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Development of a 98 of 100
ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT

Diffuser Augmented 31
Wind Turbine A PLAGIARISM

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Development of a Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine A

Development of a Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine
Applicable in Residential Conditions
Archiemidez C.Garcia[1], Joule Kelvin D. Olmoguez[1],
Anthony Mathius L. Saga[1], Delan S. Bacus[2]
1,2Mechanical Engineering Program, College of
Engineering Education,
University of Mindanao, Matina, Davao City, Philippines
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract – This paper deals in developing a shroud design

for a diffuser augmented wind turbine that would be
suitable in residential 1 conditions. Specifically, this study
would investigate the effects of the developed 2 designs on
1
the wind pressure and velocity conditions at the inlet and Unusual word pair
outlet area of the diffusers. Two designs concepts were
2
developed 3 in this study namely the single-layered and the Repetitive word: developed
double layered concepts 4. The first concept utilized a
single cone-shaped structured diffuser; while the second
3
concept also utilized a cone-shaped structure; however, it Passive voice
differed by having a smaller cone shaped structure placed
4
inside the first structure. These concepts were simulated Repetitive word: concepts
using the Solidworks application to determine the pressure
and velocity variations along the inlet and outlet area of the
diffuser. Results showed that a double shrouded diffuser is
more optimal than the single shrouded diffuser with a
velocity increment of 53.33%. The fabricated prototype for
a double 6 5 shrouded turbine yielded an average of 39.%
efficiency. It has a high efficiency 7 compared to other
urban-built wind turbines
Keywords – Wind Turbine, Diffuser Augmentation, Non-
Conventional Power Source, Urban-built Power, Solidwork
Simulation
5
INTRODUCTION Unusual word pair
6
Repetitive word: double
7
The Philippines has one of the highest electricity tariffs in
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Southeast Asia as of end-2016, posting an average industry Repetitive word: efficiency

rate of P5.84 per kWh. The country also accounts for

having outstanding commercial and household rates of
P7.49 per kWh and P8.90 per kWh, respectively [1]. Thus
paying electrical bills in a simple household in urban area
proves to be burdensome. Also, the coal-fired power plant,
that dominates the countries power supply are posing a
chief concern in the environmental and health aspects of
the communities situated near the plants. In a case study
conducted by the GreenPeace organization [2] in the
Visayas, they estimated that premature deaths are
attributable to operating coal-fired power plants and the
projected premature deaths from the joined emissions of
existing and new plants. These financial, environmental
and health risk suggests to explore and develop a much
cleaner and cost-friendly alternative to the recent 8 power
generation machinery in the country today. To address
these challenges in power production, this study deals in
developing a shroud design for a diffuser augmented wind
turbine that would be suitable in residential 9 environmental
conditions. However, a challenge for urban wind energy is
the lower mean wind speeds in the urban environment.
This 10 is due to an increased surface roughness of the free
stream winds and reduced installation heights of small
wind turbines. Next, to lower mean wind speeds, the
incoming wind will have higher turbulence intensity [3]. To
8
respond to these challenges, the researchers have chosen to Unusual word pair

use a diffuser augmented type wind turbine or commonly

known as D.A.W.T.
D.A.W.T. is best described 11 as a wind turbine modified
with a cone-shaped wind diffuser. In other words, the rotor
9
blades of the wind turbine are set 12 inside a diffuser. The Unusual word pair

addition of a diffuser to a wind turbine has been found to

increase power output for a given wind speed [4] and to
10
maintain the power production capabilities in turbulent Unclear antecedent

conditions, making a DAWT more suited to small scale

energy production in an urban environment than a
traditional Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine [5]. A
comparative study in [6] showed that the reduction of
power output in the urban built environment would be well
compensated by augmenting the turbine with a diffuser.
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Matsushima, Takagi, and Muroyama [7] studied the 11

Passive voice
improved effects of a diffuser on the output power of a
wind turbine. They found out that the length and expansion
angle greatly 13 influence the wind speed inside the turbine. 12
Passive voice
Similar findings were also observed 14 in the study
conducted by Abe and Ohya [4] where they're results
showed that the performance of the diffusers significantly
depends on the expansion angle of the diffuser. Kannan et
al. [8] investigated an optimal design for a diffuser by
simulating different geometry of the diffusers. The result
showed that an optimal diffuser having a 61.25% velocity
increase has dimensions 16° diffuser opening angle
coupled with a 0.5 m diffuser splitter and a 4° splitter
opening angle.

