NOVEMBER 2017 AISC

A guide to understanding and specifying the various

categories of architecturally exposed structural steel (AESS).

MAXIMUM
Exposure
WHEN THE WORD “STEEL” is mentioned, its flexibility, Exposed or Architecturally Exposed?
durability and strength typically come to mind. The AISC Code defines structural steel as elements that
But what about its beauty? More and more designers are required to support the design loads of a building and
are choosing to expose steel in their projects—not just out fit within the components of a structural frame. For clar-
of a sense of practicality or functionality, but also for its ity, the AESS category system is typically only applied to
aesthetic attributes. They do so because they realize that fabricated structural steel as referenced in Section 2.1 of
steel can do more than simply support a design; it can also the Code: anchor rods, base plates, beams, bracing, canopy
become an integral part of it. framing, columns, connection materials, crane stops, girders,
And in doing so, they often hold steel to as high a standard lintels, posts, shear stud connectors, trusses, etc. Unfinished,
as any other fixture or finish. They aren’t just going for an reused, galvanized or weathering steel members may all be
industrial look. They’re elevating the material to a new level: fabricated with AESS requirements.
architecturally exposed structural steel (AESS). So where to AESS goes a step beyond standard fabrication and erec-
begin when considering AESS for your next project? Start tion. During fabrication, shipment and erection, extra care is
with the Code. taken to avoid blemishes and unwanted surface appearance
The 2016 AISC Code of Standard Practice (ANSI/AISC when handling the steel and removing temporary braces or
303-16) implements a defined approach to specifying AESS fixtures. For some categories, all backing and runoff tabs are
in the contract documents by using five categories—AESS removed, and welds are to be ground smooth for those areas.
1, 2, 3, 4 and C—which differentiate levels of steel fabrica- Basic unpainted steel must also be cleaned of oil, grease, dirt
tion and erection. As the numbers in this tiered system rise, and loose mill.
the cost and time for fabrication and erection typically also There are “other steel, iron or metal items” that are not
increase. (A similar approach was adopted in the Canadian typically specified as AESS, though there may be exceptions
Code of Standard Practice in 2009 via the Canadian Institute depending on project requirements. Cables, castings, catwalks,
of Steel Construction—CISC—Code of Standard Practice for chutes, cold-formed steel products, corner guards, flagpole
Structural Steel, Seventh Edition.) Previous versions of the supports, grating, handrails, ladders, ornamental metal, stacks,
codes did not define the terms of AESS as distinctly, leav- stairs, steel deck, open-web steel joists, joist girders and trench-
ing room for interpretation and cost escalation, and this lat- es are examples of components that do not typically receive
est version of the AISC Code helps clear things up. The new AESS identification (reference Section 2.2 of the AISC Code
guidelines establish the same level of expectations between for the full list).
designers, fabricators and erectors for the visual appearance Everyone in the building industry is familiar with the phrase
of AESS. The category system provides architects with a “location, location, location.” When architecturally exposing the
method of articulating AESS in their projects with a much structure as an integral part of the design intent, the following
clearer understanding of deliverables. phrase comes into play: “coordination, coordination, coordina-
tion.” While the architect chooses the locations of AESS in a
project, the structural engineer should document it. According
Striking structural steel, exposed not only architecturally but to Bill Andrews, SE, a principal at structural engineering firm
also to the elements, lets Chicago’s newest transit station, the Walter P Moore, fabricators and detailers will typically look to
Washington/Wabash “L” station, take on its own unique look the structural drawings in the contract documents as the pri-
and feel. (See page 36 for more on this project, which opened
this past summer.) mary source of information for structural steel, including AESS.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Ryan Dravitz Photography
Lighting typically has the greatest impact on interior AESS, whereas sight lines are the most important for AESS located on the
exterior. Details are not as visible in high ceilings with low lighting, including shaded steel. However, when elements are brightly
lit, they may tend to expose more texture and blemishes on the surface. The location and type of lighting with relation to AESS
components should be determined prior to specifying the appropriate category.

Ryan Dravitz Photography

NOVEMBER 2017
 This methodology saves time and cost during construction,
with the intent of consolidating references to AESS as much
as possible. It is of utmost importance that successful coor-
dination between these disciplines takes place to ensure the
contract documents are bid per the design intent.
Equally imperative is selecting the correct category for all
AESS components in a project. Per the AISC Code, it is re-
quired that all AESS is identified as Categories 1, 2, 3, 4 or C.
“This is a dramatic improvement over the previous code edi-
tion [2010],” says Andrews, “in terms of better clarity, articu-
lating expression... and giving everyone a better understand-
ing of relative costs when choosing AESS and at what level.”
Sufficient coordination and understanding of best practices
are essential to keeping a project within budget and schedule.

Context Ron Blunt/EwingCole

There are many factors that influence the level of finish

For AESS requiring fire protection, one option is to apply an
and detailing on an exposed member. It is important to un- intumescent coating. Note that the intumescent coating itself does
derstand the context surrounding the exposed steel before not come in different colors; a separate paint is applied on top of
choosing an AESS category. The following explains which the coating. And if an intumescent-coated piece of steel is placed
next to an uncoated piece, the final paint colors will vary, as the
elements impact AESS and how it is perceived in the built
intumescent coating acts as a different kind of primer.
environment: member visibility, viewing distance, location,
lighting, coatings, style and adjacency.
Member visibility. Simply put, if it is not readily visible,
there is no need to identify exposed steel as AESS. There are
often conditions where one side of an exposed steel column
or braced frame may be blocked from view by a wall or other
component. It is possible to note a specific AESS category
only on the side of an exposed member that is visible to view.
Specifying AESS incurs more time and care during design,
fabrication and erection and should only be spent on por-
tions of the project that are visible and prominent. Identify-
ing specific locations for AESS takes careful consideration,
but thoughtful analysis can greatly reduce cost and time dur-
ing construction.
Viewing distance. Details tend to disappear from the
naked eye the further away they are located. When an object
is beyond 20 ft away, the distinction between components
is not as clearly seen as when it is within reach. Consider
objects 100 ft away from the closest point of view, and the Steinkamp Photography
level of visible detail is even less distinct. The category sys-
tem for AESS recognizes that viewing distance is critical to AESS can also be galvanized. Design teams should be aware that
the level of fabrication and erection required for structural galvanizing steel does not provide a “chrome” finish, and no two
pieces of galvanized steel will look exactly the same.
steel. The 20-ft viewing distance separates categories AESS
2 and AESS 3. Paint systems, typically consisting of a primer and one or more
paint coats, are also widely used for AESS applications. Almost
Location. Whether AESS is placed on the interior or
any color or finish can be used.
exterior of a building has a significant impact on the type
of coating and protection selected for the member, as well
as how it is detailed. If placed on the exterior of a build-
ing, the exposed steel must withstand more corrosive or
harsh climate conditions. Additional surface preparation
and protective coatings are often implemented to promote
long-lasting AESS. Detailing at joints or connections must
Erik Hinote

also take special care to keep water out to avoid corrosion

of steel members.
Lighting. According to Steve Weiss, principal and
founder of Weiss Architects, lighting typically has the great-
est impact on interior AESS, whereas sight lines are the most
important for AESS located on the exterior. Details are not
as visible in high ceilings with low lighting, but when ele-

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Thornton Tomasetti

The 2016 AISC Code distinguishes between standard

tolerances and tighter tolerances for the various AESS
Specifying a Mock-Up categories. The Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal
AESS 3, 4 and C all require mock-ups unless pro- Center (ARTIC) is a great example of a project with numerous
viding one is impractical and other visual samples tolerances coming together. Exposed tubular steel creates
crisscrossing lines for the station’s dome, forming diamond
can suffice. “The key to a mock-up is to set expec- shapes that are filled with ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)
tations for shop work and fieldwork,” notes Steve plastic cushions to let in daylight.
Weiss of Weiss Architects, going on to say, “If an
assembly is to be created in the field, then the
mock-up should also take place in the field, with
ments are brightly lit, they may tend to expose more texture
the same contractors doing it under the same field
and blemishes on the surface. The location and type of lighting
conditions.” Lighting and placement impact the ap-
with relation to AESS components should be determined prior
pearance of AESS, so similar conditions should be
to specifying the appropriate category.
replicated when reviewing a mock-up for finish.
Coatings. The selection of a coating, whether it be paint or in-
In general, as schedule and budget permit,
tumescent fire protection, should be coordinated with the location
mock-ups or visual samples are recommended for
and lighting intent for an AESS member. “Glossy coats tend to
all categories. Shaina Saporta, PE, of Arup notes
show every imperfection and surface variation,” says Larry Kloiber,
that majority of her projects involve AESS located
PE, vice president with AISC member fabricator LeJeune Steel. A
in exterior conditions. Saporta typically specifies
glossy coat combined with bright accent lighting within a close
physical mock-ups for larger, more complicated
view range requires greater care and surface preparation for AESS.
projects, noting that not doing so may cost more in
A thicker intumescent coating or matte finish tends to cover sur-
the long run. Visual samples are a broad category
face marks and blemishes, thereby reducing the need for certain
inclusive of full-scale mock-ups, mock-ups of con-
characteristics of surface preparation to the steel. Kloiber stresses
nections only, finish samples, 3D renderings, pho-
that it is always important to keep in mind how the material will be
tographs representing built AESS categories and
viewed, as it will impact the AESS category specified.
more. Babette Freund of AISC member fabricator
Style. There are two basic styles that govern the design in-
Universal Steel of North Carolina suggests tours
tent with AESS: tectonic and plastic. A tectonic look is more
of existing AESS projects and visual examples as
expressive of the details that showcase the steel assembly and
methods to help communicate expectations for de-
tends to emphasize bolted construction. A plastic aesthetic is
livery of the desired finished product, noting that
uniform and smooth, using more welded or cast connections
there are multiple approaches to establish a basis
for a near-seamless appearance. The approach to the design
of expectations during construction.
style is an integral part of determining which AESS category is
suitable based on the desired level of finish.
NOVEMBER 2017
 Courtesy of CAST CONNEX; doublespace photography
Adjacency. Structural steel is an ideal material for achieving tight tolerances,
as it is fabricated with great precision. The AISC Code distinguishes between
standard tolerances and tighter tolerances with different AESS categories. De-
pending on the composition of the structure, tighter tolerances may or may not
be necessary.
Several factors have a direct impact on the selection of an AESS category.
Coordination during the design phase can be better facilitated by understanding
the context that surrounds the expression of steel.

