14.

6 Apply Sum and

Difference Formulas
Before You found trigonometric functions of a given angle.
Now You will use trigonometric sum and difference formulas.
Why? So you can simplify a ratio used for aerial photography, as in Ex. 43.

Key Vocabulary In this lesson, you will study formulas that allow you to evaluate trigonometric
• trigonometric functions of the sum or difference of two angles.
identity, p. 924
KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook
Sum and Difference Formulas
Sum Formulas Difference Formulas
sin (a 1 b) 5 sin a cos b 1 cos a sin b sin (a 2 b) 5 sin a cos b 2 cos a sin b
cos (a 1 b) 5 cos a cos b 2 sin a sin b cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b
tan a 1 tan b
tan (a 1 b) 5 } tan a 2 tan b
tan (a 2 b) 5 }
1 2 tan a tan b 1 1 tan a tan b

In general, sin (a 1 b) Þ sin a 1 sin b. Similar statements can be made for the
other trigonometric functions of sums and differences.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate a trigonometric expression

7p
Find the exact value of (a) sin 158 and (b) tan } .
12

a. sin 158 5 sin (608 2 458) Substitute 60 8 2 45 8 for 15 8.

5 sin 608 cos 458 2 cos 608 sin 458 Difference formula for sine
} } }
Ï3 Ï2 2 1 Ï2
5}
2
} 122
} }
2 122 Evaluate.
} }
Ï6 2 Ï2
5} Simplify.
4
7p p p
b. tan } 5 tan 1 } 1 } 2
p p
Substitute } 1 } for }.
7p
12 3 4 3 4 12

p 1 tan p
tan } }
3 4
REVIEW 5} p p Sum formula for tangent
1 2 tan } tan }
CONJUGATES 3 4
For help with using }

5} Ï3 1 1 Evaluate.
conjugates to rationalize }

denominators, see 1 2 Ï3 p 1
}
p. 266. 5 22 2 Ï3 Simplify.

14.6 Apply Sum and Difference Formulas 949

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 EXAMPLE 2 Use a difference formula
4 with p < a < 3p and sin b 5 5
Find cos (a 2 b) given that cos a 5 2} } }
5 2 13
p.
with 0 < b < }
2

Solution
3 and
Using a Pythagorean identity and quadrant signs gives sin a 5 2}
5
12 .
cos b 5 }
13
cos (a 2 b) 5 cos a cos b 1 sin a sin b Difference formula for cosine

4 12 1 2 3 5
5 2} } 1 2 1
} }
5 13 5 2 1 13 2 Substitute.

63
5 2} Simplify.
65

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

Find the exact value of the expression.

1. sin 1058 2. cos 758 5p
3. tan } p
4. cos }
12 12

5. Find sin (a 2 b) given that sin a 5 }8 with 0 < a < p and cos b 5 2 24
} }
17 2 25
3
with π < b < }.p
2

EXAMPLE 3 Simplify an expression

Simplify the expression cos (x 1 p).
cos (x 1 π) 5 cos x cos p 2 sin x sin p Sum formula for cosine

5 (cos x)(21) 2 (sin x)(0) Evaluate.

5 2cos x Simplify.

EXAMPLE 4 Solve a trigonometric equation

p 1 sin x 2 p 5 1 for 0 ≤ x < 2p.
Solve sin 1 x 1 } 2 3 1 }2 3
ANOTHER WAY p 1 sin x 2 p 5 1
sin 1 x 1 } 2 1 }2 Write equation.
You can also solve 3 3
by using a graphing
p 1 cos x sin p 1 sin x cos p 2 cos x sin p 5 1
sin x cos } Use formulas.
calculator. First graph } } }
3 3 3 3
each side of the original
} }
equation and then use 1 Ï3 1 Ï3
} sin x 1 } cos x 1 } sin x 2 } cos x 5 1 Evaluate.
the intersect feature 2 2 2 2
to find the x-value(s)
where the expressions
sin x 5 1 Simplify.
are equal. p.
c In the interval 0 ≤ x < 2π, the only solution is x 5 }
2

950 Chapter 14 Trigonometric Graphs, Identities, and Equations

n2pe-1406.indd 950 10/17/05 11:19:14 AM

 EXAMPLE 5 Solve a multi-step problem
DAYLIGHT HOURS The number h of hours of daylight for Dallas, Texas, and
Anchorage, Alaska, can be approximated by the equations below, where t is the
time in days and t 5 0 represents January 1. On which days of the year will the
two cities have the same amount of daylight?

πt 2 1.35 1 12.1 πt 1 12.1

Dallas: h1 5 2 sin }
182 1 2 Anchorage: h2 5 26 cos }
182 1 2
Solution
STEP 1 Solve the equation h1 5 h2 for t.