Previous studies focus more on the effects on the wind

characteristics brought about by the changes in the diffuser
characteristics although these studies investigated these in
both field and wind tunnel test, however implementation in
account of actual conditions on an urban built environment 13
Overused word: greatly
is uncommon, thus, performance data in real life
application of these turbines is scarce. [9] 14
Passive voice
This study primarily aims to develop a shroud design for a
diffuser augmented wind turbine that will be suitable for
the conditions in an urban residential area, particularly the
urban settings in Davao city. To achieve this objective 15,
the study would design an optimal diffuser that would be
suitable for environmental situations. Just like the previous
studies, this study would also investigate the pressure and
velocity variations that would develop along the inlet and
outlet area of the design concepts using simulation
programs. This study also aims to fabricate a prototype for
the most optimal design brought about by the simulation
and then test and calculate for the maximum power output
it would generate. This study would also aim to present a
cost analysis to establish an economic advantage.

In this study, the researchers would develop a wind turbine

system that would assist Filipino households located in
urban areas, like subdivisions, to produce electricity on
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their own, bypassing the structure of the energy industry in

the Philippines and cutting the cost by avoiding the charges
brought about by the different sectors of this industry. At
the same time, this research may facilitate a reduction of
carbon emission produced by the thermal plants. Thus,
reducing pollution and the health risk it may impose on the
15
people. It would help not just ordinary Filipino people Dangling modifier
financially in producing energy, but also it would help the
environment to be much more safe and sustainable.

This study would focus on developing a design for a

shroud of a diffuser augmented wind turbine with regards
to the geometry of the diffuser only. Excluded from this
study are factors that could potentially affect the concepts
like the rotor blade and electrical system. This study is
limited merely in determining the variations of wind
pressure and velocity along the inlet and outlet peripheries
of the design concepts. Davao City's urban residential area
is the research locale.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design
This study is an applied type of research where the results
from various theoretical researches 16 by the academe are
used to give a probable solution to a variety of problems.
This study is to provide a solution for residential
households to minimize dependence on the grid in
producing electricity using clean energy. The proponents
will achieve this study by developing the design of a
diffuser augmented wind turbine system.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 represents the conceptual framework of the study
where it shows an input-process-output type of concept. It
suggests that the input of this study is the gathering of all
the data needed and calculations considering the related
literature of past studies. After gathering the data 17 it
would go through the processes that would involve the
designing and simulation process, fabrication, evaluation,
and testing of the study and cost analysis. The success of
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these reveals the final output.

Input Process Output

Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine

1. Designing and Simulation

2. Fabrication
3. Evaluation and testing
4. Cost analysis of the project

Wind Velocity, Atmospheric Pressure

16
Repetitive word: researches

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework

Material and Resources

To accomplish this study 18 various equipment are needed.
An ABS filament will serve as the material for the 3D
printing of the diffuser. Ceramic Bearing will be used to
maintain proper alignment of turning parts and enable
high-speed rotation. A Tachometer is a device used to
17

measure the rotational speed of the turbine. A spring [data,]

balance is a device used to measure the force induced by

the rotating shafts.
Design Conceptualization
This study would compare two design concepts that would
achieve the goal of the study. The design concepts were
drawn using Solidworks application in adherence to the
previous scholarly works and related literature.

