Classification of numbers

List of type of Numbers

Class Symbol Description

Natural Numbers N 1, 2, 3,...

Whole Numbers W 0, 1, 2, 3,...
Integers Z {...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}
Odd Integers {..., -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, ...}
Even Integers {...-6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, ...}
Rational Numbers Q p/q Where p,q are integers
and q ≠ zero.
Irrational Numbers Irrational numbers are
numbers which cannot be
represented as fractions.
Eg.: √2, √3, π, e.
Real Numbers R All the rational numbers
and all the irrational
numbers together form the
real numbers. 0.45, 5/2,
-0.726495 ..., 18, and -65
1/4 are all real numbers.
Prime Number It can be divided only by 1
or itself .
Eg: 2, 3, 5, 7, ...
Non Prime Number The positive integers which
are not prime (except 1) are
known as non prime
numbers. Eg: 4, 6, 8, ...
Co Prime Number A pair of numbers not
having any common factors
other than 1 or -1.
Eg: 15 and 28
Absolute Values:

The absolute value of A is denoted by |A|.

If a < 0 , then |a| = -(a) and a > 0 ,then |a| = a.
For example: |-3| = 3, |4| = 4

Division:

Dividend = (Divisor X quotient) + Remainder

(Note: Remainder < Divisor )

Factors:

If b divides A perfectly and the remainder is 0, then b is a factor of A

GCD:

GCD (greatest common divisor) or HCF (highest common factor) of two non-zero integers,
is the largest positive integer that perfectly divides both numbers.

LCM:

LCM(least common multiple) of two integers a and b is the smallest positive integer that
is a multiple
of both a and b.

Adding Rules:

Positive + Positive = Positive: 5 + 4 = 9

Negative + Negative = Negative: (- 7) + (- 2) = - 9
Sum of a negative and a positive number: Use the sign of the larger number and subtract
(- 7) + 4 = -3
6 + (-9) = - 3

Subtracting Rules:

Negative - Positive = Negative: (- 5) - 3 = -5 + (-3) = -8

Positive - Negative = Positive + Positive = Positive: 5 - (-3) = 5 + 3 = 8
Negative - Negative = Negative + Positive = Use the sign of the larger number and subtract
(Change double negatives to a positive)
(-5) - (-3) = ( -5) + 3 = -2
(-3) - ( -5) = (-3) + 5 = 2
Multiplying Rules:
Positive x Positive = Positive: 3 x 2 = 6
Negative x Negative = Positive: (-2) x (-8) = 16
Negative x Positive = Negative: (-3) x 4 = -12
Positive x Negative = Negative: 3 x (-4) = -12

Dividing Rules:
Positive ÷ Positive = Positive: 12 ÷ 3 = 4
Negative ÷ Negative = Positive: (-12) ÷ (-3) = 4
Negative ÷ Positive = Negative: (-12) ÷ 3 = -4
Positive ÷ Negative = Negative: 12 ÷ (-3) = -4

Operations on Odd and Even integers:

Odd + Odd = Even
Even + Even = Even
Odd – Odd = Even
Even – Even = Even
Odd + Even = Odd
Odd – Even = Odd
Odd * Odd = Odd
Even * Even = Even
Even * Odd = Even

Fractions Decimals and percentage

Converting Fractions, Decimals, and Percents

How to change

A fraction to a decimal:
Divide the denominator (the bottom part) into the numerator (the top part):
1/4 = 1 ÷ 4.00 = 0.25
A fraction to a percent:
Multiply the fraction by 100 and reduce it. Then, attach a percent sign.
1/4 x 100/1 = 100/4 = 25/1 = 25%

A decimal to a fraction:
Starting from the decimal point, count the decimal places. If there is one decimal place,
put the number over 10 and reduce. If there are two places, put the number over 100 and
reduce. If there are three places, put it over 1000 and reduce, and so on.
0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4