πt 2 1.35 1 12.1 5 26 cos πt 1 12.1

1 182
2 sin } 2 } 1 182 2
πt 2 1.35 5 23 cos πt
sin } 1 182 } 2 1 182 2
πt cos 1.35 2 cos πt sin 1.35 5 23 cos πt
1 182 2
sin } } 1 182 2 } 1 182 2
πt (0.219) 2 cos πt (0.976) 5 23 cos πt
1 182 2
sin } } 1 182 2 } 1 182 2
πt 5 22.024 cos πt
0.219 sin } 1 182 2 } 1 182 2
πt 5 29.242
tan } 1 182 2
πt 21
} 5 tan (29.242) 1 nπ
182
πt
} ø 21.463 1 nπ
182
t ø 284.76 1 182n
STEP 2 Find the days within one year (365 days) for which Dallas and
Anchorage will have the same amount of daylight.
t ø 284.76 1 182(1) ø 97, or on April 8
t ø 284.76 1 182(2) ø 279, or on October 7

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3, 4, and 5

Simplify the expression.

6. sin (x 1 2π) 7. cos (x 2 2π) 8. tan (x 2 π)

p t 1 5 5 224 sin p t 1 22 1 5 for 0 ≤ t < 2π.

1 2
9. Solve 6 cos }
75
}
75 1 2

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 14.6 EXERCISES HOMEWORK
KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 9, 23, and 43
★ 5 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 11, 18, 32, and 44

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Give the sum and difference formulas for sine, cosine, and
tangent.

2. ★ WRITING Explain how you can evaluate tan 758 using either the sum or
difference formula for tangent.

EXAMPLE 1 FINDING VALUES Find the exact value of the expression.

on p. 949
3. tan (2158) 4. sin (21658) 5. tan 1958 6. cos 158
for Exs. 3–10
23p 17p 5p 7p
7. sin }
12
8. tan }
12 1
9. cos 2}
12 2 10. sin 2}
121 2
p 2 u 5 cos u
11. ★ SHORT RESPONSE Derive the cofunction identity sin 1 }
2 2
using the difference formula for sine.

EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Evaluate the expression given that cos a 5 }

4
EXAMPLE 2
5
on p. 950 p and sin b 5 2 15 with 3p < b < 2p.
with 0 < a < } } }
for Exs. 12–18 2 17 2
12. sin (a 1 b) 13. cos (a 1 b) 14. tan (a 1 b)
15. sin (a 2 b) 16. cos (a 2 b) 17. tan (a 2 b)

3
18. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of sin (a 2 b) given that sin a 5 2}
5
3p and cos b 5 12 with 0 < b < p ?
with π < a < } } }
2 13 2
18
A 2} 16
B 2} 14
C } 20
D }
55 65 45 43

EXAMPLE 3 SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS Simplify the expression.

on p. 950
19. tan (x 1 π) 20. sin (x 1 π) 21. cos (x 1 2π) 22. tan (x 2 2π)
for Exs. 19–31
3p p 3p 3p
1
23. sin x 2 }
2 2 24. tan 1 x 1 }
22 1
25. sin x 1 }
2 2 1
26. cos x 2 }
2 2
3p p 5p 5p
1
27. tan x 1 }
2 2 28. cos 1 x 2 }
22 1
29. tan x 1 }
2 2 1
30. cos x 1 }
2 2
31. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in simplifying the
expression.

p
tan x 1 tan }
p
tan 1 x 1 } 2 5 } 4 5 tan x 1 1 5 1
p }
4 1 1 tan x tan } 1 1 tan x
4

EXAMPLE 4 32. ★ MULTIPLE CHOICE What is a solution of the equation

on p. 950 sin (x 2 2π) 1 tan (x 2 2π) 5 0 on the interval π < x < 3π?
for Exs. 32–38
p
A } 3p
B } C 2π D 3π
2 2

952 Chapter 14 Trigonometric Graphs, Identities, and Equations

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 SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS Solve the equation for 0 ≤ x < 2p.

p 2 1 5 cos x 2 p
33. cos 1 x 1 } p 1 sin x 2 p 5 0
34. sin 1 x 1 }
62 1 }6 2 42 1 }4 2
5p 1 sin x 2 5p 5 1 p 50
36. tan (x 1 π) 1 cos 1 x 1 }
1
35. sin x 1 }
6 2 }
6 1 2 22
37. tan (x 1 π) 1 2 sin (x 1 π) 5 0 38. sin (x 1 π) 1 cos (x 1 π) 5 0

39. CHALLENGE Consider a complex number z 5 a 1 bi in the imaginary

complex plane shown. Let r be the length of the line segment
joining z and the origin, and let u be the angle that this segment z 5 a 1 bi
makes with the positive real axis, as shown.
a. Explain why a 5 r cos u and b 5 r sin u, so that r
b
z 5 (r cos u) 1 i(r sin u).
u
b. Use the result from part (a) to show the following: real
a
2 2
z 5 r [(cos u cos u 2 sin u sin u) 1 i(sin u cos u 1 cos u sin u)]
c. Use the sum and difference formulas to show that the equation
in part (b) can be written as z2 5 r 2 (cos 2u 1 i sin 2u).

