AISC Live Webinar Design of Reinforcement for Steel Members

Part II

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© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2014

Course Description
Design of Reinforcement for Steel Members Part II
Presented by Bo Dowswell, Ph.D., P.E.

February 13, 2014

This presentation is a continuation of the AISC live webinar, Design of

Reinforcement for Steel Members. Several topics will be discussed which affect
the strength and serviceability of reinforced steel members. Deflection of
beams with pre-load will be discussed briefly, and further information will be
provided on the design of built-up columns. Other topics include: weld design,
including the calculation of weld strength for built-up columns; how intermittent
welds affect the section properties of a built-up member; local buckling,
including the effect of stitch welds on the local buckling of plates. An example
problem will be used to illustrate some of the design principles for a composite
beam with reinforcement at the tension flange.

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Learning Objectives
• To learn and understand the AISC Specification strength and
serviceability requirements for designing reinforced structural steel
members.
• To gain familiarity with the deflection of beams with pre-load when
safely reinforcing steel members for structural steel buildings.
• To learn and understand material and code requirements for welding
of built-up structural steel beams and columns.
• To learn and understand the design principles for reinforcing composite
beams through the presentation of a design example.

DESIGN OF
REINFORCEMENT FOR
STEEL MEMBERS-
PART 2
Bo Dowswell, P.E., Ph.D.
Principal
ARC International, LLC

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Part 1 Summary
• Reinforced Beam & Column Design
 Reinforcement types
 Pre-load
 Partial-length reinforcement
• Course video and presentation slides are
available on the AISC Website:
www.aisc.org/content.aspx?id=37256

Course Description
• Beam Deflection
• Section Properties of Built-Up Members
• Weld Design
• Built-Up Columns: Additional Topics
• Flexural Plate Buckling (Plate Buckling
Between Intermittent Welds)
• Composite Beam Example

10

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BEAM DEFLECTION

11

Beam Deflection
Deflection of Beams with Pre-Load
• Structural analysis models are built with
reinforced member properties
• Deflection must be adjusted to account
for pre-load.

12

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Beam Deflection
Pre-load deflection: deflection before
reinforcement is added.

ωn = proportion of load applied before the

member is reinforced
13

Beam Deflection
Deflection of reinforced member: only
loads applied after reinforcement is added.

ωr = proportion of load applied after the

member is reinforced
14

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Beam Deflection
Total Deflection:  = n + r

n = deflection of non-reinforced member

using loads applied before the
member is reinforced
r = deflection of reinforced member using
loads applied after the member is
reinforced

15

Beam Deflection
The adjusted deflection can be calculated
using the value from a finite element model

  I 
   m  r  n  r  
  In 

m = total deflection from the finite element

model using the reinforced member
properties

16

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Beam Deflection
In = moment of inertia of non-reinforced
member
Ir = moment of inertia of reinforced
member

17

Beam Deflection
Deflection of Beams with Partial-Length
Reinforcement

Finite Element Model

18

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SECTION PROPERTIES OF
BUILT-UP MEMBERS

19

AISC Specification
AISC Specification Section F4

2 2
Cb  E L 
Fcr  1  0.078 J  b 
 Lb rt  S xc ho  rt 
2

Equations F4-5 and F4-8 require the

calculation of J

20

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Torsion Constant
The torsion constant, J, can be calculated
based on individual element behavior or
integral element behavior

individual behavior integral behavior

21

Torsion Constant
Individual Element Behavior (1 Plate)

Js = Jw + Jp J p  1 b p t 3p
3

Jw = torsion constant of the W shape

Jp = torsion constant of the plate
tp = plate thickness
bp = plate width
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Torsion Constant
Individual Element Behavior (2 Plates)

Js = Jw + Jp1 + Jp2

Jp1 = torsion constant of Plate 1

Jp2 = torsion constant of Plate 2

23

Torsion Constant
Integral Element Behavior (1 Plate)


J i  J w  J p  bt p t f t p  t f 

b = minimum of bf and bp
tf = flange thickness
bf = flange width

24

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Torsion Constant
Integral Element Behavior (2 Plates)


