ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel great pleasure in submitting this seminar report on “Mobile Ad Hoc

Wireless Network”. I wish to express true sense of gratitude towards my
seminar Guide, and Head-of-the-Department, Mr. G.K.Patnaik who at very
discrete step in study of this seminar contributed his valuable guidance to
solve every problem that arose.

I wish to thank our H.O.D for opening the doors of the department
towards the realization of the seminar report.
Most importantly I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards
my family for always being there when I needed them the most. Last but not
the least, I also express my sincere gratitude to all the staff members of
computer department and friends for their support .

B. E. Computer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr.No. Title Page No.

ABSTRACT 1
1. Intoduction 2
1.1 Introduction to Mobile Ad-Hoc Network 2
1.2 Why Mobile Ad-hoc Network? 3
1.3 An Overview of MANET 4
2. Characteristics of Ad Hoc Network 7
3. Routing in Ad Hoc Network 9
3.1 Introduction 9
3.2 Addressing 11
3.3 IP Address configuration 12
3.4 Desirable properties 12
4. Types of Routing Protocols 14
4.1 Proactive 14
4.1.1 Types of Table Driven Protocols 15
4.2 Reactive 15
4.2.1 Types of Demand Driven Protocols 15
5. Applications 16
6. Merits And Demerits of Ad Hoc Network 17
6.1 Merits 17
6.2 Demerits 18
7. CONCLUSION 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
APPENDIX – A POWER POINT SLIDES

ABSTRACT

An ad hoc mobile network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically

and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between
nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis. In order to facilitate

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communication within the network, a routing protocol is used to discover
routes between nodes.
A "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile
routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links--the union of which
form an arbitrary graph. The routers are free to move randomly and organize
themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's wireless topology may change
rapidly and unpredictably. Such a network may operate in a standalone
fashion, or may be connected to the larger Internet.
The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is correct
and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes so that messages
may be delivered in a timely manner. In a mobile ad hoc network the
hierarchical addresses must be continuously changed to reflect movements.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A wireless Ad Hoc Network is created spontaneously by a collection of mobile

nodes, interconnected by multihop wireless links in a peer to peer fashion. Each
node may serve as a packet level router for its peer in the same network.
In Latin, “ad hoc” literally means, "for this purpose only” It can be regarded as
a “spontaneous network,” i.e., that automatically “emerges” when nodes gather
together. Thus it is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a
temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or
centralized administration.

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1.1 Introduction to Mobile Ad-hoc Network
What is an ad hoc network? An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes
without the need of infrastructure support. The interesting feature of ad hoc
networks is the absence of base stations. Conventionally, base stations act as
repeaters, relaying signals from one mobile station to another. In ad hoc
networks, however, each mobile station is specially designed with the
capability to relay signals for peer-to-peer communication. Thus, virtual paths
are established as the need arises [1]. Since no base station is needed, ad hoc
networks can be employed easily and rapidly. This factor makes the concept
attractive for communications in situations, where the infrastructure is not
available. Consequently, the cost of implementation is greatly reduced. In
addition, it is envisaged that the network capacity will increase on par with the
rising demand for mobile communications [2]. This research aims at
investigating the different aspects of networking.

Fig 1.1 wireless network without fixed infrastructure.

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes,

which communicate over radio. These networks have an important advantage;
they do not require any existing infrastructure or central administration as
shown in figure 1.1. Therefore, mobile ad-hoc networks are suitable for
temporary communication links. This flexibility, however, comes at a price:
communication is difficult to organize due to frequent topology changes.

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1.2 Why multi hop Ad hoc network
There is the feature of adaptability (or survivability), which is crucial for
battlefield scenarios. By deploying a multi-hop datagram forwarding network,
packets can be routed around obstructions or areas captured by enemy units.
If in between base stations there are a large number of nodes for which
peer-to-peer communications are difficult, then packet forwarding over
multiple hops via small radii transmissions will exploit spatial reuse and
maximize throughput. Third, depending on transceiver power specifications,
packet forwarding via multiple small radii transmissions may require less
energy than a single large radius transmission for peer-to-peer communications.
The energy savings afforded by multi-hop packet forwarding would help
conserve battery resources of mobile nodes. Although there is currently little
consumer demand for multi-hop ad hoc networking, these three advantages
indicate that the multi-hop paradigm has the potential to greatly improve ad hoc
networking performance. To exploit these advantages, however, research of
mobile wireless communication systems and mobile multi-hop ad hoc network
routing protocols must continue to advance.

