VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,

BELGAUM

PROJECT REPORT
on
“DRIVER SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEM”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

For the academic year 2018-2019

Submitted by

Monisha V.(1CR15TE038)

Under the guidance of

Internal Guides

Mr. Raveesh Hegde Mr. Hemanth kumar

Asst. Professor Asst. Professor
Dept. of TCE Dept. of TCE
CMRIT, Bengaluru CMRIT, Bengaluru

2018-2019
Department Of Telecommunication Engineering
CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bangalore - 560 037
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the Project work entitled “Driver safety monitoring system”, carried by
Monisha V (1CR15TE038) is a bonafide student of CMR Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Telecommunication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi-590018 during the academic year 2018-19. This
is certified that all the corrections and suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have
been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The Project report has
been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed for the said degree.

---------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------

Signature of Guides Signature of HoD Signature of Principal
Mr. Raveesh Hegde
Mr. Hemanth Kumar Mr.Mahesh Kumar Jha Dr. Sanjay Jain
Asst. Professors (HoD) CMRIT
Dept. of TCE, CMRIT Dept. of TCE, CMRIT

External Viva
Name of the Examiner Signature with date
1.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning the people whose proper guidance and encouragement has served
as a beacon and crowned my efforts with success. I take an opportunity to thank all the
distinguished personalities for their enormous and precious support and encouragement
throughout the duration of this seminar.
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and respect to CMR Institute of
Technology, Bangalore for providing me an opportunity to carry out my project work.
I have a great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Sanjay Jain,
Principal, CMRIT, Bangalore, for his constant encouragement.
With profound sense of gratitude, I acknowledge the guidance and support extended by
Mr.Mahesh Kumar Jha , HoD, Department of Telecommunication Engineering, CMRIT,
Bangalore. His incessant encouragement and invaluable technical support have been of immense
help in realizing this project work. His guidance gave me the environment to enhance my
knowledge, skills and to reach the pinnacle with sheer determination, dedication and hard work.
I consider it a privilege and honor to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Mr.
Raveesh Hedge, Assistant Professor, Department of Telecommunication Engineering, and Mr.
Hemanth Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Telecommunication Engineering, for the
valuable guidance throughout the tenure of this review.
I also extend my thanks to the faculties of Telecommunication Department who directly
or indirectly encouraged me throughout the course of project work.
I thank my parents and friends for all their moral support they have given me during the
completion of this work.
 ABSTRACT
A person driving needs to be able to focus on driving at all instances. Any prolonged or
sudden complications to the person driving the vehicle can cause serious accidents/damages. To
ignore the importance of this could result in severe physical injuries, deaths and economic losses.

Road incidents remain the leading type of fatal work-related event, carrying tremendous
personal, social, and economic costs. While employers with a fixed worksite can observe and
interact directly with workers in an effort to promote safety and reduce risk, employers with
workers who operate a motor vehicle as part of their job have fewer options. New technologies
such as on-board safety monitoring systems offer the potential to further improve safety. These
technologies allow vehicle owners to collect safety-specific information related to a driver's on-
the-road behavior and performance. While many such devices are being developed and
implemented in both commercial fleets and private vehicles, the scientific examination of these
devices has lagged by comparison.

The main objective of this project is to reduce road accidents. Therefore the aim of the
project is to monitor the safety of the driver. Firstly, we are proposing an access restriction
system implemented to provide an additional layer of security to prevent car theft. This card is
also used for driver authentication purpose (to check for a valid license). Secondly, alcohol levels
of the driver are monitored using an alcohol sensor. Thirdly, driver’s drowsiness is monitored
using a fatigue monitoring system. A non-intrusive heart rate sensor is added to the safety
monitoring system to measure the pulse rate to monitor the driver’s health.

This system provides a unique method to curb drunk drivers. An engine interlocking
system is being implemented to ensure the driver’s safety. The safety monitoring system consists
of an RFID scanner, an MQ3 breathalyzer for alcohol detection, a raspberry pi interfaced camera
module to monitor driver drowsiness and a PPG sensor to check for abnormality in the heart rate
of the driver.
 CONTENTS

Page No.
CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature survey 9

3. Motivation 15

4. Objective 17

5. Methodology 19

5.1 Car security using RFID 19

5.2 Alcohol detection using breathalyser 23

5.3 Heart beat analysis using PPG sensor 31

5.4 Driver drowsiness detection 34

6. Result and conclusion 38

References 42
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

2.1 ECG reader integrated into car seat by ford 9

5.1 An RFID card 19

5.2 MFRC522 module 20

5.3 Block diagram of MFRC522 21

5.4 Flowchart showing steps involved in providing security 22

5.5 MQ-3 sensor 24

5.6 Circuit diagram of MQ-3 sensor 25

5.7 Arduino module 26

5.8 Block diagram of arduino module 27

5.9 MQ-3 integrated with arduino module 28

5.10 Flowchart detailing alcohol detection using breathalyzer 29

5.11 Block diagram of ppg sensor 32

5.12 Flowchart of working of ppg sensor 33

5.13 Flowchart representing overall working 34

5.14 Camera module connected to raspberry pi 3.0 35

5.15 Visualizing the 68 facial landmark coordinates 35

5.16 Visualizing eye landmarks when eye is open and closed 36

5.17 Flowchart of working of fatigue monitoring system 37

6.1 Output of MFRC522 module 39

6.2 Output of MQ-3 sensor 39

6.3 Output of ppg sensor 40

6.4 Output of camera and EAR estimation 40

6.5 Output of camera and EAR estimation when drowsiness is detected 41

 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

2.1 Literature survey 14

Driver Safety Monitoring System

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The number of car accidents due to driver’s inattention has become a serious problem for
society. In particular, driving after consuming alcohol has been one of the major causes of serious
traffic accidents. Driver’s drowsiness and fatigue have is also a root cause for accidents. According
to the US national highway traffic safety administration (NHTSA), falling asleep while driving is
responsible for at least 100,000 automobile crashes annually. An annual average of roughly 40,000
nonfatal injuries and 1,550 fatalities result from these crashes [1].

Drinking and driving is already a serious public health problem, which is likely to emerge as
one of the most significant problems in near future. Drinking and driving is also one of the major
causes for road accidents. Alcohol is the cause of serious road accidents There are two main things
that make this likely. Because it’s a depressant, alcohol slows down the brain and affects the body’s
responses. At the same time, if you’ve been drinking, you’re more likely to take risks. Combined,
these reactions increase the chance of accidents happening. Drinking alcohol can affect our
judgement and reasoning, slow down our reactions, upset our sense of balance and coordination,
impair our vision and hearing, make us lose concentration and feel drowsy.

Alcohol is a substance that reduces the function of the brain, impairing thinking, reasoning
and muscle coordination. All these abilities are essential to operating a vehicle safely [2].

As alcohol levels rise in a person’s system, the negative effects on the central nervous
system increase, too. Alcohol is absorbed directly through the walls of the stomach and small
intestine. Then it passes into the bloodstream where it accumulates until it is metabolized by the
liver. Alcohol level is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. This is
called Blood Alcohol Concentration, or BAC. At a BAC of .08 grams of alcohol per deciliter (g/dL)
of blood, crash risk increases exponentially. Because of this risk, it’s illegal in all 50 States, the
District of Columbia and Puerto Rico to drive with a BAC of .08 or higher. However, even a small
amount of alcohol can affect driving ability. In 2017, there were 1,837 people killed in alcohol-
related crashes where drivers had lower alcohol levels (BACs of .01 to .07 g/dL) [2].