J i  J w  J p1  J p 2  b1t p1t f t p1  t f 

b2t p 2t f t p 2  t f 
b1 = minimum of bf and bp1
b2 = minimum of bf and bp2
tp1 = thickness of Plate 1
tp2 = thickness of Plate 2
25

Torsion Constant
Effective torsion constant for members with
intermittent welds, Jeff

Js < Jeff < Ji

Jeff = effective torsion constant

Js = torsion constant for independent
behavior
Ji = torsion constant for integral behavior
26

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Torsion Constant
• Generally, commercial software
packages provide Ji
• Js can be used as a conservative
estimate of Jeff , but this can be extremely
conservative
• See Chang and Johnston (1952) for a
more accurate solution

27

WELD DESIGN

28

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Intermittent Welds
Intermittent Welds
• Lower cost
• Less weld shrinkage distortion
• Greater corrosion potential

29

Intermittent Welds
AISC Specification Section J2.2b
• L ≥ 4w
• L ≥ 1.5 in.

L = segment length
w = weld size

30

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Intermittent Welds
Maximum weld spacing for intermittent welds
in AISC Specification Sections D.4 and J3.5

1. Ensure close fit-up

over entire faying
surface
2. Prevent corrosion
between connected
elements
31

Intermittent Welds
AISC Specification Sections D.4 and J3.5
(a) Pmax = 24t ≤ 12 in.
(b) Unpainted Weathering Steel:
Pmax = 14t ≤ 7 in.

Pmax = weld spacing

t = thickness of the thinner part
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Welding to Loaded Members

Members Welded Under Load
Elevated temperatures near the weld cause
a reduction in material properties of the
base material

33

Welding to Loaded Members

General Recommendations
• Use small diameter electrodes and low
welding current
• Use stringer beads only (not weave
beads)
• Specify intermittent welding in short
lengths

34

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Welding to Loaded Members

General Recommendations (continued)
• Where appropriate, specify a maximum
interpass temperature of 300 °F
• Allow time for welds to cool between
passes
• Use temperature crayons or other
suitable means to monitor the
temperature of the base metal near the
weld
35

Welding to Loaded Members

Concept of Inactive Areas

600 °F

800 °F

1,100 °F 1,600 °F

Standard Weld Temperature Field

36

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Welding to Loaded Members

Section Normal to Arc Travel

600 °F

800 °F

1,100 °F 1,600 °F

Standard Weld Temperature Field

37

Welding to Loaded Members

Example Temperature Curve for Low Heat
Input Weld

Section Through
Weld Normal to
Arc Travel

38

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Welding to Loaded Members

Example Yield Strength Curve for Low
Heat Input Weld

Section Through
Weld Normal to
Arc Travel

Fy   Fy

39

Welding to Loaded Members

Inactive Area Normal to Arc Travel

Conservative Values:
wy = 1 in. for SMAW
wy = 2 in. for FCAW

See Huenersen et al. (1990)

for a more rigorous solution
40

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Welding to Loaded Members

Inactive Area Parallel to Arc Travel

Conservative Estimate:
Full flange width plus
the portion of the web
defined by wy

See Huenersen et al. (1990)

for a more rigorous solution
41

BUILT-UP COLUMNS:
ADDITIONAL TOPICS

42

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Weld Design for Columns

How can we design the
reinforcement welds for
columns?

What are the loads?

43

Weld Design for Columns

The load in the cover plate
must be transferred to the non-
reinforced section at the
theoretical cutoff point.

Welds must develop the cover

plate’s portion of the required
axial load in the column

44

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Weld Design for Columns

The load in each plate, based on equal axial
stress over the cross sectional area, is
Ap
Fp  P
Ar

Ap = area of the reinforcing plate

Ar = total area of the reinforced section

45

Weld Design for Columns

Shear Flow
Vr Q
v Q  Ap y
I rx

Ap = area of the reinforcing plate

Irx = strong-axis moment of inertia of the
built-up member
Vr = required shear force
v = shear force per unit length
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Weld Design for Columns

Anchor Force M rc M rc

M rc Q
FA 
I rx

47

Weld Design for Columns

How can we determine Vr and Mrc ?
Apply a uniform notional load to develop a
bending moment equal to that caused by
the initial out-of-straightness. For δ0 =
L/1,000
Pr
wn 
125L

Pr = required axial load

48

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Weld Design for Columns

Apply wn in the proper direction

49

Weld Design for Columns

The first-order moment,
Mc, is calculated at the
theoretical cutoff point.