1.3 An Overview of MANET and Fixed Infrastructure Network.

Fig 1.1 shows that Wireless Network without fixed infrastructure i.e.
Communication of this type did not has a fixed path. So this wireless network
can not require any kind of central administration because nodes or mobile co-
operate to provide the services.

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 fig. 1.2 wireless network with fixed infrastructure

First Fig.1.2 shows Wireless Network with fixed infrastructure i.e. this
type of communication have fixed path. If you make any kind of phone call
with you cellular phone then that call given to a fixed administrator that is
capable of handling your phone call, this path is fixed. Any node i.e. cellular
phone want to communication it can be under the central administration. Fig.
1.2 shows the router or gateways, which is responsible for central
administration. Because of this we can easily say that, it has a fixed
infrastructure.

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 infrastucture
network

AP: Access Point

AP

AP wired network
AP

ad-hoc network

Figure 1.3 Different between with fixed infrastructure and

without fixed infrastructure wireless network.

Figure 1.3 shows that difference between with fixed infrastructure and
without fixed infrastructure wireless network. In without fixed infrastructure
mobiles or nodes cooperate with each other for communication .So in this type
of wireless network contains no central administration and fixed administration,
so router or any type of gateway are not present in this type of network.
Perhaps nodes of MANET act as routers or gateways.
In fixed infrastructure there is no direct communication between nodes or
cellular phones. They can be controlled with the help of central administration
because they have fixed infrastructure

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 CHAPTER 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF AD HOC NETWORK

We are able to come up with some characteristics of ad hoc

networks that place it quite apart from the conventional wired
fixed networks:
• There are no centralized administrative servers in an ad hoc
network so handling of addressing has to be done in a
distributed manner.
• Since there are no centralized systems, all the hosts have to
support the network by acting as routers, passing along
message packets that are not meant for that particular host.
• The form of data transmission for mobile hosts is by
broadcasting and here we are assuming that the hosts
practice promiscuous receiving, accepting any signal they
received.
• Transmission between two hosts over a wireless network
may not work equally well in both directions, i.e. the data
communication is not bi-directional, unlike a fixed wired
network.
• There are several redundant links between the hosts.
• There are dynamic topological changes in an ad hoc network
as the hosts, which are also acting as routers can move in and
out of a network and under a worse case; the network can
become partitioned in the midst of a communication session.
sources, depending mainly on battery and hence there should
be minimum redundant data transfers to conserve power.

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networks.
• Ad hoc networks has lower cost due to lack of pre-existing infrastructure
such as base stations.

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 CHAPTER 3
ROUTING IN AD HOC NETWORK

Ad hoc networks allow several hosts equipped with wireless interfaces to

communicate with one another. With this technology come several issues
which must be resolved before it can truly become an efficient means of
communication. The issues includes
· Session Maintenance
· Routing
· Security

3.1 Introduction
These networks are very flexible and suitable for several types of applications,
as they allow the establishment of temporary communication without any pre
installed infrastructure. Due to the limited transmission range of wireless
interfaces, in most cases communication has to be relayed over intermediate
nodes. Thus, in mobile multi-hop ad-hoc networks each node also has to be a
router.
With continuing above discussion one question arises in the mind that is
how communication can be possible without fixed infrastructure and central
administration? How nodes cooperate with each other? Answer for above
question is that MANET uses different routing protocol for better
communication. To find a route between the communication end-points is a
major problem in mobile multi hop ad-hoc networks. The problem is further
aggravated through the node mobility. Many different approaches to handle this
problem were proposed in recent years, but so far no routing algorithm has
been suitable for all situations. Other aspects of mobile ad-hoc networks are

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also subject to current research, especially the dynamic address configuration of
nodes.
The simplest form of ad hoc network is a peer to peer session between just
two hosts, which are located close together. They may communicate either
using wireless LANs, or more commonly for portable notebooks, Infrared
(IrDA) Interface. No form of routing decision is necessary for this situation.
The only condition for such communication is that the two hosts must be within
transmission range of each other. However ad hoc networks also allow for two
hosts that are not within transmission range of each other to communicate via a
third host that is within the range of the first two hosts.

fig. 3.1 Two hosts A and B that communicates via C.

Figure 3.1 shows a situation whereby hosts A and B, although not within
transmission range, can still communicate via host C by asking C to forward
the packets to the destination. Hence host C is acting like a router, routing the
message from host A to host B and vice versa.
This all about is changing the route dynamically. It is very difficult to
obtain dynamical route for communication. In normal cellular phone there is no
need of dynamic routing because it has a static fixed infrastructure . So with the
help of above discussion we can say that routing in mobile ad-hoc network is
very difficult because in MANET mobile nodes are itself act as a router.

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