Since 1979, when detailed reporting began, millions of people have been killed due to
drinking and driving. Alcohol can affect the drivers in many ways like reduce your ability to see
distant objects – night vision can be reduced by 25%, makes you have blurred and double vision,
reduces your ability to perceive what is happening around you, makes you lose your peripheral
vision. In India, the alcohol limit for drivers is 30mg of alcohol per 100ml of blood, 35mg per

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Driver Safety Monitoring System

100ml of breath or 107mg per 100ml of urine. The breath alcohol equivalent is 22 micrograms of
alcohol per 100ml of breath [7].

There are approximately 200 million drivers in India. The National Crime Records Bureau’s
report on Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India 2015 suggests that 1.5 per cent of all the total
4.64 lakh road accidents were caused by drunken driving or driving under the influence of alcohol,
resulting in injuries to 6,295 people [7].

Naturally, a drowsy or sleepy driver will normally lose control of the vehicles and as a result
there will be accidents, fatalities or casualties. Based on these occurrences, many researches were
carried out to focus on the driver’s physical and mental condition while driving on the road. The
approach is to measure physiological changes of drivers from bio-signals, such as EOG
(Electrooculography), EEG (Electroencephalogram) and (ECG or EKG). Physiological signals are
more suitably used to detect drowsiness because the sleep rhythm is strongly connected with brain
and heart activities. However, normally electrodes will be used on the person’s head, face and chest
with an abundance of wires protruding everywhere and these irritate the person and make it hard to
implement the system [3].

The system implemented in this project aims at reducing road accidents in the near future
due to drunken driving. This project presents the progress in using the alcohol detector, a device
that senses a change in the alcoholic gas content of the surrounding air. This device is more
commonly referred to as a breath analyzer, as it analyzes the alcohol content from a person’s breath.
The system detects the presence of alcohol in the vehicle and immediately locks the engine of the
vehicle in the circumstance of alcohol above a certain threshold. An RFID sensor is also used. An
additional feature is to use a PPG sensor. The PPG sensor is used to detect changes in the volume of
blood and generates the heartbeat rate.

RFID is an acronym for “radio-frequency identification” and refers to a technology whereby

digital data encoded in RFID tags or smart labels are captured by a reader via radio waves. RFID is
similar to barcoding in that data from a tag or label are captured by a device that stores the data in a
database. RFID, however, has several advantages over systems that use barcode asset tracking
software. The most notable is that RFID tag data can be read outside the line of sight, whereas
barcodes must be aligned with an optical scanner [23].

RFID belongs to a group of technologies referred to as Automatic Identification and Data

Capture (AIDC). AIDC methods automatically identify objects, collect data about them, and enter
those data directly into computer systems with little or no human intervention. RFID methods
utilize radio waves to accomplish this. At a simple level, RFID systems consist of three

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components: an RFID tag or smart label, an RFID reader, and an antenna. RFID tags contain an
integrated circuit and an antenna, which are used to transmit data to the RFID reader (also called an
interrogator). The reader then converts the radio waves to a more usable form of data. Information
collected from the tags is then transferred through a communications interface to a host computer
system, where the data can be stored in a database and analyzed at a later time [23].

MF RC522 is a highly integrated read and write card chip applied to the 13.56MHz
contactless communication. Launched by the NXP Company, it is a low-voltage, low-cost, and
small-sized non-contact card chip, a best choice for intelligent instrument and portable handheld
devices.

The MF RC522 uses advanced modulation and demodulation concept which fully presented
in all types of 13.56MHz passive contactless communication methods and protocols. In addition, it
supports rapid CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm to verify MIFARE products. MFRC522 also
supports MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact communication, with a two-way data
transmission rate of up to 424kbit/s. As a new member of the 13.56MHz highly integrated reader
card series, MF RC522 is much similar to the existing MF RC500 and MF RC530 when there are
also great differences. It communicates with the host machine via the serial manner which needs
less wiring. You can choose between SPI, I2C and serial UART mode (similar to RS232), which
helps reduce the connection, save PCB board space (smaller size), and reduce cost [15].

This module is made using Alcohol Gas Sensor MQ3. It is a low cost semiconductor sensor
which can detect the presence of alcohol gases at concentrations from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The
sensitive material used for this sensor is SnO2, whose conductivity is lower in clean air. It’s
conductivity increases as the concentration of alcohol gases increases. It has high sensitivity to
alcohol and has a good resistance to disturbances due to smoke, vapor and gasoline. This module
provides both digital and analog outputs. MQ3 alcohol sensor module can be easily interfaced with
Microcontrollers, Arduino Boards, Raspberry Pi etc [17].

This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on your breath, just like
your common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast response time. Sensor provides an
analog resistive output based on alcohol concentration. The drive circuit is very simple, all it needs
is one resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC [17].

A PPG is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume
changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter
which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. A conventional pulse oximeter
monitors the perfusion of blood to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin.

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With each cardiac cycle the heart pumps blood to the periphery. Even though this pressure
pulse is somewhat damped by the time it reaches the skin, it is enough to distend the arteries and
arterioles in the subcutaneous tissue. If the pulse oximeter is attached without compressing the skin,
a pressure pulse can also be seen from the venous plexus, as a small secondary peak.

The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with
the light from a light-emitting diode (LED) and then measuring the amount of light either
transmitted or reflected to a photodiode. Each cardiac cycle appears as a peak, as seen in the figure.
Because blood flow to the skin can be modulated by multiple other physiological systems, the PPG
can also be used to monitor breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory conditions. Additionally,
the shape of the PPG waveform differs from subject to subject, and varies with the location and
manner in which the pulse oximeter is attached [9].

Traditionally ECG sensors are used for Heart rate and rhythm detection. Since ECG sensor
is bulky they cannot be used to detect heart rate when body is motion. That’s when Scientist came
up with PPG technology.

Photoplethysmography measures the volumetric change of the heart by measuring light

transmission or reflection. As the heart contracts, blood pressure within the left ventricle – the main
pumping chamber – increases. This increase forces a pressurized “pulse” of blood into the arteries
of the body, which causes them to swell slightly before once again returning to their previous state.

By simply shining a light on a patch of skin with an LED light source, the increased pulse
pressure will cause a measurable difference in the amount of light reflected back onto or transmitted
through to a light sensor. The LED light should be placed in an area where arteries are close to the
skin, such as a fingertip, or an earlobe.

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community
that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and digitally. Its
products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General
Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution
by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or as do-it-yourself
(DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
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communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also
used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to
using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United

Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote teaching of basic computer science in schools
and in developing countries. The original model became far more popular than anticipated,[8] selling
outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It does not include peripherals (such as keyboards
and mice) and cases. However, some accessories have been included in several official and
unofficial bundles. The organization behind the Raspberry Pi consists of two arms. The first two
models were developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. After the Pi Model B was released, the
Foundation set up Raspberry Pi Trading, with Eben Upton as CEO, to develop the third model, the
B+. Raspberry Pi Trading is responsible for developing the technology while the Foundation is an
educational charity to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing
countries.
According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, more than 5 million Raspberry Pis were sold by
February 2015, making it the best-selling British computer. By November 2016 they had sold 11
million units, and 12.5m by March 2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose
computer". In July 2017, sales reached nearly 15 million. In March 2018, sales reached 19 million.
Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in pencoed , Wales some are made in China or Japan.
Several generations of Raspberry Pi’s have been released.
All models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-
compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU). Processor
speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.4 GHz for the Pi 3 Model B+; on-board memory ranges from
256 MB to 1 GB RAM. Secure Digital (SD) cards in Micro SDHC form factor (SDHC on early
models) are used to store the operating system and program memory. The boards have one to
four USB ports. For video output, HDMI and composite video are supported, with a standard
3.5 mm tip-ring-sleeve jack for audio output. Lower-level output is provided by a number of GPIO
pins, which support common protocols like I²C. The B-models have an 8P8C Ethernet port and the
Pi 3 and Pi Zero W have on-board Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth. Prices range from US$5 to $35
[14].
The first generation (Raspberry Pi 1 Model B) was released in February 2012, followed by
the simpler and cheaper Model A. In 2014, the Foundation released a board with an improved