If the column is subjected

to axial load only, the
maximum shear, Vr, is at
the theoretical cutoff
point.
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Weld Design for Columns

AISC Manual Table 3-23,
Case 1.

wx
Mx  l  x 
2

l 
Vx  w   x 
2 

51

Weld Design for Columns

The required moment, Mrc, can be determined
with a second order analysis or calculated using
multiplier, B1 from AISC Specification
Appendix 8, Section 8.2.

Cm
M rc  B1M c B1 
Pr
1 α
Pe1

52

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Weld Design for Columns

Pe1 = elastic lateral buckling load of the
column
Pr = required axial strength

Cm = 1.0

 = 1.00 for LRFD

= 1.60 for ASD

53

Weld Design for Columns

The total load in the plate at the theoretical
cutoff point is the anchor force for the
moment plus the plate’s portion of the axial
load.
Fr  Fp  FA

Ap M rc Q
Fp  P FA 
Ar I rx

54

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Weld Design for Columns

Fr must be developed
over distance, drt

The shear force per unit

length,v, must me
developed between the
theoretical cutoff points

55

FLEXURAL PLATE
BUCKLING

56

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Column Local Buckling

Column Flange Plates
Specification Table B4.1a, Case 7
b

t
E
 r  1.40
Fy

57

Beam Local Buckling

Beam Compression Flange Plates
Specification Table B4.1b, Case 18

E
 r  1.40
Fy
b

t E
 p  1.12
Fy

58

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Flexural Plate Buckling

Flexural Buckling Between Intermittent
Welds

Local Buckling Flexural Buckling

59

Flexural Plate Buckling

AISC Specification Section E6.2
Non-Staggered:

E
Pmax  0.75t  12 in.
Fy

t = plate thickness
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Flexural Plate Buckling

The buckled shape of the plate changes
when staggered welds are used

61

Flexural Plate Buckling

AISC Specification Section E6.2
Staggered:

E
Pmax  1.12t  18 in.
Fy

50% increase in Pmax when staggered

62

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Flexural Plate Buckling

Norris et al. (1951) found critical C/b ratios,
where local buckling will be the controlling
limit state If C/b < (C/b)cr.

C = clear distance
between fasteners
b = plate width

63

Flexural Plate Buckling

For Stiffened Elements,
C 
 b   0.50
 cr

For Unstiffened Elements,

C 
 b   1. 4
 cr

64

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Flexural Plate Buckling

Beam Compression Flange Plates
C 
 b   0.50 For Stiffened Elements
 cr

b E Specification Table
r   1.40
t Fy B4.1b, Case 18

E
Cr  0.5br  0.5t  r  0.70t
Fy

65

Flexural Plate Buckling

Beam Compression Flange Plates

b E Specification Table
p   1.12
t Fy B4.1b, Case 18

E
C p  0.5bp  0.5t  p  0.56t
Fy

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Flexural Plate Buckling

For Unstiffened
Elements
C 
 b   1. 4
 cr

Cr  1.4t  r Select r and p from AISC

Specification Table B4.1a or
C p  1.4t  p B4.1b.

67

COMPOSITE BEAM
EXAMPLE

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Composite Beam Example

An existing composite beam must carry an
additional live load of 40 psf. This example
shows calculations for the required
reinforcement using LRFD.

For the existing beam calculations, see

Example I.1 in the AISC Design Examples,
Version 14.1.

69

Composite Beam Example

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Composite Beam Example

71

Composite Beam Example

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Composite Beam Example

Given:
The live load increased from 100 psf to 140
psf.

The existing live load will be removed

before the beam is reinforced.

