Essential Biolog peeks ridge IG ‘@ iS si era eh cle) a A \ pS Garet! {Williams 4 Iain eles aN] Series Editor: Lawrie Ryan ie ~ eeUNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press isa department of the University of Oxford. furthers the University’s objective ofexcelence in research, scholarship and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford i a registered trace mark ‘of Oxford Universiy Press in the UK and in certain other countries ‘Text © Gareth Willis 2015 ‘Aterative to practkal paper and practice questions © OUP 2015 Original ‘ustrations © Gareth Willams and OUP 2015 ‘The right of Gareth Wiliams to be ienified as thor ofthis work has ‘been asserted by him in accordance withthe Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, First published in 2009 ‘This edition published in 2015 All Hights reserved. 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Characteristics and classification He cebaionend ovtrennastiimey «16 of living orgarilsms 2 ee a 4.1. Characteristics of living organisms 2 7.7 Mouth, oesophagus and stomach 82 4.2 Classification 4 7.8 Small intestine and absorption 84 1.3 Features of organisms 6 7.9 Large intestine and intestinal disease 86 1.4 Vertebrates 8 Practice questions 88 1.5 Invertebrates 10 - 1.6 Ferns and flowering plants 12 Unit 8 Plant transport 90 1.7 Dichotomous keys 14 8.1 Transport systems 90 Practice questions 16 8.2 Water uptake 2 4 8.3 Transpiration 94 Unite Cells 18 8.4 Translocation 96 2.1. Structure of cells 18 Practice questions 98 2.2 Cell organelles 20 . . 23 Different typer of cell 22 Unit9 Transport in humans 100 2.4 Levels of organisation 24 9.4 Circulation 100 Practice questions 26 9.2 The heart 102 Unit 3 Movement in and out of cells. 28 4 fe a gee ine 3.1 Diffusion 28 9.5 Coronary heart disease (CHD) 108 3.2 Osmosis 30 96 Blood 110 3.3 Osmosis in plant and animal cells 32 9.7 Blood in defence 112 3.4 Active transport 34 9.8 Lymph and tissue fluid 14 Practice questions 36 Practice questions 116 Unit 4 Biological molecules 38 Unit 10 Diseases and immunity 118 4,1 Biological molecules 38 10.1 Disease 118 4.2 Chemical tests for biological molecules 40 10.2 Defence against disease 120 4.3 DNA 42 10.3 Aspects of immunity 122 Practice questions 44 10.4 Controlling the spread of disease 124 Unies Enajiriea 46 Practice questions 126 5.1 Structure and action of enzymes 46.-——Unit 11. Gas exchange in humans 128 5.2. Factors affecting enzyme action: 14.1 The gas exchange system 128 temperature 48 11.2: Gas exchange 130 5.3 Enzymes and pH 50 11.3 Breathing 132 Practice questions 52 11.4 Rate and depth of breathing 134 Unit 6 Plant nutrition 54 Practice aussioNe 38 6.1 Photosynthesis 54 Unit 12. Respiration 138 6.2 What is needed for photosynthesis? 56 12.1 Aerobic respiration 138 6.3 Products of photosynthesis 58 12.2 Anaerobic respiration 140 6.4 Rate of photosynthesis 60 Practice questions 142 6.5 Glasshouse production 62 ; 6.6 Leaves 64 Unit 13 Excretion 144. 6.7 Mineral requirements 66 13.1 Excretion 144 Practice questions 68 13.2 Kidney structure 146 si “ sig 13.3 Kidney function 148 Unit 7 Animal nutrition 70 13.4. Kidney dialysis and kidney transplants 150 7.1 Abalanced diet 70 Practice questions 152 7.2 Sources of nutrients 72