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design, Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+. These boards are approximately credit-card sized and represent
the standard mainline form-factor. Improved A+ and B+ models were released a year later.
A "Compute Module" was released in April 2014 for embedded applications. The Raspberry Pi 2,
which added more random-access memory, was released in February 2015. A Raspberry Pi Zero
with smaller size and reduced input/output (I/O) and general-purpose input/output (GPIO)
capabilities was released in November 2015 for US$5. By 2017, it became the newest mainline
Raspberry Pi. On 28 February 2017, the Raspberry Pi Zero W was launched, a version of the Zero
with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, for US$10. On 12 January 2018, the Raspberry Pi Zero WH
was launched, a version of the Zero W with pre-soldered GPIO headers. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B
was released in February 2016 with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad core processor, on-board Wi-Fi
, Bluetooth and USB boot capabilities. On Pi Day 2018 the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ was launched
with a faster 1.4 GHz processor and a three-times faster gigabit Ethernet (throughput limited to ca.
300 Mbit/s by the internal USB 2.0 connection) or 2.4 / 5 GHz dual-band Wi-Fi (100 Mbit/s).[1]
Other features are Power over Ethernet (PoE), USB boot and network boot (an SD card is no longer
required) [22].The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature
variations in memory capacity and peripheral-device support.

In recent years, Driver fatigue is a very dangerous condition created when a person is
suffering symptoms of fatigue while driving, often resulting from the hypnotic (Inducing sleep;
soporific or hypnosis) effect especially during nighttime (peak levels at night can be 10 times
daytime levels) driving either falling asleep at the wheel or so exhausted they made serious – and
fatal – driving errors. However, the early hours of the morning and the middle of the afternoon are
the peak times for fatigue accidents. Also, long journeys on monotonous roads, such as motorways,
are the most likely to result in a driver falling asleep. Sunlight signals or bodies when to be awake.
But even deprived of any natural light, we will still feel a surge of fatigue in the middle of the night
and to a lesser extent, in the middle of the afternoon. The latest research also shows the grogginess
right after you wake up can also be dangerous. There’s a strong possibility that the driver falls
asleep and run off the road. Tiredness and fatigue can often affect your driving ability long before
you even notice you’re getting tired. Fatigue related crashes are often more severe than others
because driver’s reaction times are delayed or they have failed to make any maneuvers to avoid a
crash. Symptoms of driver fatigue include heavy eyelids, frequent yawning, a drifting vehicle that
wanders over road lines, varying vehicle speed for no reason, misjudging traffic situations, and
seeing things “jump out” in the road, feeling fidgety or irritable and daydreaming [21].

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Driving has become an important part of our day-to-day life, especially in urban areas
sleepiness-related accidents are occurring infrequent [1]. Road accidents are apparently a global
hazard in our country. Based on the survey of the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) about 1,
35, 000 traffic-related demise happen every year in India. These factors lead to the development of
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). If the accident caused by abnormalities of the driver, it can
be prevented by placing abnormality detecting system within the vehicle [2]. Tiredness can be
caused by several phenomena like psychosocial factors, health factors, and physiological factors
[3]. People run a higher risk of succumbing to driver fatigue between 2 am and 6 am and during
what is known as the “2 pm slump”. Studies show the number of accidents increase according to the
time of day and the number of hours driven. High-risk occupations include night-shift workers,
airline crew, students, commercial drivers, medical staff, sales representatives and journalists. En-
forcement of duty cycle limitations; suppose bus drivers operating on irregular schedules suffer
greater subjective fatigue and physiological stress than drivers operating on a regular schedule.
Service regulations in Canada reported that after 24 hours of duty, workers experience a25%
decrease in performance. Recent international research has suggested that driver fatigue is under-
represented in accident statistics, and some estimates show that it could be a contributing factor in
twenty to twenty-four percent of fatal crashes.

It is difficult to correctly say about an exact number of sleep-related accidents, but traffic
research shows up to 20% of accidents happen due to fatigue of the driver [6]. Drowsiness detection
can be carried out by two techniques. The first technique is intrusive and second is nonintrusive.
The intrusive technique involves computation of mind wave monitoring, heart-beat rate etc. Non-
invasive techniques are appropriate to find facial appearance for tiredness detection. Mouth gaping
and Eye closure are the well-known symptoms of the drowsiness detection [9]. The nonintrusive
technique involves head pose, eye blinking rate, yawn detection, eye closure, etc., [8]. Another non-
invasive way to detect fatigue can be divided into three scenarios: visual cues, physiological
measurements, driving performance. Physiological and visual cues involve direct computation,
whereas driving performance involves indirect computation [10]. It is suitable for the real-time
application, because of no need for sensing electrodes. Automatic eye detection in video sequence
involves several methods like motion estimation in the eye. The eye region is evaluated by sparse
tracking, adaptive thresholding or by frame-to-frame intensity variation and from optical flow [16].
The driver fatigue is detected using computer vision [6]. The driver fatigue is determined by the
frequency of eye blinking and head tilting and the drowsiness level is calculated by Raspberry Pi3
along with a Pi camera [8].

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The main aim is to detect drowsiness of driver, it can be done in different ways like
detecting facial expression of the driver and measuring Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR). Blinking pattern is
different for each and every individual. The pattern gets varied in terms of squeezing degree of eye,
blink duration and speed of closing and opening the eye [16]. The proposed method involved with
the following methodologies such using a pi camera and raspberry pi for detecting drowsiness and
sending the signals to Raspberry pi to stake further actions.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Work on similar related topics has been done by multiple companies and institutions. This is the
literature survey summarizing the approaches taken by these companies toward this ideology.

Ford is experimenting with all sorts of health and wellness features for its cars and SUVs
under the S-Max concept. Their experiments include [18],

A heart monitor in the driver’s seat: Ford has developed an ECG reader that’s integrated into the
driver’s seat. This contactless system records its signals through the driver’s clothes.

With every heartbeat, an electrical signal ripples through the heart’s muscle cells. Ford’s car seat
incorporates six capacitive plates to record that signal by registering the electric charge between the
plates and the driver’s body, which changes slightly with every heartbeat as given in Fig. 2.4.

Fig. 2.1 ECG reader integrated into the car seat developed by Ford

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Glucose-monitor data in the car’s dashboard display: This potential feature would be brought
in via wearable and apps that are connected to the car via Ford Sync, which puts info on the car’s
central display screen.

The drawback of this project is that it is very expensive.

TATA ELXSI is also coming up with a range of projects to incorporate a health monitoring
system. They include

ECG monitoring with sensors embedded in the steering wheel-non intrusive-ECG may be
monitored using sensors embedded in the steering wheel as shown below. But the fact that many
people use only one hand to drive makes this less feasible. The possible changing of lead
configuration while countering a curve may also make it difficult to acquire ECG as steering
rotation may be more.

ECG monitoring with sensors embedded in the seat back - non obtrusive- An ECG can be
monitored in an unnoticeable manner using sensors embedded in the seat back.

Using IR sensors it is possible to measure body temperature in a non-contact manner. Based on the
temperature measured dehydration level may be estimated based on the distance traversed, energy
spent while behind the wheel.

TRU TOUCH introduces a new approach to measuring blood alcohol concentration: a

touch-based system that uses spectroscopy to measure alcohol in the driver’s tissue. How it Works:
The touch-based system analyses alcohol found beneath the driver’s skin’s surface (or more
specifically, the blood alcohol content detected in the capillaries).

Measurement begins by shining an infrared light on the driver’s skin, similar to a low power
flashlight, which moves into the tissue. A portion of the light is reflected back to the skin’s surface,
where it is collected by the touch pad. This light contains information on the skin’s unique chemical
properties, including the concentration of alcohol.