A decimal to a percent:
Move the decimal point two places to the right. Then, attach a percent sign.
0.25 = 25%

A percent to a decimal:
Move the decimal point two places to the left. Then, drop the percent sign.
25% = 0.25

A percent to a fraction:
Put the number over 100 and reduce. Then, drop the percent sign.
25% = 25/100 = 1/4

Adding Formula = (a/b) + (c/d) = (ad + bc)/bd

Subtracting Formula = (a/b) - (c/d) = (ad - cd) / bd
Multiplying Fractions = (a/b) * (c/d) = (ac/bd)
Dividing Fractions = (a/b)/(c/d) = (a/b) * (d/c) = ad/bc

Converting a mixed number to an improper fractions

a(c/d) = (ad + c)/d

 Ratio and Proportions

Ratios :

If a : b = c : d, then a : b = c : d = (a + c) : (b + d)

If a < b, then for a positive quantity x,

[(a+x)/(b+x) ] > (a/b) and [(a-x)/(b-x)] < (a/b)

If a > b, then for a positive quantity x,

[(a+x)/(b+x) ] < (a/b) and [(a-x)/(b-x)] > (a/b)

Proportions :

If a : b : : c : d (or) a/b = c/d then,

(a/c) = (b/d)
(b/a) = (d/c)
(a+b)/b = (c+d)/d
(a-b)/b = (c-d)/d
(a+b)/(a-b) = (c+d)/(c-d)
If (a/b) = (c/d) = (e/f) = .... = k, then (a+c+e+..)/(b+d+f+...) = k

Sequence

Arithmetic Progression :

(a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ...)

Tn = a+ (n-1) d

Where a is the first term and d is the common difference.

Sn = (n/2) [2a + (n-1)d]

Geometric Progression :

( a, ar, ar^2, ar^3, ...)

Tn = ar^(n-1)

Sn = a(r^(n -1))/(r-1) When r > 1

Sn = a(1-r^(n-1))/(1-r) When r < 1

Sum Important series:

Sum of first n natural numbers

1+2+3+...+n = (n(n+1))/2

Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers

1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + ... + n^2 = (n(n+1)(2n+1))/6

Sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers

1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + ... + n^3 = [(n(n+1))/2]^2

Algebraic Expressions

Average (or) Mean:

Sum of elements/Number of elements

Arithmetic Mean :

(x1+ x2 + x3 + ...+xn)/n

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

1. (x +y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
2. (x-y) 2 = x2-2xy +y2
3. (x + y)3= x 3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3
4. (x - y)3 = x3 - 3x 2 y + 3xy2 -y3
5. x2 - y2 = ( x + y) ( x - y)
6. x3 - y3 = (x - y ) ( x 2 + xy + y2)
7. x 3 + y3 = ( x + y ) ( x2 - xy + y2 )
 Linear and Quadratic Equations

Linear equation:
General form

Ax + By +C = 0

Quadratic equation:
A general quadratic equation can be written in the form

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

And the roots are given by,

x = [-b +- sqrt(b^2 -4ac)/2a

Linear Inequalities

• Adding (or Subtracting) the same number to both sides of an Algebra Inequality
does not change the order of the inequality sign ( i.e., '>', or '<'). i.e., if a < b then
a + c < b + c and a - c < b - c. Similarly, if a > b then a + c > b + c and a - c > b - c for
any three numbers a, b, c.

• Multiplying (or Dividing) both sides of an Algebra Inequality by the same positive
number does not change the order of the inequality sign ( i.e., '>', or '<').
For any three numbers a, b, c where c > 0,
(i) if a < b then ac < bc and a⁄c < b⁄c
(ii) if a > b then ac > bc and a⁄c > b⁄c

• Multiplying (or Dividing) both sides of an Algebra Inequality by the same negative
number reverses the order of the inequality sign ( i.e., '>' to '<' and '<' to '>').
For any three numbers a, b, c where c < 0,
(i) if a < b then ac > bc and a⁄c > b⁄c
(ii) if a > b then ac < bc and a⁄c < b⁄c

• If three numbers are related in such a way that the first is less (greater) than the
second and the second is less (greater) than the third, then the first is less (greater)
than the third. This is called transitive property.