Flow Simulations
This study utilized the Solidworks Flow Simulation
application in investigating the pressure and velocity
variation needed in this study. Solidworks Flow Simulation
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is an intuitive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

solution embedded within SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD that
enables the researcher to quickly and easily simulate liquid
and gas flows through and around the designs [10].
The simulation was set to be an incompressible flow, and
the designs were assumed to be adiabatic. Initial
parameters were set to have a velocity of 1.5 m/s, the
average wind velocity in Davao city. Setting pressures are
at atmospheric pressures of 101.325 kpa. The simulation
also used a single reference frames (SRF) model to
simulate the incompressible and steady-state flow field.
Fabrication
The chosen optimal design was then fabricated using a 3d
printer. The diffuser was divided into six parts and then
assembled using an epoxy supported by a 3d printing pen. 18
[study,]
The material used for printing was ABS plastic.

Testing and Evaluation

The prototype was then tested to determine the power
output and its coefficient of performance. By subjecting the
rotor shaft of the turbine with a radius of 4mm to a belt
pulley system determines the power output. Whereby a belt
is subjected 20 19 to the rotating shaft and two spring balance
is attached to its end. Using a tachometer determines the
angular speed. The power transmitted by the shaft, as stated
by [11], would be then computed using the formula
presented in equation (1)

Pout=2πfT (1)
Whereby torque is determined by net belt pull of the
spring balance and radius as presented in equation (2)
Torque =F2-F1 x radius (2)
The coefficient of performance as discussed in [9] is
determined using the formula as presented in equation (3)

Cp= Pout0.5 x ρair x A x v3 (3)

Equation (3) sets the density as 1.2 kg/m3 and velocity as

1.5 m/s2 following the environmental conditions of the
research locale. The swept area is computed using the
diameter of the diffuser rather than the blade diameter [12].
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Cost Analysis
Performing a cost analysis determines the economic
advantage of the study. It is done by summing all the cost
incurred throughout the study 21 and comparing it to the
current prices of the machine with the same efficiency.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Design Concepts
Concept 1 as shown in Fig. 2 is a single shroud diffuser
with dimensions at the left and the 3d visualization at the
right. A 12 degrees angle from the research of Kannan et
al. [8] becomes the basis for the design angle.

19
Passive voice
20
Repetitive word: subjected

Fig. 2 Design Concept 1

Concept 2 as shown in Fig 3 is a double shrouded diffuser

with dimension presented in the left and the 3D
visualization at the right. This design concept utilized two
cone-shaped diffusers by surrounding a diffuser by a larger
one.
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Fig. 3 Design Concept 2

21
Repetitive word: study
Pressure and Velocity Simulations
Fig. 4 presents the velocity cut plot simulation of the two
concepts. The cut plot simulation revealed that Concept 2
has a higher velocity of 2.3 m/s at the turbine location
compared to Concept 1 of 1.8 m/s at the same spot. It is an
increase of 53.33% by Concept 2. The results contradict the
study conducted by Kannan et al. [8] which favors a single
shroud compare to the double shroud

Fig. 4 Velocity cut plot

Fig 5 presents the pressure cut plot simulation between the

two concepts. Base from the simulation it is evident that
there is a bigger 22 pressure difference in Concept 2
compared to Concept 1. The simulation also suggests that
there is a larger 23 pressure variation from the double
shrouded diffuser compared to the single shroud

Fig. 5 Pressure cut plot

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Design Fabricated
Figure 6 presents the fabricated design. The prototype uses
ABS plastic as the filament for printing in the 3D printer. It
has a red color due to the material that was used 24. The
diffuser is made up of six parts, and epoxy was used to
assemble them. However, using 3d printing has certain
setbacks in the accuracy of the sizes.