The disadvantage of this sensor is that it takes more than 8 seconds to sense and analyze the signal.

BMW in collaboration with the University of South California is working on a project

‘NIGEL 230’. They are designing their new range of mini cooper cars with 230 sensors that will
monitor everything going on inside the vehicle. This includes monitoring the driver for any signs of
fatigue or consumption of alcohol. This project is still in the testing phase.

MICROTONIC TECHNOLOGIES and NEVON PROJECTS are two other companies

which are working on alcohol sensing using breathalyzers installed inside the cars. This has been
implemented only in an amateur level. The drawback of this implementation is that it is not feasible
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for the driver to continuously blow into the breathalyzer. Another drawback is the driver can
consume alcohol once the car has started.

SMART EYE is a company which offers eye tracking software for integration in passenger
cars and other vehicles to facilitate better safety and other functions that improve the user
experience. By studying the person’s eye, face and head movements, Smart eye’s interior vehicle
algorithm can draw conclusions about a person’s alertness, focus and attention.

EPFL’s Signal Processing 5 Laboratory (LTS5) in association with PSA Peugeot

Citroen have developed an infrared camera-based system that watches facial expressions of the
driver while driving, and then uses highly accurate emotion detection algorithms to work out when
the driver is “suffering” from road rage. The idea behind this system is that, when you’re irritated or
angry, you become a more aggressive driver and less attentive — leading to more accidents. The
same technology can also be used to measure tiredness and fatigue, by measuring the percentage of
your eyelid closure, and then warning you to take a break before you fall asleep at the wheel.

The same ideology of using an infrared camera to detect eye movements was used by students of
Shreyas Institute of Technology. The drawback of this project was that the camera is susceptible to
failure under low light.

Kampala University in Uganda has come up with a project that implements the function of
wireless car security system using RFID. An ATMEGA8 microcontroller, RFID reader, RFID tag is
used for the smooth implementation of the scheme. The ATMEGA8 microcontroller was used to
serve as the entire control of the system which holds the unique RFID card number and controls the
system as a whole. A driver is used to secures the car ignition system, and the buzzer was used to
alert the vehicle owner whenever there is an intrusion attempt. Consequently, with this kind of
system, the security of our automobiles can be more sensitive to secure and protect our vehicles
more from any intrusion and theft in electronic-based approach.

In 1997, Ford Motor Co. equipped the Mustang with one of the first RFID ignition
immobilizers in the U.S. car industry. Theft levels for the Mustang immediately dropped 70 percent
from just two years prior. The results were stunning, and pretty much every other carmaker
followed suit.

Today, the RFID (radio frequency identification) industry claims a 90 percent reduction in
theft rates for car models equipped with RFID starters, immobilizers and entry systems. Both
automakers and insurance companies have full faith in the devices, even going so far as to label
them unbeatable. And certainly, the technology is an impressive display of security innovation.
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Park Place Motorcars- RFID tags are reinventing customer service at a Dallas dealership.
In order to reduce staff time per vehicle, all cars are fitted with RFID tags and read when the car
enters the lot. The RFID reader sends the tag’s data and associated account information to the
customer service employee assigned to the vehicle.

RFID is not only helping customer service representatives ensure customers have a fast and
pleasant experience, but the system helps salesmen and service technicians. Due to the number of
applications that RFID revolutionizes within a car dealership, some dealerships have already
adopted RFID technology and most of the dealerships in the Dallas area are considering it.

Osaka Electro-Communication University, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering has

developed PPG technology to develop small, wearable, pulse rate sensors. These devices, consisting
of infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photo detectors, offer a simple, reliable, low-cost
means of monitoring the pulse rate noninvasively. Recent advances in optical technology have
facilitated the use of high-intensity green LEDs for PPG, increasing the adoption of this
measurement technique.

Several works in literature (Lu, Yang, Taylor & Stein, 2009; Lu et al., 2008; Selvaraj et al.,
2008) showed high correlation between PPG signal with the so called Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
which is the main and important indicator of human attention due to its correlation with autonomic
nervous system, specifically, the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic sub-system (McCraty
& Shaffer, 2015).The aim of the study is to present a physiological study for driver drowsiness
based on the correlation between the HRV signal and level of driver attention, by using an
innovative miniaturized system, integrated in a car steering, able to detect in real time the PPG
signal of the driver by means of the monitoring of hemoglobin level. However, for obtaining a
direct measure of vigilance level of the participant for the validation of PPG and HRV signals,
she/he will be simultaneously submitted to the recording of a conventional electroencephalogram
(EEG).

Driver fatigue has been a major concern of the scientific community, the transportation
safety organizations and the general public for decades. Many authors have investigated the
importance of fatigue as a cause of road crashes [15, 28]. Within the public sector, driver fatigue
and loss of attention are significant factors contributing to commercial truck crashes ac-counting
for 1200 deaths and 76,000 injuries annually at an estimated cost of $12.4 billion to the
commercial trucking industry [15]. In the surface mining industry the risk of fatigue is also an
important issue, since the consequences of person-al injuries are comparable and the expect-ed
material damage is higher. A study of truck accidents in Australian surface coal mines indicate that

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93% are due to human error, and 60%–70% of human error accidents have been found to be fatigue
related [19]. The main causes of driver fatigue are generally comparable regardless of whether
within the general driving public or within the commercial transport industry. However, the
monotony associated with the driving task may be greater with-in commercial transportation and
mining industry due to the repetitiveness and ex-tended driving hours required.

A study by National Central University in Jhongli, Tatung University, Taiwan; recently

reported at New Scientist magazine that “driving for just 80 minutes without a break can make
motorists a danger on the roads”. They found that drivers who do not take frequent rest stops have
slower reactions than those who break up long journeys. People run a higher risk of succumbing to
driver fatigue between 2 am and 6 am and during what is known as the “2 pm slump”. Studies show
the number of accidents increase according to the time of day and the number of hours driven.
High-risk occupations include night-shift workers, airline crew, students, commercial drivers,
medical staff, sales representatives and journalists.

Fatigue monitoring technology has been used for decades, though until recently only on a
very limited basis in trucking. The technology made its first major inroads in mining, where closing
a mine for a day or more after a fatal accident can cost the owner millions of dollars. For that
reason, the return on investment and the willingness to try a new approach to safety made a lot of
sense.Fleets representing tens of thousands of trucks use some form of camera systems for safety
reasons. Those reasons increasingly include fatigue monitoring, especially as driver-facing cams get
put into cabs. While adoption of wearable fatigue monitoring systems lags the adoption of camera
systems, wearables are making headway as more fleets test the products. Fatigue-monitoring
technology has made its largest inroads in trucking through road-facing cameras, and more recently
through dual-cam systems that include a driver-facing cam. Truck-mounted video has been
available for years, but the emergence of vendors who help analyze the footage for driver coaching,
legal protection and fatigue monitoring has expanded the value of these systems.
electroencephalography, is the foundation for the SmartCap Technologies system. EEG, which
measures brain waves, has long been acknowledged as the “gold standard” for fatigue detection.

Fatigue Science is testing its Readiband actigraph with fleets, The system’s software
produces a driver score that starts with the current level of alertness and predicts its rate of decay up
to 20 hours. If the driver takes a nap, it will boost his immediate and projected scores.

SmartCap Technologies uses a head-worn device that detects microsleeps before the visible
fatigue signs of long eyelid closure or head nods. Its Life by SmartCap system uses
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electroencephalography, a 40-year-old science that about 20 years ago became recognized as the
only way to discern the true onset of microsleep, says Daniel Bongers, chief technology officer.
More than half of a microsleep takes place before eye closure or head nods, he says. “That person
has already been asleep two to 12 seconds, certainly more than enough time to have driven 400
yards,” Bongers says. Whereas the makers of actigraph-based systems tout their ability to predict a
driver’s rate of decline in alertness for up to 20 hours, SmartCap’s system is mostly a real-time
indicator. However, its narrow window of what Bongers says is a more refined prediction is crucial.
Table 2.1 summarizes the technology used by companies and their drawbacks.