• If a and b are of the same sign and a < b (a > b), then 1⁄a > 1⁄b (1⁄a < 1⁄b).
If reciprocals are taken to quantities of the same sign on both sides of an inequality,
then the order of the inequality is changed.
 Rules of Exponent

Law Example
a^m a^n= a^(m+n) x^5 x^(-2) = x^3
a^m/a^n = a^(m-n), a not equal to Zero x^5 / x^3 = x^2
(a^m)^n = a^(mn) [(x^(-2))]^3 = x^(-6)
(ab)^m = (a^m)(b^m) (xy)^2 = x^2 y^2
(a/b)^m = (a^m/b^m), b is not equal to (x/y)^2 = (x^2/y^2)
Zero
a^(-m) = 1/(a^m), a is not equal to Zero x^(-3) = 1/(x^3)
a^0 =1, a is not Equal to Zero 2(3x)^0 = 2(1) = 2
a^1 = a (3x^2)^1 = 3x^2
a^(m/n) = nsqrt(a^m)

Applied Formula

S.P – Selling price

C.P – Cost price
M.P – Marked Price

Percentage Change :

Percentage Change = [ (Final value - Initial Value)/Initial Value ] */100

Interest :

Amount = Principal + Interest

Profit and Loss :

Profit = SP – CP

Loss = CP – SP

Percentage Profit = (Profit/CP)*100 = [(SP -CP)/CP] *100

Percentage Loss = (Loss/CP) * 100 = [(CP - SP)/CP] *100

Discount :

Discount is usually expressed as a certain per cent of the M.P.

Discount = M.P - S.P

Rate of Discount = Discount% = (Discount/M.P) *100

S.P = M.P*[(100- Discount%)/100]

M.P = (100 * S.P)/(100- Discount%)

Simple and Compound Interest:

Simple Interest = (Principal * Rate * Time)/100 = (PNR)/100

Compound Interest = P(1+(R/100)^n - P

Total Amount = Principal + CI (Compound Interest)

a. Formula for Interest Compounded Annually

Total Amount = P(1+(R/100))n

b. Formula for Interest Compounded Half Yearly

Total Amount = P(1+(R/200))2n

c. Formulae for Interest Compounded Quarterly

Total Amount = P(1+(R/400))4n

d. Formulae for Interest Compounded Annually with fractional years (e.g 2.5 years)
Total Amount = P(1+(R/100))a×(1+(bR/100))
here if year is 2.5 then a =2 and b=0.5

e. With different interest rates for different years

Say x% for year 1, y% for year2, z% for year3
Total Amount = P(1+(x/100))*(1+(y/100))*(1+(z/100))

where CI = Compound Interest, P = Principal or Sum of amount, R = % Rate per annum, n

= Time Span in years
Online Compound Interest Calculation. Calculating Compound Interest, Principal, different
Rate of Interest for annual, half yearly, quarterly and for fractional years are made much
easier.

Mixture:

Alligation Rule :

The ratio of the weights of the two items mixed will be inversely proportional to the
deviation of attributes of these two items from the average attribute of the resultant
mixture.

W1/W2 = (x2 -x1)/(x-x1)

Alligation Cross:

Speed:

Speed = (Distance/Time)
Average Speed :

= (Total Distance traveled)/(Total time taken)

= (d1+d2+d3+....)/(t1+t2+t3+...)

Relative Speed :

For Train :

Time = (Sum of the lengths)/(Relative Speed) = (L1+L2)/(s1 + - S2)

For Boats and streams :

S(Downstream) = S(boat) + S (Stream)

S(upstream) = S(boat) - S(Stream)

Some important formulas for Train Problem

1. a km/hr= (a * 5/18) m/s.