AESS Categories
There are five categories under which AESS can fall:
➤ AESS 1: Basic Elements
➤ AESS 2: Feature Elements not in Close View
➤ AESS 3: Feature Elements in Close View
➤ AESS 4: Showcase Elements
➤ AESS C: Custom Elements
More requirements, and therefore typically greater costs, are inherent as the
AESS category number increases. AESS C is Custom and could require fewer
levels of finish than Basic Elements in AESS 1, or go even further beyond what
is included in Showcase Elements of AESS 4. When choosing AESS C, more
The Queen Richmond Centre West
information should be included in the drawings and specifications to clarify the
in Toronto (above) and San Francis-
intent. It is required that one or more of these five AESS categories be anno-
co’s Transbay Transit Center (below)
tated in the contract documents when the AISC Code is referenced as a standard.
are two projects featuring massive
“Section 10 of the AISC Code provides specifiers with a much clearer roadmap
cast elements designated as AESS.
to convey what they are looking for,” acknowledges Babette Freund with AISC
Selection of the appropriate AESS
member fabricator Universal Steel of North Carolina. Freund serves as chair
Category should consider not only
of the Code of Standard Practice Committee to recognize and document stan-
viewing distance but also the coating
dards within the U.S. structural steel industry to help meet design expectations
system to be implemented. In the
between fabricators and designers. Larry Kloiber, who serves on the commit-
case of the Queen Richmond Centre
tee with Freund, encourages architects to consider the appearance they want to
West, an intumescent coating has
achieve for the design intent prior to selecting an AESS category.
been applied to the steel. The Trans-
AESS 1: BASIC ELEMENTS. By default, AESS 1 is the minimum treatment
bay Transit Center’s signature Light
of exposed steel beyond standard fabrication of structural steel. This category
Column feature is comprised of steel
typically incurs the lowest cost of all the AESS categories and also serves as a
castings and API pipe. AESS require-
prerequisite for AESS categories 2, 3 and 4. There are aspects of AESS 1 that
ments for this assembly range from
meet the same requirements of standard fabrication. For example, the toler-
AESS 2 to AESS 4 based on viewing
ances required for standard structural steel are the same for AESS 1 and can be
distance. The Transbay Transit Cen-
referenced in the AISC Code.
ter is scheduled to open next year;
Surface preparation in AESS 1 is different from standard fabrication, as the
the Queen Richmond Centre West is
exposed steel must receive commercial blast cleaning to meet the provisions
already open.
of SSPC SP-6: Commercial Blast Cleaning. The Society for Protective Coatings
(SSPC) sets the standards for coatings and protection on structural steel. The
Adamson Associates

SP-6 standard requires steel to be cleaned of oil, grease, dust, oxides, rust, etc.
In order to complete this surface preparation, weld spatter and similar surface
discontinuities must be removed and sharp edges ground smooth. Specifications
for paint and coatings should be thoroughly reviewed for use with the required
surface preparation of AESS members.
Consistency of appearance between components is also a key strategy when
specifying AESS. The AESS 1 category requires that bolt heads be consistently
located on the same side of a member as well as on adjacent steel members. The
goal is to provide a uniform appearance beyond the standard requirements of
structural steel.
When steel components are welded together, there may not always be a need
for a continuous weld per the structural design. Visually, however, the appear-
ance of a continuous weld is more desirable than intermittent welds. AESS 1
requires that all welds are to appear continuous and can be caulked, filled or ad-
ditionally welded to achieve this look. The projection of welds can be no higher
than 1⁄ 16 in. above the surface.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 AESS 2: FEATURE ELEMENTS NOT IN CLOSE VIEW. AESS 3: FEATURE ELEMENTS IN CLOSE VIEW. A
It is important to recognize that details are much less visible at higher level of fabrication and erection is provided as the
20 ft away as compared to an element 5 ft away. AESS 2 serves AESS category number increases. AESS 3 represents the
a level of fabrication and erection specific to structural steel next level of characteristics, specifically for components
elements viewed from a distance greater than 20 ft. The intent within a viewing distance of 20 ft or less. This category
of creating such a distinction is to establish the same level of includes all the requirements for AESS 1 and 2 along with
expectations for elements that are deemed as AESS but are a more specific attention to detail as exposed elements are
located further away. The cost range is typically higher than visibly closer.
AESS 1, as it builds on the characteristics of the basic elements Steel is marked with slightly raised characters, called mill
in addition to meeting more requirements. marks, when it is delivered to a fabricator from the mill. (Mill
AESS 2 is more refined than AESS 1, as it mandates fabrica- marks identify the steel mill at which the component was pro-
tion tolerances for straightness to be half that of standard re- duced.) A raised or depressed surface on structural steel mem-
quirements. This is especially important when adjacent materi- bers is also created with butt and plug welds. These marks
als and components must closely integrate with steel members and visible welds are deemed undesirable in AESS 3 and are
in a design. required to be removed from view, typically by grinding them
During fabrication and erection, steel members are marked out or filling any depressions. Grind marks on exposed steel
for inventory and tracking purposes. These numbers are visible are easily visible. High-gloss paints should not be applied
on the steel even through certain coatings unless AESS 2 or a without additional surface preparation.
higher category is specified. The marks can either be ground A weld seam is typically apparent when steel is joined to-
out, filled or simply turned away from view. gether by welding. Welds are required to be continuous and
Continuous welds are already included with AESS 1, but consistent in appearance, as noted in categories AESS 1 and 2.
AESS 2 goes a step further by requiring greater consistency in It is required that weld seams are to be less visible in AESS 3, as
the welding process. The latter expects additional care and re- these elements are much closer in viewing range. Hollow struc-
finement during fabrication and erection. AESS 2 calls for uni- tural sections (HSS) often include visible weld seams as part of
form and smooth welds, which entails a consistent appearance the manufacturing process. An option to reduce the visibility of
on all welds in view range but does not necessarily deem welds seams is to simply orient them away from view. When such a
are to be ground smooth. strategy is not available, then aligning the seams in a consistent

Questions to Consider
MIG Steel Fabrication (an AISC member) shares some
questions and suggestions based on its first experience
with a complex AESS project: the decorative
Technology Tower on North Carolina State University’s
campus in Raleigh, N.C.:
➤ Are the project specifications for AESS in
alignment with Section 10 of the AISC Code?
Do they clearly address requirements for special
fabrication, handling and erection of AESS?
➤ What are the requirements for preinstallation
conferences, mock-up procedures and testing?
If these are not addressed in the specs, the
fabricator should have recourse to include them
in order to facilitate communication and address
quality issues prior to installation.
➤ Will outside vendors be required to complete
the AESS project? If so, are there clear protocols
in place to reconcile quality issues if and when
Robert Benson Photography

they arise?
➤ Include a budget for contingencies. Unforeseen
challenges happen on every project, but AESS
may require implementing completely unique
solutions.
➤ Learn to be flexible. Thinking outside the box
and meeting the challenges of a complex AESS
project can reap great knowledge and experience
dividends applicable to future projects.

NOVEMBER 2017
 CannonDesign/Scott Frances

An addition to Dickinson College’s Kline Center in Carlisle, Pa., features exposed steel throughout the building, but only select
exposed structural members close to view were designated as AESS.

Making an (Exposed) Connection down to meet the primary plate, whose purpose is to
Terri Meyer Boake, an architecture professor at the Uni- transfer loads to the mast. It widens to provide ade-
versity of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario, has an eye for quate transfer via its fillet welds. There is just enough
interesting and attractive exposed steel. Below are two room between the many plates to do the welding. On
exposed connections that she’s come across in her trav- the right, the detailing of the large arched trusses that
els, highlighting impressive AESS detailing. span the departures hall of this airport is playful.
The connection on the left showcases a high level The members have been chosen to highlight their
of thought in accommodating the transition from the tensile versus compressive function. Pin connections
small diameter of the cable to the attachment of about are extensively used to attach the tension mem-
20 plates to a mast. The thickness of the plate at bers, while plates inserted into the round tubes that
the pin connection has been increased to resist comprise the compression members create a visual
pull-through forces. The thickened element tapers contrast.