Technology Company Drawbacks

Using webcam to focus on Shreyas institute of Susceptible to failure under
eye movement technology, Hyderabad low light
S-Max concept-Employing Ford Still under testing, very
camera and ECG for fatigue, expensive
heart rate and breathing rate.
Camera detecting head Smart eye Expensive
movement pattern
Camera detecting head Australian company Expensive
movement pattern from
dashboard
Touch alcohol sensing Trutouch Takes more than 8 sec to
sense.
Alcohol sensing using Microtronic technologies Only implemented on an
breathalyzer amateur level
Alcohol sensing using Nevon projects Only implemented on an
breathalyzer amateur level
Project Nigel-230 ECG and Collab between BMW and Still under testing, very
other health monitoring University of Southern expensive
sensor California
Road rage and fatigue EPFL's signal processing 5 Not done on a commercial
monitoring (LTS5) in association with level yet
PSA peugeot citroen

Table 2.1 Summary of technology and drawbacks implemented by well-known companies

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Chapter 3

MOTIVATION
As per the latest data, in 2017, a total of 4,64,910 road accidents were reported in the
country, claiming 1,47,913 lives and causing injuries to 4,70,975 persons, which translates into 405
deaths and 1,290 injuries each day from 1,274 accidents. This also means that 16 people are killed
and another 53 are injured every hour on Indian roads [1].

According to latest data compiled by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), drunk
driving was responsible for 7,061 — 1.5% — of the 4,64,910 road accidents in India. While drink-
driving accidents accounted for only 1.5% of all accidents, according to NCRB data, they were the
deadliest, having a higher fatality rate than other causes, according to this analysis in the Indian
Express on April 5, 2017. As many as 42% of victims of drink-driving accidents died, compared to
accidents caused by over-speeding (30%), reckless driving (33%), and weather conditions (36%)
[2].

According to the World Health Organization, “The immediate effects of alcohol on the brain
are either depressing or stimulating in nature, depending on the quantity consumed”. It further says
that alcohol consumption “results in impairment which increases the likelihood of a crash since it
produces poor judgment, increased reaction time, lower vigilance and decreased visual acuity.
Physiologically, alcohol also lowers blood pressure and depresses consciousness and respiration.
Alcohol can impair judgment and increase crash risk even at relatively low Blood Alcohol
Concentration (BAC) levels. However, the effects become progressively worse as the BAC
increases”. Road accidents are undoubtedly the most frequent and, overall, the cause of most
damage. The reasons for this are the extremely dense road traffic and the relatively great freedom of
movement given to drivers.

Recent international research has suggested that driver fatigue is under-represented in

accident statistics, and some estimates show that it could be a contributing factor in twenty to
twenty-four percent of fatal crashes. A study conducted by the Adelaide Centre for Sleep Research
shown that drivers who have been awake for 24 hours have an equivalent driving performance to a
person who has a BAC (blood alcohol content) of 0.1 g/100ml, and is seven times more likely to
have an accident. In recent years, driving has become an important part of our day to-day life,
especially in urban areas sleepiness-related accidents are occurring infrequent [1]. Road accidents
are apparently a global hazard in our country. Based on the survey of the National Crime Records
Bureau (NCRB) about 1, 35, 000 traffic-related demise happen every year in India. These factors

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lead to the development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). If the accident caused by
abnormalities of the driver, it can be prevented by placing abnormality detecting system within the
vehicle [2]. Tiredness can be caused by several phenomena like psychosocial factors, health
factors, and physiological factors [3]. Based on the survey of National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration of the United States of America (USA), police studied around 1, 00, 000 crashes
occurred due to the drowsiness of the driver, it causes major losses like 71,000 wounds, $12.5
billion budgetary mishap and 1,550 passings [4].

Driver fatigue is a very dangerous condition created when a person is suffering symptoms of
fatigue while driving, often resulting from the hypnotic (Inducing sleep; soporific or hypnosis)
effect especially during nighttime (peak levels at night can be 10 times daytime levels) driving
either falling asleep at the wheel or so exhausted they made serious – and fatal – driving errors. A
study by National Central University in Jhongli, Tatung University, Taiwan; recently reported at
New Scientist magazine that “driving for just 80 minutes without a break can make motorists a
danger on the roads”. They found that drivers who do not take frequent rest stops have slower
reactions than those who break up long journeys.The issues can be overcome by implementing
several methods which include Support Vector Machines (SVM), fuzzy-based system, neuro-fuzzy
approach and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) [5] for detecting the drowsiness. It is difficult to
correctly say about an exact number of sleep-related accidents, but traffic research shows up to 20%
of accidents happen due to fatigue of the driver [6].

Drowsiness detection can be carried out by two techniques. The first technique is intrusive
and second is nonintrusive. Non-invasive techniques are appropriate to find facial appearance for
tiredness detection. Mouth gaping and Eye closure are the well-known symptoms of the drowsiness
detection. The nonintrusive technique involves head pose, eye blinking rate, yawn detection, eye
closure, etc., .Another non-invasive way to detect fatigue can be divided into three scenarios: visual
cues, physiological measurements, driving performance. Physiological and visual cues involve
direct computation, whereas driving performance involves indirect computation [10].Driver
drowsiness detection is designed mainly to keep the driver awake while driving to avoid the
accident due to sleepiness. The alert signal is generated from embedded device to awake driver
from sleepy state. The Pi along with Raspbian camera is used to calculate the drowsiness of the
driver in real time.

Some of the companies are already working touch based sensors. We will be measuring the
alcohol concentration in the driver’s blood using sensors, processing the signals and then working
on the locking system of the car.
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Chapter 4
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to monitor the safety of a driver. Firstly, it consists of an
MFRC 522 module which is an RFID scanner. The owner of the card is provided with a unique
RFID card. This can be used as an additional layer of security to prevent car theft. The person
driving the car should first scan the RFID card in the MFRC 522 module and only if the RFID card
matches the criteria, the car key can be used to start the car.

RFID is an acronym for “radio-frequency identification” and refers to a technology whereby

digital data encoded in RFID tags or smart labels (defined below) are captured by a reader via radio
waves. RFID methods utilize radio waves to automatically identify objects, collect data about them,
and enter those data directly into computer systems with little or no human intervention. These
RFID cards are used as a primary security to reduce the risk of theft of the car.

Secondly, we use an MQ3 alcohol sensor. It is a low cost semiconductor sensor which can
detect the presence of alcohol gases at concentrations from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The sensitive
material used for this sensor is SnO2, whose conductivity is lower in clean air. It’s conductivity
increases as the concentration of alcohol gases increases. It has high sensitivity to alcohol and has a
good resistance to disturbances due to smoke, vapor and gasoline. This module provides both
digital and analog outputs. MQ3 alcohol sensor module can be easily interfaced with
Microcontrollers, Arduino Boards, Raspberry Pi etc.

This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on your breath, just like
your common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast response time. Sensor provides an
analog resistive output based on alcohol concentration. The drive circuit is very simple, all it needs
is one resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC.This is used for the detection of alcohol
in the breath of the car driver. This MQ3 sensor is placed in the steering wheel of the car. As the
driver keeps breathing out, the MQ3 sensor scans for the presence of alcohol in the air. The sensor
is very sensitive and the driver does not have to directly blow into the sensor. The sensor has a pre-
programmed threshold value in it. If the level of the alcohol detected the air is greater than the
threshold value, a response is triggered by the sensor and the engine of the car is switched off.