2. a m / s = (a * 18/5) km/hr.

3. Time taken by a train of length 1 metres to pass a pole or a standing man or a signal
post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover 1 metres.

4. Time taken by a train of length 1 metres to pass a stationary object of length b metres is
the time taken by the train to cover (1 + b) metres.

5. Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in the same direction at u m / s and v
m/s, where u > v, then their relatives speed = (u - v) m / s.

6. Suppose two trains or two bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m / s and v m/
s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s.

7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u m /
s and v m/s, then time taken by the trains to cross each other = (a + b)/(u+v)sec.

8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at u m / s
and v m / s, then the time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = (a+b)/(u-v)
sec.
9. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other
and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then
(A's speed) : (B’s speed) = (b1/2: a1/2).

Some important formula for Boat and stream

1. In water ,the direction along the stream is called downstream and ,the direction against
the stream is called upstream.

2. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v
km/hr,then:

speed downstream=(u+v)km/hr.
speed upstream=(u-v)km/hr.

3. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr,then :

speed in still water=1/2(a+b)km/hr

rate of stream=1/2(a-b)km/hr

Age Problems:

Odd Days:
We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. In a given period, the number
of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days.

Leap Year:
Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.
Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.
Note: A leap year has 366 days.

Ordinary Year:
The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365
days.
Counting of Odd Days:

1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day). 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.
1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days). 1 leap year has 2 odd days.
100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
= (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.
= (17 weeks + days) = 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) = 3 odd days.
Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) = 1 odd day.
Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) = 0 odd day.
Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days.

Venn Diagram:

The universal set U is usually represented by a rectangle.

Inside this rectangle, subsets of the universal set are represented by geometrical figures.
Venn diagrams help us identify some useful formulas in set operations.

To represent (AUB)∩ C:

To represent (A∩C) U (B∩C):

(AUB)∩ C = (A ∩ C ) U(B ∩ C)

Work and Efficiency:

Work = force x distance

Time and Work :

Number of days to complete the Work = [1/(Work done in one day)]

 Data Analysis

Factorial :

n! = 1*2*3*...*(n-1)*n
n! = n*(n-1)!

Probability :

Probability of an Event

= [Number of Favorable Outcomes]/(Number of Total Outcomes)

Odds in favour

= [Number of Favourable Outcomes]/(Number of Unfavourable Outcomes)

Odds in against

= [Number of unfavourable outcomes]/(Number of favourable outcomes)

Permutations :

nPr = n!/(n-r)!

Combinations :

nCr = n!/[(n-r)!r!]

where,

n, r are non negative integers and r < = n.

r is the size of each permutation.
n is the size of the set from which elements are permuted.
! is the factorial operator.

If the order doesn't matter, it is a Combination.

If the order does matter it is a Permutation.
Permutation with and without repetition

Repetition Allowed:

where n is the number of things to choose from, and you choose r of them
(Repetition allowed, order matters) = n^r

Repetition not allowed:

= n!/(n-r)!

where n is the number of things to choose from, and you choose r of them
(No repetition, order matters)

Combination with and without repetition:

Repetition not allowed:

= n!/[(n-r)!r!]

where n is the number of things to choose from, and you choose r of them
(No repetition, order doesn't matter)

Repetition allowed:
= (n+r-1)/(r!(n-1)!)

where n is the number of things to choose from, and you choose r of them
(Repetition allowed, order doesn't matter)

Statistics :

Mean – Average value

Mode – Most frequently occurring value
Median – Midpoint between lowest and highest value of a set
Range – Difference between largest and smallest value within a set
n = Sample Size and N = Population Size

Sample mean:
xbar = sum(x)/n

Population Mean:
mu = Sum(x)/N

Sample standard deviation:

s = sqrt[sum(x-xbar)^2/n-1]