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 5 40. METEOROLOGY The number h of hours of daylight for Rome, Italy, and
on p. 951 Miami, Florida, can be approximated by the equations below, where t is the
for Exs. 40–41 time in days and t 5 0 represents January 1.
p t 2 4.94 1 12.1 Miami: h 5 21.6 cos p t 1 12.1
Rome: h 5 2.7 sin }
1 1 182 2 } 2 182
On which days of the year will the cities have the same amount of daylight?
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

41. CLOCK TOWER The heights m and h (in feet) of a clock

tower’s minute hand and hour hand, respectively, can be
approximated by
pt 2 p
m 5 182.5 2 11.5 sin 1 } pt
}2 and h 5 182.5 2 7 sin 1 } 2
30 2 360

where t is the time in minutes and t 5 0 represents 3:00 P.M.

Use a graphing calculator to find how long it takes for the
height of the minute hand to equal the height of the hour hand.
GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

42. PHYSICAL SCIENCE When a wave travels through a taut string, the
displacement y of each point on the string depends on the time t and the
point’s position x. The equation of a standing wave can be obtained by
adding the displacements of two waves traveling in opposite directions.
Suppose two waves can be modeled by these equations:
2p t 2 2p x 2p t 1 2p x
y1 5 A cos } 1 3
}
5 2 1
y 2 5 A cos }
3
}
5 2
2p t cos 2p x .
Show that y1 1 y 2 5 2A cos } }1 3 2 1 5 2

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 43. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A photographer is at a height h taking camera
aerial photographs. The ratio of the image length WQ to the
length NA of the actual object is †
Q
WQ f tan (u 2 t) 1 f tan t
}5 }
NA h tan u h W
t8
where f is the focal length of the camera, u is the angle between
the vertical line perpendicular to the ground and the line from
the camera to point A, and t is the tilt angle of the film.
N A
a. Use the difference formula for tangent to simplify the ratio.
WQ f
b. Show that } 5 } when t 5 0.
NA h

44. ★ EXTENDED RESPONSE Your friend pulls on a weight attached to a spring

and then releases it. A split second later, you begin filming the spring to
analyze its motion. You find that the spring’s distance y (in inches) from its
3
equilibrium point can be modeled by y 5 5 sin (2t 1 C) where C 5 tan21 }
4
and t is the elapsed time (in seconds) since you began filming.
a. Find the values of sin C and cos C. y
b. Use a sum formula to show that
y 5 5 sin (2t 1 C) can be written
as y 5 4 sin 2t 1 3 cos 2t. t
c. Graph the function found in Filming
part (b) and find its maximum begins
value. Explain what this value
represents.

45. CHALLENGE The busy signal on a touch-tone phone is a combination of two

tones with frequencies of 480 hertz and 620 hertz. The individual tones can
be modeled by the following equations:
480 hertz: y1 5 cos 960πt 620 hertz: y 2 5 cos 1240πt
The sound of the busy signal can be modeled by y1 1 y 2. Show that:
y1 1 y 2 5 2 cos 1100πt cos 140πt

MIXED REVIEW
Sketch the angle. Then find its reference angle. (p. 866)
46. 2308 47. 25108 48. 7308
49. 23558 50. 4608 51. 8608

Solve n ABC. (p. 882) C

b a
52. A 5 1108, C 5 308, a 5 15 53. B 5 208, b 5 10, c 5 11
54. C 5 1038, B 5 288, b 5 26 55. C 5 1228, a 5 12, c 5 18 A c B

PREVIEW Solve the equation in the interval 0 ≤ x < 2p. (p. 931)
Prepare for }
56. tan x 1 Ï 3 5 0 57. 25 1 8 sin x 5 21 58. 4 cos x 5 2 cos x 2 1
Lesson 14.7
2 2
in Exs. 56–61. 59. 5 tan x 2 15 5 0 60. 4 sin x 2 3 5 0 61. 2 cos2 x 2 sin x 2 1 5 0

954 EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 14.6, p. 1023 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com