The existing beam is A992.

73

Composite Beam Example

For the existing beam:
The available flexural strength,

bMn = 769 kip-ft

The lower bound moment of inertia,

ILB = 2,520 in.4

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Composite Beam Example

The concrete is normal weight with a
specified compressive strength, fc = 4 ksi.

There are 46 ¾-in.-diameter headed stud

anchors symmetrically placed about the
midspan.

The existing dead load is 0.900 kip/ft

75

Composite Beam Example

Solution:
Existing Beam Material Properties
A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi

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Composite Beam Example

Applied Loads
Estimated weight of reinforcement:
20 lbs/ft = 0.02 kip/ft

Dead load:
wD = 0.900 kip/ft + 0.02 kip/ft = 0.920 kip/ft

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Composite Beam Example

Live load:
wL = (10.0 ft)(140 psf)(0.001 kip/lb)
= 1.40 kips/ft

Required load:
wu = (1.2)(0.920 kip/ft) + (1.6)(1.40 kip/ft)
= 3.34 kips/ft

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Composite Beam Example

Required Flexural Strength
AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1.

wu L2
Mu 
8
 3.34 kip/ft  45.0 ft 
2


8
 845 kip-ft
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Composite Beam Example

Preliminary Analysis Conclusions
For the existing beam, bMn = 769 kip-ft

769 kip-ft < 845 kip-ft

(Utilization Ratio = 1.10)

Live load deflection > L/360 (18% Over)

The beam must be reinforced

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Composite Beam Example

Reinforcement Selection Issues
• Flexural reinforcement is most efficient
when located farthest from the neutral
axis
• Partial-length reinforcement is more
economical than full-length
reinforcement

81

Composite Beam Example

Reinforcement Selection Issues (continued)
• Productivity for horizontal welding is
about 4 times that of overhead welding

Horizontal Overhead

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Composite Beam Example

Reinforcement Selection Issues (continued)
• An adequate shelf dimension must be
provided for fillet welds

• For this example, the bottom of the beam

must remain clear of obstructions

83

Composite Beam Example

Two L 2 ½  2 ½  3/8 will be added to the
top of the bottom flange. The material will
be A36 (Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi).

L 2 ½  2 ½  3/8 :
Aa = 1.73 in.2
Ixa = 0.972 in.4
y = 0.758 in.

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Composite Beam Example

The total weight of the reinforcement is
(2)(5.90 lb/ft) = 11.8 lb/ft = 0.0118 kip/ft

The revised load is

wu = 1.2(0.912 kip/ft) + 1.6(1.40 kip/ft)
= 3.33 kips/ft

The revised moment, Mu = 844 kip-ft.

85

Composite Beam Example

Available Flexural Strength
AISC Specification Section I3.2a: Plastic
stress distribution shall be used when
h E
 3.76
tw Fy

The stabilizing effect of the reinforcing

angles will be neglected.
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Composite Beam Example

From AISC Manual Table 1-1, h/tw for a
W2150 is 49.4.

E 29, 000 ksi

3.76  3.76  90.6
Fy 50 ksi

49.4 < 90.6; therefore, the plastic stress

distribution will be used.

87

Composite Beam Example

Concrete Strength
Ac = (120 in.)(4.5 in.)
= 540 in.2

C = 0.85fcAc
= (0.85)(4 ksi)(540 in.2)
= 1,840 kips

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Composite Beam Example

Steel Strength
T = AsFy
= (50 ksi)(14.7 in.2) + (2) (36 ksi)(1.73
in.2)
= 860 kips

89

Composite Beam Example

Steel Anchor Strength
AISC Manual Table 3-21

Assume all anchors are placed in the weak

position

1 anchor per rib: Qn = 17.2 kips/anchor

2 anchors per rib: Qn = 14.6 kips/anchor

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Composite Beam Example

Qn = (2)(14.6 kips/anchor)
+ (21)(17.2 kips/anchor)
= 390 kips

The compression load in the concrete is

C = MIN(1,840, 860, 390) = 390 kips

Shear transfer for composite action is

controlled by the anchor strength.
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Composite Beam Example