Population standard deviation

sigma = sqrt[sum(x-mu)^2/N]

Sample mean for a frequency distribution

xbar = Sum(xf)/n

Sample standard deviation for a frequency distribution

s = sqrt[(sum(x - xbar))^2f/(n-1)]

Sample coefficient of variation

CV = s/xbar

Range = Largest data value - smallest data value

Probability of an event A
P(A) = f/n

where f = frequency of occurrence of event

n = sample size
Probability of the complement of event A
P(not A) = 1 - P(A)

Multiplication rule for independent events

P(A and B) = P(A).P(B)

General multiplication rules

P(A and B) = P(A).P(B given A)
P(A and B) = P(B).P(A given B)

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

General addition rule

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

A random variable is a variable (typically represented by x) that has a single numerical

value that is determined by chance.

A probability distribution is a graph, table, or formula that gives the probability for each
value of the random variable.

If x is a random variable then denote by P(x) to be the probability that x occurs. It must be
the case that 0 ≤ P(x) ≤ 1 for each value of x and ∑ P(x) = 1(the sum of all the
probabilities is 1.)

Normal Distribution :

The Normal Distribution is also called the Gaussian distribution. It is defined by two
parameters mean ('average' m) and standard deviation (σ). A theoretical frequency
distribution for a set of variable data, usually represented by a bell-shaped curve
symmetrical about the mean.

Formula:

X < mean = 0.5-Z

X > mean = 0.5+Z
X = mean = 0.5
Z = (X-m) / σ

where,
m = Mean.
σ = Standard Deviation.
X = Normal Random Variable

Mean of a discrete probability distribution

mu = Sum (xP(x))

Standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution

sigma = sqrt[sum (x-mu)^2 P(x)]

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FORMULAS

Formula for a binomial probability distribution

P(r) = n!/(r!(n-r)! * p^r *q^(n-r)

where r = number of successes;

p = probability of success; q = 1 - p

Mean for a binomial distribution

mu = np

Standard deviation for a binomial distribution

sigma = sqrt(npq)
Basic Geometry

Type of Angles Definition Diagram

An acute angle is
Acute angle greater than 0º and
less than 90º.

A right angle equals

Right angle
exactly 90º.

An obtuse angle is
Obtuse angle greater than 90º and
less than 180º.

A straight angle
Straight angle
equals exactly 180º

A reflex angle is
Reflex angle greater than 180º
and less than 360º.
Angle Relationship Definition Diagram

Adjacent angles Angle with a common vertex

and one common side

Two angles whose measures

Complementary angles
add to 90 degrees

Two angles whose measures

Supplementary angles
add to 180 degrees

Angles that have a common

Vertical angles vertex and whose sides are
formed by the same lines.

Alternate interior angles Pairs of interior angles on

opposite sides of the
transversal.

Pairs of exterior angles on

Alternate exterior angles
opposite sides of the
transversal.
 When two lines are crossed
by another line (which is
called the Transversal), the
Corresponding angles
angles in similar positions
are called corresponding
angles.

Type of Lines Definition Diagram

Two or more lines that meet
Intersecting Lines at a point are called
intersecting lines.

Type of lines that never

Parallel Lines
meet.

Lines intersect to form right

Perpendicular Lines
angles.

Lines that do not lie on the

Skew Lines
same plane.

Lines that lie on the same

Co planer Lines
plane.
 A line that intersect two
Transversal Line
other coplanar Lines.

The Relation between the Degree and Radian

If an angle measured in degree is D and in radian is R, then the relation between D and R
is given by
D = (180°/π ) * R
R = (π/180°)*D

Triangle
Area of a triangle:

Where,
b is the distance along the base
h is the height
Properties of Triangles

Triangles have the following properties:

• All triangles have 3 straight sides, 3 corners (vertices), and 3 angles.
• All triangles have angles adding up to 180°.