Terri Meyer Boake Terri Meyer Boake

NOVEMBER 2017
 Different Viewing Levels, Different AESS Levels
Spaces like multilevel concourses provide the possibility for multiple AESS categories all in a single space and all
visible at once. Kansas City’s Sprint Center was built before the current AESS categories were implemented, but in
looking at the below photo of the space, you can see where various categories could have been implemented. With
any area employing multiple categories, the architect should provide clear notes as to where each category should
be used and coordinate this documentation with the structural engineer’s drawings and specifications.

AESS 1

AESS 2
Copyright Bill Cobb/kcphoto.com

AESS 3

manner across all members is another solution. There are mul- plates over them, a detail that should be clearly expressed in
tiple methods of fulfilling this requirement, some of which are the contract documents.
less costly than others. AESS 4: SHOWCASE ELEMENTS. The sculptural nature
When two cross sections of steel come together, such as a of steel is meant to be the main focus when specifying AESS 4.
column splice with connection plates, it is critical the sections This category draws inspiration from the expression of form as
align when in close viewing range. Lighting showcasing an AESS the featured aesthetic in a project. Making material connections
component can expose misaligned surfaces in an obvious and appear seamless in a project can sometimes be the most chal-
undesirable manner. AESS 3 specifically addresses components lenging ones to design and construct. The latter is also true of
within range of touch or within closer viewing distances up to structure, especially when AESS is to have a very smooth and
20 ft away. Misalignments are not acceptable and require greater sleek finished appearance. It is generally understood that AESS
care in fabrication and erection to avoid these issues at cross- 4 components may entail the highest premium over the previ-
sectional surfaces that abut one another. ous categories, not only per the desired “glove-smooth” finish,
The tolerance for straightness must be tighter than the but more often due to the complexity of structural geometry.
standard level, as noted under AESS 2. Tolerance require- The design approach should be discussed between the archi-
ments in AESS 3 go further to minimize the gaps between tect and structural engineer in advance of selecting the AESS
the components that have bolted connections. Greater preci- category.
sion during fabrication and erection is required so that these The characteristics of the previous categories, AESS 1, 2
gaps are no greater than 1⁄8 in. and are uniform among all and 3, are all included with the selection of AESS 4. In AESS
adjacent components. 3, it is acceptable to reduce the visibility of weld seams. The
Determining the style of aesthetic is a prerequisite for glove- smooth finish desired for showcase elements in AESS
choosing the appropriate AESS category. Oftentimes, design- 4 necessitates that weld seams are no longer visible. Certain
ers wish to expose their bolts for a more tectonic aesthetic. structural steel shapes and sections, such as pipe or some
In cases where visible bolted connections aren’t desired or types of HSS, lend themselves to having few or no seams. If
are challenging to access and tighten—e.g., when trying to at all possible, turn the seam away from view for the most
achieve a seamless, plastic look—AESS 3 includes an option cost-effective strategy.
to use all-welded connections or reduce bolt usage. This can The smooth and contoured appearance of welds enhances
be achieved by coordinating the design intent with the struc- the style of the more plastic look of AESS 4 components. The
tural engineer to use only welds for a particular connection. majority of steel designs in this category focus less on bolted
An alternate solution may be to hide the bolts by placing cover connections and implement more welded connections for

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Instant Icon
AESS canopies define Chicago’s Wash-
ington/Wabash “L” station, which just
opened in August and now pulls double
duty for two contiguous century-old
mass transit stations on the city’s elevat-
ed Loop train line.
The signature structural steel canopy—
which is painted white and appears to glow
at night, thanks to lighting embedded
in the tips of the ribs—consists of a con-
tinuous tubular spine supporting closely
spaced transverse ribs of varying length
and inclination, which define the canopy’s
shape. The ribs wrap around the spine to
form simple and efficient connections, and
the spine is supported on oval columns
that are fixed to the platform framing be-
low through a horizontal couple concept
(rather than a conventional base plate). De-
sign firm EXP specified two different AESS
categories for the columns and the spine
AISC and ribs.

a seamless aesthetic. There are cases where welds may show architects to coordinate or customize AESS requirements with
through the back face of an exposed steel element. Locations structural engineers. The matrix should be used to specify spe-
where welds show through to the other side of the AESS com- cial requirements for AESS C in the contract documents.
ponent must be addressed to reduce their undesirable appear-
ance. Open holes placed in the steel members, often for the The Last Piece
welding process, are to be closed off and smoothed out for a The last portion of the AESS process is just as critical as
clean, finished surface. a well-coordinated design phase. The AISC Code addresses re-
More labor and time are often necessary during fabrication quirements for erection of AESS in Section 10. The higher-
and erection to achieve the quality of AESS 4 compared to the quality finish and treatment of AESS necessitates extra care and
previous categories. Surfaces that are in view range are to be handling during transit and placement. The timeline for erec-
free of imperfections. Filling any deviations with a body filler tion may be slightly longer when AESS is specified on a project.
as well as sanding textured surfaces are methods of fabrication Erectors are tasked with assembling the steel with careful plan-
used in this category. This higher level of care and detail allows ning and methods to avoid damage to the finished product.
for glossy coats on steel to be a truly successful aesthetic in The decision to architecturally expose structural steel can
close view range. add significant value to a building. Improvements in 2016 AISC
AESS C: CUSTOM ELEMENTS. Any deviation from the Code satisfy the desire to create efficient and cost-effective mea-
requirements of AESS 1, 2, 3 and 4 falls under the Custom cat- sures when implementing AESS on a project. The five categories
egory, AESS C. Occasionally, there are situations when sharp (AESS 1, 2, 3, 4 and C) that distinguish AESS require sufficient
edges do not need to be ground smooth or erection and painted evaluation and coordination in order to meet project expecta-
marks are not required to be removed from view. Allowing this tions within budget and schedule. Establishing the same level of
flexibility in choosing characteristics provides designers with expectations between owners, architects, engineers, general con-
greater freedom but also notifies steel fabricators and erectors tractors, fabricators, detailers and erectors is critical to achieving
that there is a noteworthy difference from the typical category the best end results for a project.
requirements. Custom elements should be clearly defined in
the contract documents with AESS C located as needed. See the following pages for more on AESS, including the aforemen-
The AISC Code recommends using Table 10.1 (on the fol- tioned AESS Category Matrix and Table 10.1, a sample AESS speci-
lowing page), similar to the more comprehensive AESS Cat- fication and a list of helpful resources.
egory Matrix (see last spread of this PDF), as a checklist for

NOVEMBER 2017
 TABLE 10.1: AESS Category Matrix
CATEGORY AESS C AESS 4 AESS 3 AESS 2 AESS 1 SSS
FEATURE FEATURE STANDARD
CUSTOM SHOWCASE BASIC
I.D. CHARACTERISTICS ELEMENTS IN ELEMENTS NOT STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS ELEMENTS ELEMENTS
CLOSE VIEW IN CLOSE VIEW STEEL
1.1 Surface preparation to SSPC-SP 6 × × × ×
1.2 Sharp edges ground smooth × × × ×
1.3 Continuous weld appearance × × × ×
1.4 Standard structural bolts × × × ×
1.5 Weld spatters removed × × × ×
2.1 Visual Samples × × optional
One-half standard fabrication
2.2
tolerances × × ×
2.3 Fabrication marks not apparent × × ×
2.4 Welds uniform and smooth × × ×
3.1 Mill marks removed × ×
Butt and plug welds ground
3.2
smooth and filled × × A matrix is provided in Section 10
of the AISC Code, outlining which
HSS weld seam oriented for
3.3
reduced visibility × × fabrication processes are present within
each category. And for exposed steel
Cross-sectional abutting surface goals that don’t fit into categories
3.4
aligned × ×
AESS 1 through 4, a Custom category
3.5 Joint gap tolerances minimized × × (C) and blank matrix space are available
for teams to discuss and create their
3.6 All welded connections optional optional
own unique guidelines.
4.1 HSS seam not apparent × Note: Descriptions of the I.D.
characteristics can be found on the
4.2 Welds contoured and blended × last page of this PDF, to the right
4.3 Surfaces filled and sanded × of the AESS Category Matrix.
4.4 Weld show-through minimized ×
C.1
Paul Warchol Photogaphy, Inc.

Paul Warchol Photogaphy, Inc.