AISC Specification Section I3.1a
The effective width of the concrete slab is
the minimum of

(1) One eighth of the beam span

be1 = (45 ft.)(2 sides)/8 = 11.3 ft

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Composite Beam Example

(2) One-half the distance to the centerline
of the adjacent beam

be2 = (10 ft.)(2 sides)/2 = 10.0 ft

(3) Distance to the Edge of the slab

Not Applicable

93

Composite Beam Example

The effective width of slab is
be = be2 = 10.0 ft = 120 in.
be = 10.0 ft

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Composite Beam Example

Plastic Analysis of Cross Section

95

Composite Beam Example

Compression Block Depth

C
a
0.85 f c b
390 kips

 0.85 4 ksi 120 in.
 0.956 in.

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Composite Beam Example

Cc = 390 kips
Cf = (50 ksi)(0.535 in.)(6.53 in.) = 210 kips

Tf = (50 ksi)(0.535 in.)(6.53 in.) = 210 kips

Ta = (2 angles)(36 ksi)(1.73 in.2) = 125 kips

Cw = (50 ksi)(0.380 in.)(x  0.535 in.)

Tw = (50 ksi)(0.380 in.)(20.8 in.  0.535 in.  x)

97

Composite Beam Example

The plastic neutral axis (PNA) is located by
force equilibrium
C = T
Cc + Cf + Cw = Tf + Ta + Tw
Solve for x = 3.44 in.
Also: Cw = 55.3 kips
Tw = 320 kips
98

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Composite Beam Example

dcc = 3.44 in. + 7.50 in.  0.956 in./2 = 10.5 in.
dcf = 3.44 in.  0.535 in./2 = 3.17 in.

dcw = (3.44 in.  0.535 in.)/2 = 1.45 in.

dtf = 20.8 in.  3.44 in.  0.535 in./2 = 17.1 in.

99

Composite Beam Example

dta = 20.8 in.  3.44 in.  0.535 in.  2.50
+ 0.758 in.
= 15.1 in.
dtw = (20.8 in.  3.44 in.  0.535 in.)/2 = 8.41 in.

100

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Composite Beam Example

Mn = (390 kips)(10.5 in.)
+ (210 kips)(3.17 in.)
+ (55.3 kips)(1.45 in.)
+ (320 kips)(8.41 in.)
+ (125 kips)(15.1 in.)
+ (210 kips)(17.1 in.)
= 13,010 kip-in.
= 1,080 kip-ft.
101

Composite Beam Example

bMn = (0.90)(1,080 kip-ft)
= 972 kip-ft

Mu = 844 kip-ft. < 972 kip-ft o.k.

102

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Composite Beam Example

Required Shear Strength
AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1.
wu L
Vu 
2


 3.33 kips/ft  45.0 ft 
2
 74.9 kips

103

Composite Beam Example

Available Shear Strength
AISC Specification Section I4.2

The available shear strength is based on

the properties of the steel section alone

AISC Manual Table 3-2

vVn = 237 kips > 74.9 o.k.

104

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Composite Beam Example

Location of the Theoretical Cutoff Point
Only partial-length reinforcement will be
provided. The location of the theoretical
cutoff point must be determined so the
flexural strength of the non-reinforced
segments will be adequate.

105

Composite Beam Example

AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1.
For the existing beam,
bMn = 769 kip-ft.

l = 45 ft

wu = 3.33 kips/ft

106

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Composite Beam Example

wx
Mx  l  x 
2
 3.33 kips/ft  x 45.0 ft  x
769 kip-ft   
2
Solve for x = 15.5 ft
Use a preliminary distance from the end of
the beam to the theoretical cutoff point of
14 ft.
107

Composite Beam Example

Live Load Deflection
Live load deflection will be limited to:

1. For 100% of the design live load:

a = L/360 = (45 ft)(12 in./ft)/360 = 1.50
in.