Types of Triangle :
• Equilateral Triangles
• Isosceles Triangles
• Scalene Triangles
Types of Triangle Definition Formula Diagram
Area
A triangle in which
all sides have same
Equilateral triangle length or all interior Perimeter
angle have equal = 3a
measure. Where, a Length of
the side.
Area
If a triangle has at
least two sides of
equal length or
Isosceles triangle Perimeter
at least two interior
= 2a + b
angles of equal
Where, a and b are
measure.
Length of the sides.

Area
In a triangle, if no
two sides have equal
Scalene triangle length or no two Perimeter
interior angles have = a+ b+ c
equal measure. Where, a ,band c are
Length of the sides.
Area
Right angled triangle
is a triangle in which
Right Triangle one of the interior Perimeter
angle is a right angle. = a + b +c
Where, a ,band c are
Length of the sides.
The ratio of the sides
of this triangle is
The measure of the
L :L :L =1:1:
interior angles of this 45 45 90
√2
45-45-90 right triangle are 450, 450,
where L45, L45 and L90
angled triangle 900.
are the length of the
This is an isosceles
side opposite to the
triangle.
450, 450, 900 angles
respectively.
 The ratio of the sides
of this triangle is:
The measure of the
L : L : L = 1 : √3 :
interior angles of this 30 60 90
2.
30-60-90 right triangle are 300, 600,
where L30, L60 and L90
angled triangle 900.
are the length of the
This an scalene
side opposite to the
triangle
300, 600, 900 angles
respectively.
The square of the
hypotenuse of a right
Let length of side AB
triangle is equal to
be x units, length of
the sum of the
AC be
Pythagorean squares on the other
y units and length of
theorem two sides.
BC be z units.
In ΔABC , interior
By Pythagorean
angle BAC is a right
theorem, z2 = x2 + y2.
angle.

Polygon

Types of Polygons :

Regular - all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.

Equiangular - all angles are equal.

Equilateral - all sides are the same length.

Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygon crosses at most two sides. Every
interior angle is less than 180°.
Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon that crosses
more than two sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180°.

Shapes Angle Diagram Formula

Square All sides equal, all Area = s^2
angles 90° Perimeter = 4s
Diagonals = s*sqrt(2)
Where s is the side

Rectangle Opposite sides equal, Area = l*w

all angles 90° Perimeter = 2(l + w)

where,
w is the width
h is the height
l is the length
Parallelogram Opposite sides Area = bh
parallel Perimeter = 2(b+c)

Trapezoid Two sides parallel Area = [(a+b)h]/2

Perimeter= a+b+c+d

Rhombus Opposite sides Area = (1/2)(d1)(d2)

parallel and equal Perimeter = 4s

Number of Diagonals for n-sided polygons:

= (n(n-3))/2
Points to remember:

(i) Polygon is a closed figure.It starts with 3 sides and it can have n sides.

(ii) In a polygon, we have 3 types of angles, they are : Internal or Interior angle ; External
angle ; Exterior angle.

(iii) Exterior angle is different from external angle.

(iv) Interior angle + Exterior angle = 180

(v) Interior angle + External angle = n × 360

(vi) Smallest interior angle + Largest external angle = 360º and vise versa.

(vii) Sum of the Interior or internal angle of an n-gon = (n-2) × 180

(viii) Sum of the exterior angles of n-gon is 360

(ix) Sum of the external angles of the polygon = (n+2) × 180

(x) There are two types of polygon, they are convex and concave polygon.

(xi) Convex Polygon : It is a polygon, where, the internal angles formed will be less than
180

(xii) Concave Polygon : If any of the internal angle measures greater than 180º, then the
polygon formed is a concave polygon.

Circle

Area = Pie (r^2)

Circumference = 2 pie(r)
Where r is the radius f the circle and d is its diameter.