Fig. 6 Fabricated Design

Testing and Evaluation

Table 1 presents the actual operational data gathered from
the prototype. The data suggest that the turbine that was
augmented by a double shrouded has an average power
output of 0.0309 watts with an efficiency of 40%. This
efficiency is within the range for typical horizontal axis
wind turbines as presented in [13], where current typical
HAWTs are within 30 to 50 percent efficiency, and just
below the Beltz's limit [14]. However, these ranges are for
a usual 25 wind turbine in the industry where urban built
conditions are not recognized. In another study, efficiency
22
ranges from 18 to 41 percent, when comparing the Overused word: bigger
efficiency 26 of the current available urban-built wind
turbines [15]. Thus, having a coefficient of performance of
23
about 40% is considered to be very high compared to the Overused word: larger
current available urban wind turbines. It is almost on par
with a swift turbine as stated in [15]
TABLE I
ACTUAL DATA FROM THE PROTOTYPE
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F2
F1
Torque (J)
RPM
Power (W)
cp
1
0.981
0.4905
0.001962
149.25
0.0307
0.392 24
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2
0.981
0.4905
0.001962
151.89
0.0312
0.399
3
0.981
0.4905
0.001962
151.51
0.0311
0.398
4
0.981
0.4905
0.001962
150.37
0.0309
0.395
5
0.981
0.4905
0.001962
150.01
0.0308
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0.394 25
Unusual word pair
Average:
0.0309
0.396
26
Repetitive word: efficiency
Cost Analysis
Table 2. Presents the cost incurred in fabricating the design
and found that the device was initially very economical. It
was due to few materials being used 27 and reduced labor
brought about by the 3d printing process comparing this to
a swift wind turbine who's efficiency is almost the same,
with this study has a price range of ₱520,640 up to
₱624,780. It has a high price difference which makes it
more economical and affordable with regards to the initial
cost.
TABLE II.
ACTUAL DATA FROM THE PROTOTYPE
Materials
Cost
ABS plastic
₱ 4,500.00
Epoxy
₱ 90.00
Glue
₱ 160.00
Bearings
₱ 255.00
Screws
₱ 50.00
Total
₱ 5,055.00

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS

This study compared two design concepts for a diffuser
augmented turbine that would be more optimal to be used
in an urban residential environmental, using Solidworks
Flow Simulation. The results much favored the double
shrouded design of concept 2 in both velocity and pressure
variations of the simulations. The actual test also shows
promising data that would make the prototype feasible to
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be used in an urban condition. It means to say that a double

shroud diffuser is more optimal diffuser geometry to be
used in a metropolitan residential area compared to a single
shroud, having an efficiency that is very high compared to
current available urban wind turbines. Using 3d printing to
fabricate the device makes it more economical than the
present available urban wind turbines.
The research further recommends including an electrical
system for this device and to include the blade design as
part of the optimization analysis for the turbine. A
supplementary 28 study on the effects of losses to the
turbine is also needed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The study wouldn't be made possible without the aid and

wisdom given by certain people. The researchers would
like to thank the faculty of the Mechanical Engineering
Program at the University of Mindanao, for patiently and
continuously guiding us throughout the study and
imparting some of their knowledge. They would also like
to thank their adviser Engr. Delan Bacus for continuously 29
giving his opinions about the study 30. Also, they would
27
like to thank their parents for their unwavering support for Passive voice

this study, both financially and emotionally, that made this

study possible. And lastly, the researchers would like to
thank their Solidworks consultants John Mari Jocson and
Frederick Adarna for their constant guidance and advise in
using the application and gratitude is extended to Mark
Moralde for the documentation processes this study.

REFERENCES

[1] D. Rivera. "Philippine Electricity Rates Still Highest in

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[3] T. Stathopoulos, H. Alrawashdeh, A. Al-Quraan, B.
Blocken, A. Dilimulati, M. Paraschivoiu, and P. Pilay,
"Urban wind energy: Some views on potential and
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challenges," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial

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[10] (2002) The Solidworks website. [Online]. Available: 28

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https://www.solidworks.com/product/solidworks-flow-
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[11] F. P. Beer, E. R. Johnston, J. T. Dewolf, and D. F.

Mazurek, Mechanics of Materials,6th ed. New York,
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[14] J. Bukala, K. Damaziak, K. Kroszczynski, M. Repetitive
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word: continuously
study
Krzeszowiec, "Investigation of parameters influencing the
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