Details tend to disappear from the naked eye the further away they are located. When an object is beyond 20 ft, the
distinction between components is not as clearly seen as when it is within reach. For example, the residential project
on the left allows people touch every element of the exposed structure, all of which is in close view. The exposed
steel in the office building on the right is so high that only maintenance staff, and the occasional bird, will be able to
see the level of fabrication.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 Sample AESS Specification To serve as visual examples of each AESS category, AISC
Prior to the publication of the 2016 AISC Code of Standard has developed a set of five small connection sculptures. One
Practice, the most frequently referenced resource used by de- sculpture demonstrates the characteristics of standard struc-
signers in specifying architecturally exposed structural steel tural steel, and the remaining four demonstrate the characteris-
(AESS) was a sample specification and an accompanying cost tics AESS 1-4. The sculptures allow invested parties to see the
matrix, both developed by the joint Steel Committee of the range of possible appearance levels corresponding to the char-
Rocky Mountain Steel Construction Association and the Struc- acteristics of each AESS category. Standardized shop drawings
tural Engineers Association of Colorado and originally pub- for the sculptures have been developed by AISC, with the hope
lished as a supplement to the May 2003 issue of Modern Steel that professional organizations across the country will embrace
Construction. These resources were updated this year. the concept and fund fabrications that can be accessed locally.
The below sample specification builds on the 2003 version, The sculptures were fabricated by Newport Industrial Fabrica-
with the intent of allowing the specifier to more clearly identify tion, and the drawings were produced by The Steel Detailers,
the desired appearance requirements of a project’s AESS ele- Inc. (both are AISC members).
ments. This is accomplished by including coordinated referenc- These resources have been developed with the goal of im-
es to the AESS category system now adopted by the AISC Code. proving the AESS process from conception and design through
Also suggested in the sample specification are requirements for fabrication and erection. The intent is that applicable combina-
a mock-up demonstrating applicable AESS characteristics and/ tion of the sample specification, category matrix, updated Code,
or physical samples to be fabricated and submitted. The 2016 model photos and the preceding article will provide insight
Code requires that a mock-up be provided for all of the AESS regarding levels of achievable appearances, correlated with
categories, and this is repeated in the sample specification. For expected cost ranges, to help owners and architects make in-
AESS Category 1 and 2 elements, the sample specification sug- formed decisions; assist architects and engineers in identifying
gests that the specifier consider requiring either a full mock-up and coordinating expectations; and facilitate the preparation
or samples of specific AESS characteristics. The sample speci- of contract documents that will clearly communicate desired
fication contains a list of nine suggested requirements for the appearances so that AESS elements can be accurately priced,
mock-up, with the objective of ensuring that it will accurately detailed, fabricated and erected.
represent the in-place AESS elements on a project.  —Robert V. Leberer, Anderson & Hastings Consultants, Inc.
The updated AESS Category Matrix uses the five new AESS
categories (AESS 1, 2, 3, 4 and C—Custom) with sets of character- Note that both the sample specification below and the cost matrix that
istics specific to each category. It also incorporates a range of esti- follows (page 52) were produced by the Structural Engineers Associa-
mated cost premiums for each category and characteristic within, tion of Colorado and Rocky Mountain Steel Construction Association
which are based on a recent survey of participating fabricators. Steel Liaison Committee. They are not products of AISC.

Left: Standard structural steel (SSPC-SP2). Right: AESS 1 (SSPC-SP6).

NOVEMBER 2017
 From left to right: Standard structural steel (SSS), AESS 1, AESS 2, AESS 3 and AESS 4.

Sample Specification, Section 05 12 13­­: Editor’s Note: Narratively describe the areas on the drawings that
Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel have been designated as AESS 1, AESS 2, AESS 3, AESS 4 and
AESS C. Delete sentences where the AESS category is not used for
PART 1 – GENERAL
the project. The specifier may consider using AESS C. Refer to the
1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS Editor’s Note to Section 1.3.
A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, B. Related Sections: The following Sections contain
including General and Supplementary Conditions and requirements that relate to this Section:
Division 1 Specification Sections, apply to the Section.
1. Division 1
1.2 SUMMARY
a. Section 01 22 00 “Submittal Procedures”
Editor’s Note: It is critical to define to the bidders what members will for Fabrication Documents, Product Data,
be considered as Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS) and Samples
and what category of AESS applies to each area. Furthermore,
b. Section 01 43 00”Quality Assurance” for
any variations to the requirements of the American Institute of
fabricator and installer qualifications independent
Steel Construction (AISC) Code of Standard Practice for Steel
testing agency procedures and administrative
Buildings and Bridges ANSI/AISC 303-16 (COSP) must be
requirements.
spelled out. Delete references to AESS categories not required for
the project. c. Section 01 45 00 “Quality Control” for Source and
Field quality control requirements.
A. This Section includes requirements regarding the
appearance and surface preparation of Architecturally 2. Division 5 Sections 05 12 00 “Structural Steel
Exposed Structural Steel (AESS). Refer to Division 5 Framing “Sections 05 20 00 “Steel Joist Framing”
Section “Structural Steel” for all other requirements for metal joist requirements.
regarding steel work not included in this Section.
Editor’s Note: Address alignment and location of bridging where
Requirements of Section 05 12 23 also apply to material
joists are visible in Division 5 Section “Open Web Metal Joists.”
covered under this Section.
This Section applies to any members noted on 3. Division 5 Sections 05 30 00 “Metal Decking” for
Architectural [and Structural] drawings as AESS 1, AESS erection requirements relating to exposed steel
2, AESS 3, AESS 4 and AESS C; and in the areas defined decking and its connections
as AESS below.
Editor’s Note: Address fastener spacing and weld show through in
1. The following structural steel elements and connections areas where decking is visible in the finished structure. Coordinate
are to be supplied and erected per AESS 1: paint system requirements with that of AESS.
2. The following structural steel elements and connections 4. Division 5 Sections 05 50 00 “Metal Fabrications”
are to be supplied and erected per AESS 2: for loose steel bearing plates and miscellaneous
steel framing.
3. The following structural steel elements and connections
are to be supplied and erected per AESS 3: 5. Division 9 Sections 09 97 00 “Special Coatings” for
finish coat requirements and coordination with primer
4. The following structural steel elements and connections
and surface preparation specified in this Section.
are to be supplied and erected per AESS 4:
5. The following structural steel elements and connections
are to be supplied and erected per AESS C:
 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 AESS 3: Joint gap tolerances minimized, butt and plug welds AESS 4: Surfaces filed and sanded.
ground smooth and filled.

1.3 DEFINITIONS designated as AESS C shall conform to the characteristics

of AESS 3 except the SSPC SP-6 surface preparation is
A. Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel: Structural Steel
replaced with “surface preparation shall conform to the
conforming to one of the categories of Architecturally
paint manufacturer’s minimum requirements. In this case
Exposed Structural Steel or AESS Refer to ANSI/AISC
paragraph 1.3 F and other appropriate following paragraphs would
303-16 Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges.
be modified accordingly. Consider each characteristic included in
B. AESS 1: Structural Steel designated as AESS 1 in the the COSP matrix when defining AESS C.
contract documents and conforming to ANSI/AISC
1.4 ACTION SUBMITTALS
303-16, Chapter 10 definition of AESS1. These are basic
elements with workmanship requirements exceeding A. General: Submit each item below according to the
those in non AESS construction. Conditions of the Contract and Division 1
Specification Sections.
C. AESS 2: Structural Steel designated as AESS 2 in the
contract documents and conforming to ANSI/AISC 303- B. Product Data for each type of product specified.
16, Chapter 10 definition of AESS2. These are feature Submit “Special Coatings” under Division 9.
elements viewed at a distance greater than 20 feet. The
C. Fabrication Documents: Detailing for fabrication of
art of metalworking is intended to be visible to the viewer.
AESS components.
D. AESS 3: Structural Steel designated as AESS 3 in the
1. Provide erection documents clearly indicating which
contract documents and conforming to ANSI/AISC 303-
members are AESS members and the AESS category
16, Chapter 10 definition of AESS3. These are feature
of each part.
elements viewed at a distance less than 20 feet. The art of
metalworking is intended to be visible to the viewer. 2. Include details that clearly identify all the requirements
listed in Sections 2.3 “Fabrication” and 3.3 “Erection”
E. AESS 4: Structural Steel designated as AESS 4 in the
of this specification for each part. Provide connections
contract documents and conforming to ANSI/AISC 303-
for exposed AESS consistent with concepts shown on
16, Chapter 10 definition of AESS4. These are showcase
the architectural or structural drawings.
elements with special surface and edge treatment beyond
fabrication. The intent is the form is the only feature 3. Indicate welds by standard AWS symbols, distinguishing
showing in an element. between shop and field welds, and show size, length
and type of each weld. Identify grinding, finish and
F. AESS C: Structural Steel designated as AESS C in the
profile of welds as defined herein.
contract documents and conforming to ANSI/AISC 303-
16, Chapter 10 definition of AESS C. These are custom 4. Indicate orientation of HSS seams and mill marks
AESS elements with characteristics described in the (where applicable).
contract documents.
5. Indicate type, size, finish and length of bolts, distin-
Editor’s Note: The specifier may consider using AESS C. The AESS guishing between shop and field bolts. Identify high-
categories defined in the COSP provide steps in quality from one strength bolted slip-critical, direct-tensioned shear/
category to the next. The specifier may define a custom category bearing connections. [Indicate which direction bolt
by modification of one or more of the characteristics of the COSP heads should be oriented.]
defined AESS categories. For example: All steel on this project

NOVEMBER 2017
 SSS: Weld backing bar in place and non-uniform welds. AESS 1: Welds uniform and smooth and backing bars removed.