2. For 50% of the design live load:

a = 1.0 in.
108

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Composite Beam Example

Deflection will be calculated using Ieff
AISC Specification Commentary Section I3.2
Ieff = 0.75Iequiv

AISC Specification Commentary Equation C-

I3-4
Qn
I equiv  I s   I tr  I s 
Cf

109

Composite Beam Example

Transformed Moment of Inertia
 = Es/Ec
= (29,000 ksi)/(3,490 ksi)
= 8.31
btr = (10 ft)(12 in./ft)/8.31
= 14.4 in.
Itr = 5,500 in.4
110

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Composite Beam Example

The moment of inertia of the structural
steel section, including the reinforcing
angles, Is = 1,170 in.4

111

Composite Beam Example

 Qn = 390 kips

T = AsFy = 860 kips

C = 0.85fcAc = 1,840 kips
Cf = compression force in slab for fully
composite beam
= minimum of T and C
= 860 kips
112

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Composite Beam Example

AISC Specification Commentary Equation
C-I3-4
Qn
I equiv  I s   I tr  I s 
Cf
390 kips

 1,170 in.4  5, 500 in.4  1,170 in.4  860 kips
 4, 090 in.4

113

Composite Beam Example

AISC Specification Commentary Section
I3.2

Ieff = 0.75Iequiv
= (0.75)(4,090 in.4)
=3,070 in.4

114

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Composite Beam Example

For 100% live load
Using a three-member stepped beam finite
element model with:
wL = 1.40 kips/ft
Lr = 18.3 ft
dr = 13.3 ft
E = 29,000 ksi

115

Composite Beam Example

I1 = 3,070 in.4
I2 = 2,520 in.4

I2 I1 I2

c = 1.58 in. > 1.50 n.g.

116

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Composite Beam Example

Options to Limit Deflection
• Calculate I using a more rigorous
approach
• Increase I1 by changing the angle size
• Increase the length of reinforcement, Lr

117

Composite Beam Example

Using the three-member stepped beam
finite element model with:
Lr = 39 ft
dr = 3 ft

c = 1.48 in. < 1.50 o.k.

118

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Composite Beam Example

For 50% live load
Using the three-member stepped beam
finite element model with:
wL = 0.70 kips/ft
Lr = 39 ft
dr = 3 ft

c = 0.73 in. < 1.0 o.k.

119

Composite Beam Example

Welds at the End of the Reinforcement
M rc M rc

120

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Composite Beam Example

The anchor force is
M rc Q
FA 
I rx

However, this equation is valid only in the

elastic range, where
Mr ≤ My My = FySx

121

Composite Beam Example

Due to the approximate nature of the
moment of inertia calculations, the weld
will be designed to develop the available
strength of the angles.

 
b Pn   0.9  36 ksi  1.73 in.2  56.0 kips

122

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Composite Beam Example

Use two 3/16 in. fillet welds extending 8 in.
beyond the theoretical cutoff point. For
concentrically loaded weld groups, AISC
Manual Equation 8-2a is applicable.

wRn = 1.39Dl
= (1.39)(3)[(2 welds)(8 in.)]
= 66.7 kips > 56.0 kips o.k.

123

Composite Beam Example

The beam web bust be thick enough to
transmit the load from the angles from the
beam. AISC Manual Equation 9-3 is
applicable.

6.19 D  6.19  3
tmin    0.286 in.
Fu 65 ksi

0.286 in. < 0.380 in. o.k.

124

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Composite Beam Example

Final Weld Design

125

Questions?
Bo Dowswell, P.E., Ph.D.
Principal
ARC International, LLC
[email protected]

126

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Part II

References
Chang, F.K. and Johnston, B.G. (1952), “Torsion of Plate Girders,”
Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, April.

Huenersen, G., Haensch, H. and Augustyn, J. (1990), “Repair Welding

Under Load,” Welding in the World, Vol. 28, No. 9/10, pp. 174-182.

Norris, C.H., Polychrome, D.A. and Capozzoli, L.J. (1951), “Buckling

of Intermittently Supported Rectangular Plates,” Welding Research
Supplement, American Welding Society, November, pp. 546-s through
556-s.

127

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AISC Seminars
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Provisions

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