Thirdly, we use a PPG sensor. Photo means Light, Plethysmo means change in volume, Gram
means graph. So to put this together PPG means high precision light sensor used to detect volume
of blood flow to understand the fluctuation in heart rate. When the heart beats, capillaries expand
and contract based on blood volume changes. PPG optical sensor, utilizing motion-tolerant

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technology, emits light signals that reflect onto the skin to accurately and continuously measure
weak blood flow signals.In this project, the PPG sensor is placed inside the car. It is used to
measure the level of anxiety or stress levels of the driver. This is done by detecting the heartbeat of
the driver, which is in turn done by calculating the change in the blood flow. The PPG sensor is
programmed to show the value of the heartbeat and alerts the driver about his level of stress or
anxiety.

Fourthly, The driver fatigue is detected using computer vision. The driver fatigue is
determined by the frequency of eye blinking and head tilting and the drowsiness level is calculated
by Raspberry Pi3 along with a Pi camera[8]. Driver fatigue is a very dangerous condition created
when a person is suffering symptoms of fatigue while driving, often resulting from the hypnotic
(Inducing sleep; soporific or hypnosis) effect especially during nighttime (peak levels at night can
be 10 times daytime levels) driving either falling asleep at the wheel or so exhausted they made
serious – and fatal – driving errors. There’s a strong possibility that the driver falls asleep and run
off the road. Tiredness and fatigue can often affect your driving ability long before you even notice
you’re getting tired. Fatigue related crashes are often more severe than others because driver’s
reaction times are delayed or they have failed to make any maneuvers to avoid a crash. Symptoms
of driver fatigue include heavy eyelids, frequent yawning, a drifting vehicle that wanders over road
lines, varying vehicle speed for no reason, misjudging traffic situations, and seeing things “jump
out” in the road, feeling fidgety or irritable and daydreaming.

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Chapter 5

METHODOLOGY
The methodology employed in this project is categorized into four parts and integrated into one
system. These steps are:

Car security using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), alcohol detection using a Breathalyzer,
heartbeat analysis using PPG sensor, driver drowsiness detection using Raspberry pi and camera
module.

5.1 Car security using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and capture
information stored on a tag attached to an object. A tag can be read from up to several feet away
and does not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked.

A RFID system is made up of two parts: a tag or label and a reader. RFID tags or labels are
embedded with a transmitter and a receiver. The RFID component on the tags have two parts: a
microchip that stores and processes information, and an antenna to receive and transmit a signal.
The tag contains the specific serial number for one specific object as shown in Fig 5.1

Fig. 5.1 An RFID card used

To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio transmitter-receiver called an
interrogator or reader emits a signal to the tag using an antenna. The tag responds with the

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information written in its memory bank. The interrogator will then transmit the read results to an
RFID computer program.

MFRC522 is a highly integrated read and write card chip applied to the 13.56MHz
contactless communication. Launched by the NXP Company, it is a low-voltage, low-cost, and
small-sized non-contact card chip, a best choice for intelligent instrument and portable handheld
devices as shown in Fig 5.2

Fig. 5.2 An MFRC522 module

The MF RC522 uses advanced modulation and demodulation concept which fully presented
in all types of 13.56MHz passive contactless communication methods and protocols. In addition, it
supports rapid CRYPTO1 encryption algorithm to verify MIFARE products. MFRC522 also
supports MIFARE series of high-speed non-contact communication, with a two-way data
transmission rate of up to 424kbit/s. As a new member of the 13.56MHz highly integrated reader
card series, MF RC522 is much similar to the existing MF RC500 and MF RC530 when there are
also great differences. It communicates with the host machine via the serial manner which needs
less wiring. You can choose between SPI, I2C and serial UART mode (similar to RS232), which
helps reduce the connection, save PCB board space (smaller size), and reduce cost as shown in Fig
5.3. The block diagram of the MRFC522 is as given below:

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Fig. 5.3 Block diagram of MRFC522

The MFRC522 reader supports ISO 14443A mode. The MFRC522’s internal transmitter
part is able to drive a reader/writer antenna designed to communicate with ISO/IEC 14443A cards
and transponders without additional active circuitry. The receiver part provides a robust and
efficient implementation of a demodulation and decoding circuitry for signals from ISO/IEC
14443A compatible cards and transponders. The digital part handles the complete ISO/IEC 14443A
framing and error detection (Parity and CRC).

WORKING- The steps involved in security of a car using RFID are as follows:

1. The RFID card is first scanned using the MFRC522 module. The RFID card is a unique tag
which will be presented to the owner of the car.

2. During the scanning, the MFRC522 module will go through a database to check for the
authenticity and validity of the card.

3. If the RFID card is not valid or not authentic, the process ends and the system does not go to the
alcohol detection mechanism.

4. If the RFID card matches in the database, the RFID card is valid and the system goes to the next
step, i.e. alcohol detection mechanism.

Fig. 5.4 illustrates a flowchart showing the steps involved in providing security to a car using
RFID.

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Fig. 5.4 Flowchart showing the steps involved in providing security to a car using RFID

The above flow chart, Fig 5.4 describes the work flow of RFID module. Security using an RFID
card acts as an additional step for car security. The RFID card is presented only to the car owner
and hence can be used only by the car owner or only by the people authorized by the car owner.
Each RFID card consists of a secret unique number which is associated only to a specific car. This
can reduce the thefts associated with cars.

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5.2 Alcohol Detection using a Breathalyzer

Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable. The proportion
of alcohol-impaired drinking and driving crashes has dropped greatly over time. But there are still
far too many such crashes. So in spite of great progress, alcohol-impaired drinking and driving
remains a serious problem. It tragically affects many victims and their families annually.

Most drivers who have had something to drink have a low BAC. Few have fatal crashes.
Only a few drivers have BACs higher than 0.15.However, the risk of death from drinking and
driving escalates with BAC. And it does so greatly. Over two-thirds of alcohol-related traffic deaths
involve a driver with a BAC over 0.15. Hence there is a need for better security associated with
drunken driving.

A breathalyzer or breathalyzer (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyzer) is a device

for estimating blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample. Breath analyzers do not directly
measure blood alcohol content or concentration, which requires the analysis of a blood sample.
Instead, they estimate BAC indirectly by measuring the amount of alcohol in one's breath. In
general, two types of breathalyzer are used. Small hand-held breathalyzers are not reliable enough
to provide evidence in court but reliable enough to justify an arrest. Larger breathalyzer devices
found in police stations can then be used to produce court evidence.

Two breathalyzer technologies are most prevalent. Desktop analyzers generally use infrared
spectrophotometer technology, electrochemical fuel cell technology, or a combination of the two.
Hand-held field testing devices are generally based on electrochemical platinum fuel cell analysis
and, depending upon jurisdiction, may be used by officers in the field as a form of "field sobriety
test" commonly called PBT (preliminary breath test) or PAS (preliminary alcohol screening) or as
evidential devices in POA (point of arrest) testing .

The breathalyzer used in this project consists of an MQ3 alcohol sensor. This module is
made using Alcohol Gas Sensor MQ3. It is a low cost semiconductor sensor which can detect the
presence of alcohol gases at concentrations from 0.05 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The sensitive material used
for this sensor is SnO2, whose conductivity is lower in clean air. Its conductivity increases as the
concentration of alcohol gases increases. It has high sensitivity to alcohol and has a good resistance
to disturbances due to smoke, vapor and gasoline. This module provides both digital and analog

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outputs. MQ3 alcohol sensor module can be easily interfaced with Microcontrollers, Arduino
Boards, Raspberry Pi etc.

This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration on your breath, just like
your common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast response time. Sensor provides an
analog resistive output based on alcohol concentration. The drive circuit is very simple; all it needs
is one resistor. A simple interface could be a 0-3.3V ADC. Fig 5.5 shows an MQ3 sensor.