6. Clearly indicate which surfaces or edges are exposed a. Approved mockups in an undisturbed condition at
and what class of surface preparation is being used. the time of Substantial Completion may become
part of the completed work.
7. Indicate special tolerances and erection requirements
as noted on the drawings or defined herein. Editor’s Note: The contract documents (architectural drawings)
need to indicate the framing to be submitted as a mock up. The
8. Indicate vent or drainage holes for HSS members.
Architect must define the size and extent of the pieces required
D. Mock Up: Provide mock ups of the nature and extent and what specific finishes must be demonstrated. The typical
indicated on the contract documents. mock up is a standalone item that is not incorporated into the
final work. However, the specifier may designate a larger mock
1. Locate mockups on-site or in the fabricator’s shop as
up that is incorporated into the final work. This intent must be
directed by Architect. Mockups shall be full size unless
clearly indicated on the architectural drawings and the specifier
the Architect approves smaller models. Alternatively,
should consult with the fabricator and contractor regarding the
when a mockup is not practical, the first piece of an
practicality and sequencing of incorporating a mock up into the
element or connection can be used to determine
final work.
acceptability.
Mock ups are only required for AESS 3, AESS 4 and AESS C.
2. Notify the Architect one week in advance of the dates Delete “D” for AESS 1 and 2.
and times when mockups will be available for review.
E. Samples: Provide samples of specific AESS characteristics
3. Demonstrate all applicable AESS characteristics for Samples may be small size samples or components of
the specified category of AESS on the elements and conventional structural steel demonstrating the following
joints in the mock up. specific AESS characteristics.

4. Build mockups using member sizes and materials 1. Continuous weld appearance
indicated for final Work.
2. Sharp edges ground smooth
5. The mock up shall demonstrate weld quality and
3. Surface preparation
contouring of the welds at the aligned walls of the
members. 4. Fabrication mark removal
6. The mock up shall demonstrate the specified surface 5. Weld show through.
preparation and finish coating.
Editor’s Note: Delete samples for AESS 3, 4 and C where a mock
7. HSS members shall extend at least 6 in. from the joint up is used. Section E provides the editor with the option to obtain
in the mock-up. samples for AESS 1 and 2 without requirement for a full mock up.
Delete Section E if samples are not desired. Consider expanding
8. Obtain Architect’s written approval of mockups before
Section E to include AESS 3 and 4 characteristics if a full-scale
starting fabrication
mock up is not used for AESS 3 and 4.
9. Retain and maintain mockups during construction in
an undisturbed condition as a standard for judging the
completed work.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 SSS: Bolt head orientation not defined. AESS 1: Bolt head orientation defined, backing bar removed.

1.5 INFORMATIONAL SUBMITTALS up coordination, architect’s observations, and other

requirements for AESS.
A. General: Submit each item below according to the Condi-
tions of the Contract and Division 1 Specification Sections. 1.7 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
B. Qualification data for firms and persons specified in the A. Deliver AESS to Project site in such quantities and at such
“Quality Assurance” Submittal to demonstrate their times to ensure continuity of installation. All tie downs
capabilities and experience. Include lists of completed on loads shall be nylon straps or shall use softeners when
projects names and address, names and addresses of using chains or wire rope slings to avoid damage to edges
architects and owners, and other information specified. and surfaces of members. The standard for acceptance of
delivered and erected members shall be equivalent to the
[For each project, submit photographs showing detail of
standard employed at fabrication.
installed AESS.]
B. Store materials to permit easy access for inspection
1.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE
and identification. Keep steel members off ground by
A. Fabricator Qualifications: In addition to those qualifica- using pallets, platforms, or other supports. Protect steel
tions listed in Division 5 Section “Structural Steel”, en- members and packaged materials from erosion and
gage an AISC Certified Fabricator, experienced in fabri- deterioration. Use special care in handling to prevent
cating AESS similar to that indicated for this Project with twisting or warping of AESS members.
a record of successful in-service performance, as well as
C. Handle finish pieces using nylon type slings, or chains
sufficient production capacity to fabricate AESS without
with softeners, or wire ropes with softeners such that
delaying the Work.
they are not damaged. Conform to ANSI/AISC 303-16
B. Erector Qualifications: In addition to those qualifications Sections 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6.
listed in Division 5 Section “Structural Steel”, engage an
1.8 PROJECT CONDITIONS
AISC Certified Erector, experienced in erecting AESS
work similar in material, design, and extent to that A. Field Measurements: Where AESS is indicated to fit
indicted for this Project and with a record of successful against walls and other construction, verify dimensions
in-service performance. by field measurements before fabrication and indicate
measurements on Fabrication Documents. Coordinate
C. Comply with applicable provisions of the following
fabrication schedule with construction progress to avoid
specifications and documents:
delaying the work.
1. ANSI/AISC 303-16, Code of Standard Practice for Steel
1.9 COORDINATION
Buildings and Bridges, Section 10.
A. Coordinate installation of anchors for AESS members
D. Pre-installation Conference: The General Contractor
that connect to the work of other trades. Furnish
shall schedule and conduct conference at the project
setting drawings, templates, and directions for installing
site to comply with requirements of Division 1 Section
anchors, including sleeves, concrete inserts, anchor bolts,
“Project Meetings.” As a minimum, the meeting shall
and items with integral anchors, that are to be embedded
include the General Contractor, Fabricator, Erector,
in concrete or masonry. Deliver such items to the
the finish-painting subcontractor, and the Architect.
project site in time for installation. Anchorage concepts
Coordinate requirements for shipping, special handling,
shall be as indicated on drawings and approved on final
storage, attachment of safety cables and temporary
Fabrication Documents.
erection bracing, final coating, touch up painting, mock

NOVEMBER 2017
 SSS: Intermittent/stitch weld between bottom flange and AESS 1: Continuous weld appearance.
cover plate.

PART 2 – PRODUCTS G. Zinc Rich Primer: High-zinc-dust-content paint for

galvanized steel, with dry film coating not less than 90
2.1 MATERIALS
percent zinc dust by weight.
A. General: Meet requirements Division 5 Section
Editors’ Note: The primer specified in Section 05 12 13 must be
‘Structural Steel 05 12 23’ as amended below.
a component of the finish coat system listed in Section 09 97 00
B. High-Strength Bolts, Nuts, and Washers: Per Section to ensure coating compatibility. Editor to select either C, D, E, F
05 12 23 heavy hex heads and nuts Provide [rounded or G as required for compatibility with 09 97 00. Delete H if
bolt heads with twist off bolts] [Heavy Hex bolt heads galvanizing is not used.
with standard bolts]. Provide [standard carbon steel] The use of the Federal Specification System (i.e. FS TT-P-
[Cadmium plated] [Mechanically galvanized] finish. 6664) is obsolete since many of these specifications do not address
current VOC regulations and other environmental standards such
2.2 PAINT SYSTEM
as lead and chromate’s. Primers for steel come in a variety of resins
A. Compatibility: All components/procedures of the AESS such as alkyd, waterborne epoxy, and zinc rich.
paint system shall conform to the coating system specified,
Acrylic Primer: Acrylic primers are corrosion resistant and
submitted, and approved per Division 9. As a minimum
water soluble often providing a lower VOC. They are available
identify required surface preparation, primer, intermediate
in shop coat quality up to a universal primer for use under high
coat (if applicable), and finish coat. Primer, intermediate
performance coatings such as epoxies and urethanes.
coating and finish coating shall be from a single
manufacturer combined in a system documented by the Epoxy Primer: Epoxy primers provide excellent corrosion
manufacturer with adequate guidance for the fabricator to protection for steel and can be top coated with a variety of finishes.
procure and execute. Epoxy primers can be applied in the shop and typically have a high
film build that will hide minor imperfections.
B. Primer: As specified in 09 97 00 Special Coatings. Primer
shall comply with all federal standards for VOC, lead and Zinc Rich Primer: Zinc rich primer provides superior corrosion
chromate levels protection by providing cathodic protection to the steel. Zinc rich
coatings can be specified as either organic zinc or inorganic zinc.
C. Primer: Acrylic water soluble shop coat with good
Both inorganic and organic will meet class B slip coefficients for
resistance to normal atmospheric corrosion. Primer shall
bolted connections. In arid regions (such as the Rocky Mountain
comply with all federal standards for VOC, lead and
Region) organic epoxy/zinc primers should be specified, as they do
chromate levels.]
not rely on an outside source (humidity) for cure. Inorganic zinc
D. [Primer: Fast curing two-part epoxy. Primer shall requires a constant humidity of no less than 40% RH for proper
comply with all federal standards for VOC, lead and cure. If an intermediate and finish coat are to be completed in the
chromate levels.] shop, the lack of humidity can cause delays in both the painting
process and project as the zinc must be cured prior to top-coating.
E. [Primer: Organic, epoxy/zinc rich meeting class B surface
Although a urethane finish coat may be applied directly over an
requirements for slip critical connections. Primer shall
organic zinc, it is suggested an intermediate epoxy coating be used
comply with all federal standards for VOC, lead and
to prevent “pin holing” in the urethane coating, promote adhesion
chromate levels.]
of the system, and increase film build to hide imperfections in the
F. [Primer: Inorganic zinc rich meeting class B surface steel. Alkyd finish coats should not be specified over zinc primers.
requirements for slip critical connections. Primer shall For galvanizing repair, an organic zinc with not less than 90%
comply with all federal standards for VOC, lead and zinc by weight in the dry film should be used for re-galvanizing
chromate levels.] welds and damaged due to erection.
 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION
 AESS 2: Standard joint gap tolerances. AESS 3: Joint gap tolerances minimized and butt and
plug welds ground smooth and filled.

