a front-end and a rear-end lashing can be a good solution.
Î
With this angle, the lashing strap has no force!
The fixing trail exists, so use it!
Î
The bundles in the middle have no contact with the lashing
strap. Place the bundles in a different way, make sure, there is
Use anti-slip-mats! contact from the lashing strap to all bundles, or secure
Each lashing must be controlled after 10 – 15 km, because the vibration force might loose it. each bundle separately.
Î
The small bundle bright steel has no form closure to
the left side and no force of the lashing strip.
P
Standing coils must stand in a coil well.
Lashing through the coil-eye to all sides!
Î
These lashing straps make no sense.
Fix them on fixing trails or load completely different. slip-mats!
Î
The upper plates are banded in an extreme flat angle. Use anti-
Insufficient! Additional lashing over the top is mandatory too. Can you give the plates a form closure to side? Can you bundle
Attention! Unloading of these slitted coils is problematic. They the plates?
hang at the tip of the C-hook. Better: Load each package
against separate stanchions
When over the top lashing, the lashing straps are put over the load, which are fixed on the loading floor. These
lashing straps must be angled as steep as possible, to give a high pressure. The more flat the lashing angle, the less
the lashing force!
So, the load must be put as close to the lashing points as possible, or there must be many lashing points all over the
Î
Those bent rebars can slip between the stanchions. One lashing
strap is no lashing strap. Here are much more lashing straps
Î
The merchant bars in the middle have no contact to the lashing
strips.Bind in between on the fixing trails.
loading floor. necessary.
A rough rule of the thumb: With a perfect angle, form closure to front and anti slip mats, minimum 1 strap per two Bend the rebars to a packet, which is easier to secure.
tonnes load is necessary, for clear and simple loads!
44 45
Î
The rebar spreaders are well lashed.
The bent rebars are not lashed enough with two strips. The
Î
The wire mesh must be lashed separate first. The flap
stanchions keeps only very few. The red stanchion is good.
7.5. Front end lashing - Horizontal securing
The embracing is a special kind of direct lashing. Often, single rebars or small bundles are transported, which must lie
directly at the side stanchions. Form closure to side can be done with lashing the load directly at these stanchions or a
loop lashing. Here, the lashing strips are turned around the load and bended at both ends around the stanchion and the
form closure is not enough! The rear rebars need a separate Here are more of them necessary!
lashing point.
wall. The bended wire mesh need a second strip too.
In one direction, the load is fixed by form closure, in the other by the strips. Attention! Take care of the maximum force.
46 47
8. Loading Control
Even with reliable employees, a control system is necessary.
First, all employees must know the regulations. They must be trained intensively, only when they have all the
knowledge; they can perform a professional cargo security.
Train all employees, who are working in this field, regularly.
Give them beside the big external training, small internal training, eventually when you find mistakes or especially good
loads.
Document all training with the themes, trainer and trained people.
The results of the cargo security must be controlled by the responsible employee, these controls must be documented.
8.3. Control of Suppliers
Many people think, we have no responsibility for supplying trucks. This is wrong in some countries! For the journey to
Vehicles with bad cargo security must not leave the site. In very dangerous cases the police must be contacted.
the next stop to be unloaded, we must take care of the correct security of the remainder of the load.
We can only be protected from this responsibility by refusing the vehicle entrance to our site or by making the right
Make a protocol of the kind of vehicle, registration number, drivers name and the load, the best are photos.
cargo security.
File the protocol and photos minimum 6 months, best 2 years.
Control these trucks before entering the site to prevent trouble, and make a control document with photos.
Would you give the driver your driver´s license? If not, take care of a good cargo security and good documentation!
8.1. Control of own vehicles It is a good practice to control 10% of the trucks / vehicles, loading on the plant.
Own drivers can and must be trained regularly.
In spite of the training, mistakes in cargo security are frequent, even «steel-professionals» are often careless.
External drivers and their superiors must be informed about bad or missing cargo security. 8.4 Summary and conclusion
So, control is important, install a system in your site.
The applicable legislation for cargo securing is the legislation that is applicable to the region or country where the
transport geographically takes place. This means, a cross-border transport is subject to several legislations in succession.
8.2. Control of pick up vehicles While securing, it should be kept in mind, that therefore the most rigorous legislation, which shall be applicable, should
be respected.
Especially small companies, do not take care of load security. Explain the customer the situation, their driver´s license
and yours are to be lost. For this reason, the manual containing guidelines for the operational staff was drafted respecting the highest standards
Before loading, control all external vehicles the qualification for transporting the load, the traffic safety (is the truck able on a technical level, meaning in this case according to German legislation, and the "measures at hand" as understood in
to fulfil its task?) and the existence of the necessary cargo security aids in good condition and in the right number. the application of the German road code by German law enforcement.
If the aids are missing, you must refuse to load, or sell the driver the necessary equipment from your own stock.
Considering all this, it is important to take notice that the manual, for these reasons, mainly presents targets to be aimed
at in a timeframe still to be determined for each separate country. Thus the manual cannot create additional liability to
AM, above the applicable legislation, which of course is to be respected on all levels all of the time and everywhere.
48 49
Annex
Loading security Calculation
Example N#1
Forces d’accélération centrifuges et décélaration
1 package sheets, 2500 kg
Following tables are taken into account for calculation examples 1000 x 2000 mm size
52 53
Example N#2
With anti-slip-mats:
Fristion 60% 3360 kg
We need 2 Straps to fix and beware of vibration power.
54
ArcelorMittal
Distribution Solutions
Health, Safety and Environment
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L-1160 Luxembourg