Fig. 5.5 MQ3 sensor

The features of the MQ3 sensor are:

• 5V operation

• Simple to use

• LEDs for output and power

• Analog output 0V to 5V

• Digital output 0V or 5V

• Low Cost

• Fast Response

• Stable and Long Life

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• Good Sensitivity to Alcohol Gas

• Both Digital and Analog Outputs

• On-board LED Indicator

Fig 5.6 shows the circuit diagram of MQ3 sensor used to interface with Arduino.

Fig. 5.6 Circuit diagram of MQ3 sensor

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message
- and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many
others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller
programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of
working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested
amateurs over other systems:

• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50

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• Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

• Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's
conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.

• Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

• Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the
breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.

Fig 5.7 shows an Arduino Uno board and Fig 5.8 shows the block diagram of the Arduino
board.

Fig. 5.7 Arduino module

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The block diagram of the Arduino is as shown below:

Fig. 5.8 Block diagram of an Arduino module

In this process, we use the MQ3 sensor along with the Arduino kit. This is used for the
detection of alcohol in the breath of the car driver. This MQ3 sensor is placed in the steering wheel
of the car. As the driver keeps breathing out, the MQ3 sensor scans for the presence of alcohol in
the air. The sensor is very sensitive and the driver does not have to directly blow into the sensor.
The sensor has a pre-programmed threshold value in it. If the level of the alcohol detected the air is
greater than the threshold value, a response is triggered by the sensor and the engine of the car is
switched off.

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An MQ3 sensor integrated with an Arduino kit is as shown below in Fig 5.9.

Fig. 5.9 An MQ3 sensor integrated with an Arduino module

The steps involved in the detection of alcohol using a breathalyzer are as follows:

1. The candidate driver is made to breathe into the MQ3 sensor.

2. The MQ3 sensor has a threshold value which is regulated using the standards of the Traffic
police authority. The value of threshold can be changed by the sensitivity knob present on the
sensor. In this project, the threshold is derived to be 530.

3. If the value of the MQ3 sensor has a reading greater than or equal to the threshold, the engine
ceases to run.

4. If the value of the MQ3 sensor has a reading lesser than the threshold, the engine is turned on
and the car starts.

The flowchart detailing the steps involved in the detection of alcohol using a breathalyzer is
given below:

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A detailed flowchart of alcohol detection system is as below in fig 5.10

Fig. 5.10 Flowchart detailing alcohol detection using breathalyzer

Drunk driving laws make it illegal nationwide to drive with a BAC at or above 0.08%. For
people under 21, “zero tolerance” laws make it illegal to drive with any measurable amount of
alcohol in their system. These laws, along with laws that maintain the minimum legal drinking age
at 21, are in place in India, and have had a clear effect on highway safety, saving tens of thousands
of lives since their implementation.

Ignition interlocks installed in cars measure alcohol on the driver’s breath. Interlocks keep the
car from starting if the driver has a BAC above a certain level, usually 0.02%. They’re used for
people convicted of drunk driving and are highly effective at preventing repeat offenses while
installed. Mandating interlocks for all offenders, including first-time offenders, will have the
greatest impact. The advantages of the MQ3 sensor in breathalyzer is as follows:

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• EASY TO ACQUIRE- Day by day, the hand-held alcohol testers are becoming accessible to
obtain for frequent consumers. Using these portable devices help you make proper and ideal
decisions of not drinking that may lead to an accident possibly death of an individual or attract a
hefty fine and have your driving license revoked.

• INSTANT RESULTS- Breathalysers take very few seconds to measure the alcohol content of
the body. The level of alcohol content can be repeatably measured many times. This is
supported as a cause of the robust nature of the breath testers.

• ACCURATE RESULTS- After a night out, there is nothing uncomfortable like being stopped
by the police and being unsure of whether the quantity of alcohol you consumed exceeded the
required limit. Yes, breathalysers are essential as they do accurately measure the alcohol levels
hence saving you from the police hands. Before reaching the consumer, the breathalysers are
passed through many quality inspections making the device accurate. The breathalyser
calibration is done in a way that it is simple to read the results.

• ENHANCE RESPONSIBILTY- When you analyse your breath level, you can come up with an
informed decision dictating whether you should drive or not. Also, in a high profile social
gathering, you can monitor your drunkenness level to prevent yourself from embarrassment
when drunk. The ability to make such informed decisions portray responsibility.

• TESTING ALCOHOL CONTENT FROM ANYWHERE- The breathalysers are made from
very high-quality materials meant to withstand the various harsh conditions. This is made
possible through compactness. Breathalysers are small and light in weight hence they are easily
portable and can fit anywhere be it a purse or pocket.

Breathalysers can also be carried to work to monitor and prevent alcohol from obstructing your
work. It is, however, important to note that personal breathalysers cannot be used for legal use
despite their accuracy. The tests the police use are the ones preferred as evidence. Chewing
mints do not also reduce the alcohol levels.

The presence of an MQ3 sensor to prevent drivers who are under the influence of alcohol to
drive the vehicle will prove to be a boon for people traveling in roads. This will reduce the overall
count of road accidents taking place. This step can further be improved to send a signal to the police
station in case the level of alcohol detected is greater than the permissible limit. Thus the overall
road accidents being caused due to driving under the influence of alcohol will drastically reduce
which the primary objective of this project.

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5.3 Heartbeat analysis using PPG sensor

A PPG is an optically obtained plethysmogram that can be used to detect blood volume
changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. A PPG is often obtained by using a pulse oximeter
which illuminates the skin and measures changes in light absorption. A conventional pulse oximeter
monitors the perfusion of blood to the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin.

With each cardiac cycle the heart pumps blood to the periphery. Even though this pressure
pulse is somewhat damped by the time it reaches the skin, it is enough to distend the arteries and
arterioles in the subcutaneous tissue. If the pulse oximeter is attached without compressing the skin,
a pressure pulse can also be seen from the venous plexus, as a small secondary peak.

The change in volume caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with
the light from a light-emitting diode (LED) and then measuring the amount of light either
transmitted or reflected to a photodiode. Each cardiac cycle appears as a peak, as seen in the figure.
Because blood flow to the skin can be modulated by multiple other physiological systems, the PPG
can also be used to monitor breathing, hypovolemia, and other circulatory conditions. Additionally,
the shape of the PPG waveform differs from subject to subject, and varies with the location and
manner in which the pulse oximeter is attached.

Traditionally ECG sensors are used for Heart rate and rhythm detection. Since ECG sensor
are bulky they cannot be used to detect heart rate when body is motion. That’s when Scientist came
up with PPG technology.

PPG technology was develop with an intent to make small wearable heart rate sensors. PPG
sensor are compact in size and still provide near perfect result to that of ECG sensor. This helps to
accurately and continuously measure heart rate and heart rate variability even during extreme
physical activity. Being Compact in size PPG technology have made it breeze ,bringing complex
heart rate measuring technique to palms of mankind.

Working of PPG- When the heart beats, capillaries expand and contract based on blood
volume changes. PPG optical sensor, utilizing motion-tolerant technology, emits light signals that
reflect onto the skin to accurately and continuously measure weak blood flow signals.

Principle of PPG

1. PPG makes uses of low-intensity infrared green (IR) light. When light travels through biological
tissues it is absorbed by bones, skin pigments and both venous and arterial blood.

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2. Since light is more strongly absorbed by blood than the surrounding tissues, the changes in
blood flow can be detected by PPG sensors as changes in the intensity of light

3. The voltage signal from PPG is proportional to the quantity of blood flowing through the blood
vessels. Even small changes in blood volume can be detected using this method, providing
higher precision.

4. The block diagram of ppg sensor is given below in fig 5.11

Fig. 5.11 Block diagram of a PPG sensor

The working of the PPG sensor is as given below:

1. The PPG sensor is first connected to an Arduino kit.

2. The candidate driver places his/her finger on the PPG sensor.

3. The PPG sensor measures the pressure of the blood.

4. It then denotes the result on an LED screen. If the heartbeat rate is between 60 to 100, then it is
normal. Otherwise, it is abnormal and a visit to a doctor is recommended.