H. Finish Coating: Field apply intermediate and top coats B. The permissible tolerances for member depth, width, out
per Section 09 97 00. of square, and camber and sweep shall be as specified in
ASTM A6/A6M-2014 Standard Specification for General
FINISHES
Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates,
When possible, finish coating should be done in the field after
Shapes, and Sheet Piling (ASTM A6/A6M), ASTM A500/
erection. Finish coats applied in the shop almost always incur
A500M-2013 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed
damage from handling in shipping and erection. This often results
Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in
in applying an additional finish coat in the field or completing
Rounds and Shapes (ASTM A500/A500M), and Standard
costly touch up which often does not blend in with the original
Specification for Cold-Formed Welded Carbon Steel Structural
finish. Finish coats for aggressive environments such as swimming
Sections (HSS) (ASTM A1085/A1085M).
pools may require special preparation of the steel, primer and finish
coating. Consult with a manufacturer’s representative for such C. Fabricate and assemble AESS in the shop to the greatest
special conditions. extent possible. Locate field joints in AESS assemblies
at concealed locations or as approved by the Architect.
*Note—If finish painting is to be done prior to delivery of the steel,
Detail AESS assemblies to minimize field handling and
special Sections should be added to ensure proper handling and
expedite erection.
minimize damage.
Common Finish coatings for commercial projects with AESS D. Remove blemishes or unsightly surfaces resulting from
fall into the following categories. temporary braces or fixtures.
Alkyds (Oil-based): Acceptable finish coat for interior E. Remove all backing and run out tabs.
applications and some exterior application. Dries to hard
F. Grind all sharp edges smooth, including all sheared,
durable finish. When applied specified for exterior use, alkyds
punched or flame cut edges
will chalk and fade with UV exposure in a relatively brief
period. Can be brush, roll or spray applied. G. Provide a continuous appearance to all welded joints includ-
ing tack welds. Provide joint filler at intermittent welds.
Acrylics (Waterborne): Acceptable finish coat for both interior
and exterior service. Acrylics provide good color and gloss H. Bolted Connections: Make in accordance with Section 05
retention under UV exposure. Can be easily applied by brush, 12 00. Provide bolt type and finish as noted herein.
roller or spray. Low odor and VOC for interior application.
I. Weld Connections: Comply with AWS D1.1 and Section
Epoxy: Can be applied as a finish for interior use where 05 12 00. Appearance and quality of welds shall be
abrasion resistance is required. The high build nature of film consistent. Assemble and weld built-up Sections by
can help cover imperfections in the steel. It will chalk and fade methods that will maintain alignment of members
with UV exposure. without warp exceeding the tolerance of this Section.
Polyurethane: Provides high performance protection with J. Install all bolts on the same side of the connection.
excellent color and gloss retention. It has a higher film build Oriented uniformly in the direction indicated Consistent
than alkyd or acrylic will help cover imperfections in the steel. from one connection to another.
Should be spray applied for best appearance.
K. Remove all weld spatter, slivers and similar surface
2.3 FABRICATION AESS 1 discontinuities.
A. Use special care in handling and shipping of AESS both L. Grind off projections larger than 1∕16 in. at butt and
before and after shop painting minimize damage to any plug welds.
shop finish. Use Nylon type slings or softeners when
using chains or wire rope slings.

NOVEMBER 2017
 AESS 3: A contoured weld. AESS 4: In addition to a contoured and blended appearance,
weld transitions also are contoured and blended.

M.
Continuous Weld Appearance: Where continuous F. Mill marks shall not be exposed to view. If it is not possible
welding is noted on the drawings, provide welds of a to hide mill marks, then the mill marks are to be removed
uniform size and profile by appropriate length cutting of mill material. If this is
not possible, the fabricator shall remove the mill mark,
N. Seal Welds: Seal weld open ends of round and rectangular
grind, and fill the surface to be consistent with the
hollow structural Section with 3∕8 in. closure plates.
approved mock up.
Provide venting as required for galvanized members.
G. The matching of abutting cross Sections is required
Editor’s Note: drainage and venting holes need to be coordinated to
account for the galvanizing process and in-service drainage. 2.6 FABRICATION AESS 4
2.4 FABRICATION AESS 2 A. Fabricate to the requirements of 2.5 and as follows.
A. Fabricate to Requirements of 2.3 and as follows B. Contouring and blending of welds: Where welds are indi-
cated to be ground contoured, or blended, oversize welds
B. The as-fabricated straightness tolerance shall be one-
as required and grind to provide a smooth transition and
half of that specified in ASTM A6/A6M, ASTM A500/
match profile on approved mock-up.
A500M, or ASTM A1085/A1085M.
C. Minimize Weld Show Through: At locations where weld-
C. For curved structural members, whether composed of a
ing on the opposite side of an exposed connection creates
single standard structural shape or built-up, the as-fab-
distortion, weld show through shall be minimized to con-
ricated variation from the theoretical curvature shall be
form to the approved mock up.
equal to or less than the standard camber and sweep tol-
erances permitted for straight members in the applicable D. Open holes shall be filled with weld metal or body filler
ASTM standard. and smoothed by grinding or filling to the standards ap-
plicable to the shop fabrication of the materials.
D. The tolerance on overall profile dimensions of welded built-
up members shall one-half of that specified in AWS D1.1/ 2.7 FABRICATION AESS C
D1.1M: 2015 Structural Welding Code – Steel (AWS D1.1).
Editor’s Note: This Section is for customized projects, hence the lack of
E. Provide hidden part marks or piece marks that may be specific language.
fully removed after erection.
A. X
2.5 FABRICATION AESS 3
B. X
A. Fabricate to Requirements of 2.4 and as follows
C. X
B. Fabricate AESS with exposed surfaces smooth, square and
Editor’s Note: Refer to the Editor’s Note to Paragraph 1.3
of surface quality consistent with the approved mock up.
2.8 SHOP PRIMING
C. Grind projections at butt and plug welds to be smooth
with the adjacent surface. A. Provide surface preparations to SSPC-SP6. Coordinate the
required surface profile with the approved paint submittal
D. Orientation of HSS seams shall be as shown.
prior to beginning surface preparation. Prior to blasting
E. Copes, miters, and cuts in surfaces exposed to view shall remove any grease and oil using solvent cleaning to meet
have a maximum gap of 1∕8 in. in an open joint. If the gap SSPC-SP 1. Weld spatter, slivers and similar surface
is shown to be in contact, the contact shall be uniform discontinuities shall be removed. Sharp corners resulting
within 1∕16 in. from shearing, flame cutting or grinding shall be eased.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 B. Shop prime steel surfaces, except the following: SSPC SP 6 – SSPC Surface Preparation Specification No. 6,
Commercial Blast Cleaning. (This level of surface preparation
1. Surfaces embedded in concrete or mortar. Extend
adds significantly to the cost. It is required for epoxy primers for
priming of partially embedded members to a depth
adequate bonding to the steel and recommended for locations where
of 2 inches.
a rust inhibitive primer will be used in an exterior application. It
2. Surfaces to be field welded. is also required where polyurethane finish coats will be used over
the primer.)
3. Surfaces to be high-strength bolted with slip-critical
connections, C. Priming: Immediately after surface preparation, apply
primer according to manufacturer’s instructions to
Editor’s Note: The default surface preparation for all AESS per
provide a dry film thickness of not less than 1.5 mils
the COSP is SSPC-SP-6. Consider if SSPC-SP6 is needed, or
(0.038 mm). Use priming methods that result in full
if a lower cost preparation will suffice. Many coatings can utilize
coverage of joints, corners, edges, and exposed surfaces.
SP2 or SP3 and the cost savings is significant. Refer to Section 1.1
in the COSP for instructions for the specification of alternatives 1. Stripe paint corners, crevices, bolts, welds,
to the COSP. and sharp edges.
The level of surface preparation must be compatible with the
2. Apply two coats of shop primer to surfaces that are
specified coating system. It is important the correct level of surface
inaccessible after assembly or erection.
preparation be specified in the contract documents to avoid change
orders during construction and to ensure the performance of the Editor’s Note: Finish painting in the shop is not recommended by
paint system. either the fabrication or painting community that contributed to
this specification. If finish painting is to be done prior to delivery of
The most common levels of SSPC surface preparation specifications
the steel special paragraphs should be added here.
are listed below:
2.9 GALVANIZING
SSPC SP 1 – SSPC Surface Preparation Specification 1,
Solvent Cleaning. Editor’s Note: Galvanized steel should not be painted with alkyd
top coats as loss of adhesion will occur. An intermediate coat of high
SSPC SP 2 – SSPC Surface Preparation Specification 2,
build epoxy should be used if an alkyd paint is described as the finish
Hand Tool Cleaning. (This level of surface preparation may not
coat. Zinc coatings produced by the hot dip galvanizing process
be adequate for various paint systems for AESS construction)
are excellent corrosion protection systems but, when the coating
SSPC SP 3 – SSPC Surface Preparation Specification 3, becomes very thick or dull gray, the coating may not be suitable
Power Tool Cleaning. (This level of surface preparation is the for architectural applications. The appearance can become blotchy
minimum for most AESS projects. It may be acceptable for alkyd with Sections of dull finish and Sections with bright finish. Almost
primers and acrylic or alkyd finish coats, particularly in interior all of these surface effects last for the first couple of years and then
applications.). the coating becomes uniformly dull gray as the protective layer of
corrosion products is formed on the surface of the galvanized steel.
NOVEMBER 2017
 These four (from left to right, AESS 1, 2, 3 and 4) allow invested
parties to see the range of possible appearance levels cor-
responding to the characteristics of each AESS Category.
Standardized shop drawings for the sculptures have been
developed by AISC, with the hope that professional organiza-
tions across the country will embrace the concept and fund
fabrications that can be accessed locally.