Arc Length = [(degree measure of sector's arc)*(pie(r^2))]/360

Area of the Sector

= [(degree measure of sector's arc)*(pie(r^2)]/360
 Coordinate Geometry:

Straight line:

y = mx + c

where m is the slope.

The slopes of two parallel lines, m1 and m2 are equal if the lines are parallel. If the two
lines are perpendicular,

m1*m2=-1.

Finding the y-intercept:- Put x=0, In the above equation, c is the y-intercept.
Finding the x-intercept:- Put y=0. In the above equation, -c/m is the x-intercept.

Equation of a straight line parallel to the y-axis at a distance 'a' from it is x=a.

Equation of a straight line parallel to the x-axis at a distance 'b' from it is y=b.

Equation of a line parallel to the x-axis and passing through the point (a,b) is y=b.

Equation of a line perpendicular to x-axis and passing through (a,b) is x=a.

Equation of a line parallel to the y-axis and passing through (a,b) is x=a.

Equation of a line perpendicular to the y-axis and passing through (a,b) is y=b.

Equation of x-axis is y=0 and equation of y-axis is x=0.

The equation of a straight line which cuts off intercepts a and b on the x-axis and y-axis is

x/a + y/b = 1.

The equation of a straight line passing through the origin (0,0) is y=mx.

The equation of a straight line passing through the origin and making equal angle with
both the axes is y=±x

Slope intercept Form:

y = mx + b
Point Slope form:
y-y1 = m(x-x1)

Two point form

(y-y1) = [(y2-y1)(x-x1)/(x2-x1)]

Intercept Form:
(x/a) + (y/b) = 1

A quadratic equation of the form

y = ax^2 + bx + c
where a, b, c are constant
If a ≠ 0 then graph of the equation will be a parabola.
If a > 0 then parabola opens upward
If a < 0 then parabola opens downward

Ways to find the vertex of the parabola

x coordinate of vertex = -(b/2a)
y coordinate of vertex can obtained by substituting the above
the x value in the equation.
Hence the coordinate of the vertex is given by (x,y).

Standard form of equation of a Circle

The graph of an equation of the form
(x - a)^2 + (y - b)^2 = r^2
is a circle with its center at the point (a , b) and with radius r.

Solid Geometry and Shaded area:

Area/Perimeter :

Area of Rectangle = length * breadth

Perimeter of rectangle = 2 ( length + breadth )
Area of square =  side2
Perimeter of square = 4 * side
Area of triangle =(1/2)* base * height
Area of equilateral triangle = (3/4)*  side2
Area of parallelogram = base * height
Area of trapezium = (1/2) * ab  * h
where a and b are length of the parallel sides , h is distance between them .
Circumference of circle = 2 π r
Area of circle = π r 2
length of Arc = [θ /360 ]* 2πr
area of circle = [θ/360 ]* π * r2

Volume :

Volume of cuboid = lbh

Surface area cuboid = 2 ( lb + bh + hl )
Body Diagonal = sqrt(l^2 + b^2 + h^2)

Volume of cube = a^3

Surface area = 6 a^2
Body diagonal = 3 a

volume of Sphere = [4/3]*π*r^3

Surface area of Sphere = 4 π*r^2

Volume of Cylinder = π*r^ 2 *h

Curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh
Total surface area of cylinder = 2πr ( h + r)

Slant height of cone = sqrt(h^2 + r^2)

Volume of cone =[1/3]*π*r^2* h
Curved surface area of cone = πrl
Total surface area of cone = πr ( r + l)

Generally for any DI question, it is important to analyze the graph first and then
check the question.

In the graph, you need to check,

What is the graph talking about.
What is given in the x-axis and what is given in the y-axis
Is the values given in numbers or percentages. If the values are percentages, then
definitely a total value will be given somewhere. So, find the total value.
In case, there are more than one graph, the additional thing that you should find is,
what is the relation between the different graphs given.
After finding all these, you check the question and solve it.