The PPG technology has been used in a wide range of commercially available medical devices
for measuring oxygen saturation, blood pressure and cardiac output, assessing autonomic function
and also detecting peripheral vascular disease. PPG isn’t a new technology. The blood volume pulse
detector used in hospital since 1980, uses finger photoplethysmography to measure heart rate and
relative volume of blood volume. The flowchart of the working of a PPG sensor is as given below
in Fig 5.12:

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Fig. 5.12 Flowchart of working of a PPG sensor

This Technology is now slowing getting mainstream with premium Smartwatches and
Fitness tracker. Let us know your thoughts on same, will you buy a Premium Smart tracker/watch
which has PPG.

Chapters 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 have been combined to form the crux of our project. The final
combined project has the following features:
1. The first step is to turn on the key of the engine.
2. After the key is turned on, the system begins scanning the RFID card using the MFRC522
scanner. If the RFID card is valid, the speaker delivers a message “Welcome” and the system
continues to the next step, else it goes into an ignition overlock.
3. The next step is to detect the presence of alcohol using an MQ3 sensor in a breathalyser. If the
alcohol content is above a certain threshold (read 530 in this case), the engine does not turn on.
If the alcohol level is below the threshold, the system moves on to the next step.
4. The final step is the usage of a PPG sensor to detect the heartbeat of the candidate driver. If the
heartbeat is lesser or above certain thresholds (read below 60 and above 100), the system
informs the candidate driver about the change in heartbeat.

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5.4 Driver drowsiness detection

First of all, with the Pi switched off, you’ll need to connect the Camera Module to the
Raspberry Pi’s camera port, then start up the Pi and ensure the software is enabled. Locate the
camera port and connect the camera by gently pulling up on the plastic edges, pushing in the camera
ribbon and then pushing the plastic connector back into place. The connection is as shown in Fig
5.14.

Fig 5.14 Camera module connected to Raspberry pi 3.0

The main principle of this drowsiness detection module is to calculate the Euclidean
distance of the eyelid from a certain threshold and estimate the EAR value. The key steps employed
in this algorithm is as follow;
To start, we will apply OpenCV’s Haar cascades to detect the face in an image, which boils
down to finding the bounding box (x, y)-coordinates of the face in the frame. Given the bounding
box the face we can apply dlib’s facial landmark predictor to obtain 68 salient points used to
localize the eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, and jawline as in the below Fig 5.15.

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Fig 5.15 Visualizing the 68 facial landmark coordinates from the iBUG 300-W dataset.

Dlib’s 68 facial landmarks are indexable which enables us to extract the various facial
structures using simple Python array slices. Given the facial landmarks associated with an eye, we
can apply the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) algorithm which was introduced by Soukupová and Čech’s
in their 2017 paper, Real-Time Eye Blink Detection suing Facial Landmarks:

Fig 5.16 Top-left: A visualization of eye landmarks when then the eye is open. Top-right:
Eye landmarks when the eye is closed. Bottom: Plotting the eye aspect ratio over time. The
dip in the eye aspect ratio indicates a blink.

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On the top-left of Fig 5.16 we have an eye that is fully open and the eye facial landmarks
plotted. Then on the top-right we have an eye that is closed. The bottom then plots the eye aspect
ratio over time. As we can see, the eye aspect ratio is constant (indicating that the eye is open), then
rapidly drops to close to zero, then increases again, indicating a blink has taken place.

Fig 5.17 Flowchart indicating working of fatigue monitor system:

Fig 5.17 Flowchart indicating working of fatigue monitor system

In our drowsiness detector case, we’ll be monitoring the eye aspect ratio to see if the value
falls but does not increase again, thus implying that the driver/user has closed their eyes. Once
implemented, our algorithm will start by localizing the facial landmarks on extracting the eye
regions and then finally raising an alarm if the eye aspect ratio is below a pre-defined threshold for
a sufficiently long amount of time (indicating that the driver/user is tired).
In this case we try to send a control signal that turns on the parking blinker indicating that
the driver is indicating symptoms of drowsiness.
Fig. 5.13 illustrates a flowchart representing the overall working of the project.

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Fig. 5.13 A flowchart representing the overall working of the project

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Chapter 6
RESULT & CONCLUSION

A car driver’s health condition monitoring system is proposed to overcome the limitations of
existing wired measurement methods and provide user-friendly driver’s health monitoring in
personal area network environment. Fatigue sensors are designed to easily obtain physiological
signals on the steering wheel wirelessly during practical test. All measured physiological signals
from sensors are verified through health condition monitoring system and saved automatically at the
server. In addition, signals which are a valuable basis of information to estimate drowsiness
condition are used for analysis performance in time and frequency domain.
It consists of an MFRC 522 module which is an RFID scanner. The owner of the card is
provided with a unique RFID card. This can be used as an additional layer of security to prevent car
theft. The person driving the car is expected to scan the RFID card in the MFRC 522 module and
only if the RFID card is present in the database, the car key can be used to start the car.
We have provided a very effective solution to develop an intelligent system for vehicles for
alcohol detection whose core is Arduino. Since sensor has fine sensitivity range around 2 meters, it
can suit to any vehicle and can easily be hidden from the suspects. The whole system has also an
advantage of small volume and more reliability. As the growing public perception is that vehicle
safety is more important, advances in public safety is gaining acceptance than in the past.
We have built a min prototype of this proposed model and the working of this prototype is
explained below.
As the driver tries to enter the car, he/she is expected to scan his access card. If he/she does
not have a card with authenticated ID from the database, he/she is not permitted to start the engine.
If he/she has a card that is authenticated, the ignition control relay is on and he/she is given
provision to run the engine.
Once the authentication step is finished, there are multiple parallel health monitoring sensors
running to scan different health parameters. The output of the MFRC 522 module is as seen in Fig
6.1 and Fig 6.2.
The

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Fig 6.1 Output of MFRC522 module

The MQ-3 sensor is constantly scanning for the presence of alcohol at regular intervals. If there is a
trace of alcohol in the driver’s breath, the sensor sends a control signal which stops the engine after
a certain delay.
The MQ-3 converts the presence of alcohol into analog value and when this value read is more than
the threshold (default threshold 530), outputs a ‘0’. This is better illustrated in Fig 6.2.

Fig 6.2 Output of MQ3 sensor

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The next sensor is a PPG sensor mounted onto the dashboard to measure the pulse of the
driver. This is more of an added luxury. The PPG sensor outputs the reading of change in blood
volume and estimated the pulse rate accordingly. If the driver pulse rate is abnormal, the speaker
will call out the phrase “abnormal BPM”. The reading of the PPG sensor is as in Fig 6.3.

Fig 6.3 Output of PPG sensor

The main parameter in this setup is the measurement of drowsiness which is taken care by the
Raspberry pi module interfaced with a camera module (5 MP). Based on EAR reading the parking
lights (LED in this case) will light up, indicating that the driver is drowsy.
The EAR estimation on a live subject is as given in the below Figures, Fig 6.4 and Fig 6.5.

Fig 6.4 Output of camera and EAR estimation

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Fig 6.5 Output of camera and EAR estimation when drowsiness is detected

Future scope

Future scope of this system is to control the accidents causes due to alcohol consumption.
This system improves the safety of human being. And hence providing the effective development in
the automobile industry regarding to reduce the accidents cause due to alcohol.
A commercial model of this prototype can be implemented on modern day cars for as there
is no large scale integration of such monitoring system yet.
For more secure authentication we would like to propose the use of palm print scanning.
Where each RFID is linked to one palm print and this print is acquired using a sensor mounted in
the steering wheel. This not only validates the license but also enables a two factor authentication
method.

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