B. AESS acceptance: The Architect shall observe the AESS

steel in the shop at a viewing distance consistent with the
final installation and determine acceptability based on the
qualification data and submittals. The Quality Assurance
agency shall have no responsibility for enforcing the
requirements of this Section.
2.11 FABRICATION QUALITY CONTROL AND
QUALITY ASSURANCE AESS 3 AND 4
A. Conform to 2.10 and as follows.
B. AESS acceptance: The Architect shall observe the AESS
steel in the shop at a viewing distance consistent with the
final installation and determine acceptability based on the
The cause of the irregular surface finishes is the variation in steel approved mock up. The Quality Assurance Agency shall
chemistry of the parts to be hot dip galvanized. ASTM A385/ have no responsibility for enforcing the requirements of
A385M – 2015 Standard Practice for Providing High- this Section.
Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip) and ASTM A123/A123M– Editor’s Note: Consider if a shop visit by the architect is appropriate
Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot Dip Galvanized) based on the scale and complexity of the project. Delete if not required.
Coatings on Iron and Steel Products describe the effects of steel
chemistry on the hot dip galvanized finish. The two elements with PART 3 – EXECUTION
the most influence are silicon and phosphorus. If these elements 3.1 EXAMINATION
are controlled to recommended levels, the finish will be bright and
shiny. Many steel makers control the overall impurity content but A. The erector shall check all AESS members upon delivery
not these two specific elements so there may be some parts that are for twist, kinks, gouges or other imperfections which
bright and shiny and some that are dull gray. Care should be taken may result in rejection of the appearance of the member.
when hot dip galvanizing if an architectural finish is expected. Coordinate remedial action with fabricator prior to
erecting steel.
A. Hot-Dip Galvanized Finish: Apply zinc coating by the hot-
dip process to AESS indicated for galvanizing according to 3.2 PREPARATION
ASTM A123/A123M – 2015 Standard Specification for Zinc
A. Provide connections for temporary shoring, bracing and
(Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products.
supports only where noted on the approved Fabrication
Fabricate such that all connections of assemblies are made
Documents. Temporary connections not shown shall
in the field with bolted connections where possible.
be made at locations not exposed to view in the final
2.10 FABRICATION QUALITY CONTROL AND structure or as approved by the Architect. Handle,
QUALITY ASSURANCE AESS 1 AND 2 lift and align pieces using nylon straps or chains with
softeners required to maintain the appearance of the
A. Structural requirements: AESS through the process of erection.
1. Conform to Quality Control requirements per ANSI/AISC Editor’s Note: The following is a list of special erection issues that
360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings Chapter N may impact the final appearance of the AESS. Many of these
and ANSI/AISC 303-16, Code of Standard Practice for Steel items have cost premiums and should not be used indiscriminately.
Buildings and Bridges, Section 10. Refer to Section 05 12 Refer to the AISC cost matrix for anticipated range of added cost
00 “Structural Steel” for additional requirements. associated with each line.
2. Owner will engage a Quality Assurance agency per the 3.3 ERECTION AESS 1
requirements of ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings Chapter N and ANSI/AISC A. Employ special care to handle and erect AESS. Erect
303-16, Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and finish pieces using nylon straps or chains with softeners
Bridges, Section 10 such that they are not damaged.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 AESS 2: HSS weld seam orientation not defined. AESS 3: HSS weld seam oriented for reduced visibility.

B. Place weld tabs for temporary bracing and safety cabling K. Grind off projections larger than 1∕16 in. at field butt and
at points concealed from view in the completed structure plug welds.
or where approved by the Architect during the pre-
L. Continuous Welds: Where continuous welding is noted
installation meeting. Methods of removing temporary
on the drawings, provide continuous welds of a uniform
erection devices and finishing the AESS members shall be
size and profile.
approved by the Architect prior to erection.
M. Do not enlarge holes in members by burning or by using
C. AESS Erection tolerances: Erection tolerances shall meet
drift pins. Ream holes that must be enlarged to admit
the requirements of standard frame tolerances for struc-
bolts. Replace connection plates that are misaligned where
tural steel per Chapter 7 of ANSI/AISC 303-16.
holes cannot be aligned with acceptable final appearance.
Editor’s Note: ANSI/AISC 303-16 specifies that AESS 2 and
N. Splice members only where indicated.
above framing shall be fabricated to one-half the tolerance of typical
structural steel frames. This requirement is intended to improve O. Obtain permission for any torch cutting or field fabri-
fit up when the exposed steel interfaces with other materials such cation from the Architect. Finish Sections thermally cut
as curtain wall masonry, etc. The variations permitted under the during erection to a surface appearance consistent with
standard frame tolerances noted in Chapter 7 will typically be the mock up.
acceptable when viewed by eye (without instruments). Therefore,
3.4 ERECTION AESS 2
standard frame tolerances are allowed for Erection tolerances.
Adjust if tighter tolerances are required. A. Erect to the requirements of 3.3 and as follows.
D. Set AESS accurately in locations and to elevations indi- B. AESS Erection Tolerances: Erect to standard frame
cated and according to AISC specifications referenced in tolerances for structural steel per Chapter 7 of ANSI/
this Section. AISC 303-16.
E. Remove blemishes or unsightly surfaces resulting from 3.5 ERECTION AESS 3
temporary braces or fixtures.
A. Erect to the requirements of 3.4 and as follows.
F. Remove all backing and run out tabs.
B. Field Welding: Weld profile, quality, and finish shall be
G. When temporary braces or fixtures are required to facili- consistent with mock-ups approved prior to fabrication.
tate erection, care shall be taken to avoid any blemishes,
C. Provide a continuous appearance to all welded joints
holes or unsightly surfaces resulting from the use or re-
including tack welds. Provide joint filler at intermittent
moval of such temporary elements.
welds.
H. Bolted Connections: Align bolt heads on the same side of
3.6 ERECTION AESS 4
the connection as indicated on the approved fabrication
or erection documents. A. Erect to the requirements of 3.5 and as follows.
I. Weld Connections: Comply with AWS D1.1 and B. Welds ground smooth: Erector shall grind welds smooth.
Section 05 12 00. Appearance and quality of welds
shall be consistent. Employ methods that will maintain C. Minimize Weld Show Through: At locations where
alignment of members without warp exceeding the welding on the far side of an exposed connection creates
tolerance of this Section. distortion, grind distortion and marking of the steel to a
smooth profile with adjacent material.
J. Remove all weld spatter exposed to view.

NOVEMBER 2017
 D. Filling of weld access holes: Where holes must be cut in
the web at the interSection with flanges on W shapes and
Resources
structural tees to permit field welding of the flanges, they
Visit www.aisc.org/AESS to access a variety of
shall be filled with joint filler.
AESS reources:
E. Where welds are indicated to be ground, contoured, or ➤ The 2016 Code of Standard Practice for
blended, oversize welds as required and grind to provide a Steel Buildings and Bridges (ANSI/AISC
smooth transition and match profile on approved mock-up. 303-16) provides a framework for a common
understanding of the acceptable standards
3.7 ERECTION AESS C when contracting for structural steel. Section
Editor’s Note: This Section is for customized projects, hence the lack of 10 deals explicitly with AESS.
specific language. ➤ The AESS sample specification (also on the
preceding pages) is an editable sample spec
A. …. that you can update and insert into your
B. ….. individual project specifications.
➤ The AESS Cost Matrix (also on the following
C. ….. page) is an editable matrix that you can
3.8 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY update to anticipate cost implications by
ASSURANCE AESS 1 and 2 specifying various levels of AESS on
your project.
C. Structural requirements: ➤ Shop drawings of the five AESS sculptures,
3. Conform to Quality Control requirements per ANSI/ which you can download and use to fabricate
AISC 360-16 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings your own versions. Or reach out to the AISC
Chapter N and ANSI/AISC 303-16, Code of Standard Steel Solutions Center at [email protected]
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, Section 10. Refer if you’d like us to put you in touch with a local
to Section 05 12 00 “Structural Steel” for additional fabricator to purchase your own sculptures!
requirements.
You can also visit www.modernsteel.com to view
4. Owner will engage a Quality Assurance agency per the articles on the photos and projects that appeared
requirements of ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification for in this section:
Structural Steel Buildings Chapter N and ANSI/AISC 303- ➤ Terri Meyer Boake’s favorite exposed
16, Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, connections: “Fun is in the Details,”
Section 10 March 2016
➤ Kline Fitness Center addition at Dickinson
D. AESS acceptance: The Architect shall observe the AESS
College: “Squashing the Competition,”
steel in place and determine acceptability based on the
January 2016
qualification data and submittals. The Quality Assurance ➤ Technology Tower at North Carolina State
Agency shall have no responsibility for enforcing the University’s Talley Center:
requirements of this Section. “Tower of Technology,” June 2015
3.9 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL AESS 3, 4, and C ➤ Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal
Center (ARTIC): IDEAS2 Awards article,
A. Conform to 3.7 and as follows. May 2015
➤ Denver Union Station: IDEAS2 Awards article,
B. AESS acceptance: The Architect shall observe the AESS steel
May 2015
in place and determine acceptability based on the approved
➤ Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO)
mock up. The Quality Assurance Agency shall have no
at the University of Arizona’s Biosphere
responsibility for enforcing the requirements of this Section. 2 research facility: “Under the Dome,”
3.10 ADJUSTING AND CLEANING November 2014
➤ United Therapeutics Pedestrian Connector:
A. Touchup Painting: Cleaning and touchup painting of field IDEAS2 Awards article, May 2014
welds, bolted connections, and abraded areas of shop paint ➤ Queen Richmond Centre West:
shall be completed to blend with the adjacent surfaces of “Jacks of All Trades,” March 2014
AESS. Such touch up work shall be done in accordance with ➤ Solar Canopy: IDEAS2 Awards article,
manufacturer’s instructions and as specified in Division 9, May 2013
Section “Painting.” ➤ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency:
IDEAS2 Awards article, May 2013
B. Galvanized Surfaces: Clean field welds, bolted connections, ➤ The Tea House, “What’s Cool in Steel,”
and abraded area. Any repairs to galvanized surfaces August 2012
shall comply with ASTM A780/A780M – 2015 Standard ➤ Sprint Center: “Bending Around
Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot Dip (Sprint Center),” July 2008
Galvanized Coatings.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 AESS CATEGORY MATRIX AESS C AESS 4 AESS 3
Identify AESS components specifically by category in the contract documents FEATURE
**Reference Table 10.1 of the 2016 AISC Code of Standard Practice CUSTOM SHOWCASE ELEMENTS IN
SPEC AISC COSP ELEMENTS ELEMENTS CLOSE VIEW
I.D. CATEGORY CHARACTERISTICS view distance < 20 ft
SECTION SECTION
2.8.A 10.4.11 1.1 Surface preparation to SSPC-SP 6 × ×
2.3.F 10.4.11 1.2 Sharp edges ground smooth × ×
2.3.M ** 1.3 Continuous weld appearance × ×
2.3.J 10.6(f) 1.4 Standard structural bolts × ×
2.3.K 10.4.8, 10.4.11 1.5 Weld spatters removed × ×

1.4.D, 1.4.E 10.1.1, 10.1.2 2.1 Visual Samples mock-up required mock-up required
2.4.B 10.4.3(b), 10.4.5 2.2 One-half standard fabrication tolerances × ×
2.4.E 10.4.1 2.3 Fabrication marks not apparent × ×
** ** 2.4 Welds uniform and smooth × ×

2.5.F ** 3.1 Mill marks removed × ×

2.5.C 10.4.9 3.2 Butt and plug welds ground smooth and filled × ×
2.5.D 10.4.12 3.3 HSS weld seam oriented per contract documents × ×
2.5.G 10.4.3(a) 3.4 Cross-sectional abutting surface aligned × ×
2.5.E 10.4.6 3.5 Joint gap tolerances minimized × ×
** ** 3.6 All welded connections optional optional

** 10.4.12 4.1 HSS seam not apparent ×

2.6.B 10.4.8 4.2 Welds contoured and blended ×
2.6.D 10.4.7, 10.6(g) 4.3 Surfaces filled and sanded ×
2.6.C 10.4.10 4.4 Weld show-through minimized ×

10.1.1, 10.2(c ) C.1

Additional characteristics may be added for
C.2 custom elements. The AESS matrix included in
C.3 Table 10.1 of the 2016 AISC Code of Standard
C.4 Practice shall be used to specify the required
treatment of the elements.
C.5

1.7.B, 2.3.A,
3.3.A
10.5, 10.6 Special care in fabrication and erection × × ×

10.1 Estimated cost premium

low to high high moderate
(commentary) above standard structural steel
Range in cost increase XX% to XX% 100% – 150% 40% – 75%

2.4.C 10.4.4 n/a CURVED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Camber and sweep tolerances shall be equal to
XX% to XX% XX% to XX% XX% to XX%
or less than straight members

PRIMER AND FINISH COATINGS

2.2, 2.8 Finish A: Interior Environment – low end finish
2.2, 2.8 Finish B: Interior environment – high end finish
2.2, 2.8 Finish C: Exterior environment – low end finish
2.2, 2.8 Finish D: Exterior environment – high end finish
2.9 Finish E: Galvanizing

Range in cost increase above shop primed with

XX% to XX% XX% to XX% XX% to XX%
no finish coat
Accumulated range of cost increase XX% to XX% XX% to XX% XX% to XX%

Footnote A. Cost premium for SSPC-SP6 is included in values provided for Primer and Finish Coatings, Finish B through Finish D.
Disclaimer: Cost premiums shown here are for informational purposes, and are not intended to be used for cost estimating purposes.
Every project is unique, and budgeting must be performed on a project-by-project basis.

NOVEMBER 2017
 AESS 2 AESS 1
FEATURE ADDED COST I.D. CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION
ELEMENTS NOT BASIC RANGE 1.1 Surface preparation to Grease, oil, weld spatter and surface
IN CLOSE VIEW ELEMENTS TO AESS SSPC-SP 6 discontinuities are removed
view distance > 20 ft (Relative to non-AESS) 1.2 Sharp edges Rough surfaces are deburred and ground
ground smooth smooth. Sharp edges resulting from flame
× × footnote A
cutting, grinding and especially shearing
× × 1% – 10% are softened.
× × 1% – 10% 1.3 Continuous weld Intermittent welds are made to appear
× × 1% – 5% appearance continuous, either with additional welding,
caulking or body filler. For corrosive
× × 1% – 5% environments, all joints are seal welded.
Seams of hollow structural sections are
optional 5% – 25% acceptable as produced.
1.4 Standard structural bolts All bolt heads in connections are on the
× 5% – 15%
same side, as specified, and consistent
× 5% – 15% from one connection to another.
× 5% – 15% 1.5 Weld spatters removed Weld spatter, slivers, surface
discontinuities are removed.
Weld projection up to 1⁄16 in. (2 mm)
5% – 15%
is acceptable for butt and plug
5% – 10% welded joints.
1% – 5%
5% – 15% 2.1 Visual Samples Visual samples are either a 3D rendering,
5% – 10% a physical sample, a first-off inspection, a
scaled mock-up or a full-scale mock-up,
15% – 30% as specified in the contract documents.
Mock-ups are optional in AESS 2.
5% – 20% 2.2 One-half standard These tolerances are one-half of those for
fabrication tolerances standard structural steel as specified in
25% – 40%
this Code.
30% – 50%
2.3 Fabrication marks not Members markings during the fabrication
5% – 20% apparent and erection processes are not to be
visible to view.
2.4 Welds uniform Welds are to be uniform and smooth.
and smooth

3.1 Mill marks removed Mill marks are to be removed from view.
3.2 Butt and plug welds Caulking or body filler is acceptable.
ground smooth and filled
3.3 HSS weld seam oriented Seams are oriented away from view or as
per contract documents indicated in the contract documents.
× × XX% to XX%
3.4 Cross sectional abutting The matching of abutting cross sections is
surface aligned required.
3.5 Joint gap tolerances This characteristic is similar to 2.2 above.
low to moderate low minimized A clear distance between abutting
members of 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) is required.
25% – 35% 10% – 20% 3.6 All welded connections Hidden bolts may be considered.

4.1 HSS seam not apparent Seams on HSS members are treated so
they are not apparent.
XX% to XX% XX% to XX% 4.2 Welds contoured In addition to a contoured and blended
and blended appearance, welded transitions between
members also are contoured and blended.
4.3 Surfaces filled Surfaces are to be filled with weld metal
5% – 15% and sanded or body filler, smoothed and sanded to
15% – 30% achieve a smooth surface.

20% – 40% 4.4 Weld show-through Weld show-through on the back side of
minimized a welded element can be minimized by
30% – 50% hand grinding the back side surface. The
20% – 40% degree of weld-through is a function of
weld size and material.

XX% to XX% XX% to XX% C Custom elements Additional characteristics may be added
for custom elements. The AESS matrix
XX% to XX% XX% to XX%
included in Table 10.1 of the 2016
AISC Code of Standard Practice shall
be used to specify the required treatment
of the elements.

 Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION