Presented by: Aditi

Manoj
Charul
 The CPM, time is related to cost and the objective
is to develop an optimum time –cost relationship.

Sometimes it becomes necessary to complete the

project earlier than the normal time, in such
situations the cost of expediting the operations has
to be considered.

CPM makes the use of cost estimate alongwith

time estimate and provides a schedule for
completing the activities at the minimum total
cost.
LIMIT STATE
METHOD
This procedure improves planning, scheduling
and controlling of the project and also assesses the
possibility to arrive at a feasible and desirable time
cost relationship.

The project duration can be reduced by reducing

the duration of only the critical activities in the
project network.

Reduction in the time duration can be done by:

1) Deploying more resources for early completion.
2) Relaxing the technical specifications

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
OPTIMUM DURATION:
the duration which gives the most economic cost
for completing the project.

TIME-COST ESTIMATES:

1) NORMAL ESTIMATE:
emphasis is on cost with time being associated
with minimum cost.
2) CRASH ESTIMATE:
emphasis is on time . It involves the absolute
minimum time required for the job and the cost
necessary to achieve it. LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 Cost rises if project is crashed

Minimum cost
COST

Cost rises if project is

prolonged

Optimum duration TIME

5
LIMIT STATE
METHOD
LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 Total indirect cost curve
INDIRECT COST

Outage loss

Over heads

TIME

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 These are those expenditures which cannot clearly
allocated to the individual activities of a project,
but are assessed as whole.

It includes expenditure related to administrative

and establishment charges, supervision,
expenditures on central store organisation, loss of
revenue, lost profit, penalty etc.

Indirect cost rises with increased duration.

OUTAGE LOSS : loss in profits due to inability to
meet demand or penalty due to delay. LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 Those expenditures which are directly chargeable
to and can be identified specifically with the
activities of the project.

These include labour cost, material cost,

equipment cost etc.

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 Cc
COST

Cn

tc tn
Crash duration Normal Duration

TIME

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 NORMAL TIME(tn):
Standard time that an estimator whould usually
allow for an activity.
CRASH TIME(tc):
minimum possible time in which an activity can be
completed, by employing extra resources.
NORMAL COST(Cn):
Direct cost required to complete the acticity in
normal time.
CRASH COST(Cc):
Direct cost corresponding to completion of activity
within crash time. LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 COST SLOPE:
It is the slope of the direct cost curve, approximated
as a straight line in order to have a single cross
slope.

Cost Slope = crash cost-normal cost

Normal time-crash time

CS = Cc-Cn = ∆C
tn-tc ∆t

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 It is the sum of direct and indirect costs.

total cost curve

Minimum cost

direct cost curve

COST

Indirect cost curve

tc crash TIME to tn LIMIT STATE

METHOD
optimum normal
To examine « what will be the cost structure of the
project if some or all of the activities is crashed ? »
we should have following data with us :-
- Normal direct cost data for each activity if it is to
be completed in normal time duration .
- crashed direct cost data if that activity is crashed.
After this cost slope for each activity can be
determined.

- The indirect cost rate should also be known so that

total cost can be determined.

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 Normal time of project- sum of the normal durations of
each activity along the critical path.
 Minimum time of project – sum of the crashed time
duration of each activity along the critical path.
 Non-critical activity need not to be speed up as their
crashing is not going to decrease the project duration
further. Moreover the cost will be high without any
additional advantage.
 Some non-critical activities become critical in the process
of crashing the critical activities.
 It is always better to start with crashing first that critical
activity that has the lowest cost slope.Then we take
another critical activity which is having next higher slope.
 While crashing an activity fully by time “t” ,it should be
examined whether its affecting the non –critical
activity or not.

c
9(2)

A B D
1 2 3 4
5(4) 6(2) 5(3)
 STEPS IN TIME COST OPTIMISATION

1. Establish:- Direct cost time relationship for various

activities of the project.
2. Determine:- Cost slope for various activities and
arrange them in the ascending order of cost slope.
3. Compute:- Direct cost for the network with normal
duration of activities.
4. Crash:- The activities in the critical path as per
ranking i.e starting with the the activity having the
lowest slope.
5. Continue:-Crashing the critical activities in the
ascending order of the slope.
6. Crash:- Parallel non-critical activities which have
become critical by the reduction of critical path duration
due to crashing in steps 4 and 5.
7. Continue :- Crashing process through steps 4 to 6 , till a
stage is reached beyond which no further crashing is
possible.
8. Find:- Find total cost of the project at every stage by
adding indirect costs to the direct costs determined
above.
9. Plot:- Total cost–duration curve.
10. Pick Up:-The optimum duration corresponding to
which least total project cost is obtained.
. .

ACTIVITY NORMAL NORMAL CRASH CRASH COST

DURATION COST DURATION (RUPEES)
(WEEKS) (RUPEES) (WEEKS)
1-2 4 4000 2 12000
2-3 5 3000 2 7500
2-4 7 3600 5 6000
3-4 4 5000 2 10000

LIMIT STATE
METHOD
 .

( 2) 4(
5 2 )

1 2 4
4(2) 7(5)
STEP 1. TIME SCALED VERSION OF NETWORK
7(5)

4(2) 4(2)
1 2 5(2) 3 4
ACTIVITY ΔC Δt COST
(RUPEES) (WEEKS) SLOPE
RS./WEEK
1-2 8000 2 4000

2-3 4500 3 1500

2-4 2400 2 1200

3-4 5000 2 2500

 The normal; duration of the project is the sum of the
normal durations of each activity on the critical path.
(It is not the sum of normal durations of all the
activities).
Therefore, Normal duration of the project
= 4+5+4 = 13 weeks.
Direct cost = 4000+3000+3600+5000
= 15600
While crashing the activities, we shall first select that critical activity
which has minimum cost slope.
Let say Activity 2-4 has minimum cost slope of 1500 per week.
Crash period is 2 weeks i.e. Δt = 5-2 = 3 weeks.
However, crashing it by 3 weeks will affect non-critical activity 2-4 which
has float of only 2 weeks. Hence restrict the crashing of 2-3 by 2 weeks
only, in the first stage.
New duration of the project= 13-2 = 11 weeks.

Extra cost of crashing activity 2-3 by 2 weeks

= 2*1500 = 3000
Direct cost of the project of 11 weeks duration
= 15600 + 3000 = 18600
The time-scaled version of the network, after first stage crashing, for the
project of 11 weeks duration is shown in the figure.
 7(5)

4(2) 3(2) 4(2)

1 2 3 4
From the figure above it is clear that activity 2-4 lying on the parallel path
has also become critical, though activity 2-3 has still 1 week crashing left.
However, Activity 2-3 cannot be crashed unless 2-4 is also crashed. So
crash 2-3 &2-4 for 1 week simultaneously.

Further crashing can be done with three alternatives:

 crashing activities 2-3 & 2-4 simultaneously, having a combined cost
slope of 1500 + 1200 = 2700 per week.
 Crashing activities 3-4 & 2-4 simultaneously, having a combined cost
slope of 2500 + 1200 = 3700 per week
 Crashing activity 1-2 alone, having a cost slope of rupees 4500 per week

out of these, the first alternative has the minimum cost slope.
Thus, the extra cost of crashing 2-3 & 2-4 by 1 week
= 2700
therefore, Direct cost of Project for 10 weeks duration
= 18600 + 2700 = 21300

In this step, activity 2-3 has been crashed to its fullest extent.
 6(5)

1 2 3 4
4(2) 2(2) 4(2)
The remaining activities to be crashed are 1-2 , 2-4, 3-4.
out of these, activities 2-4 & 3-4 are to be crashed
jointly, with a combined cost slope of 2500 + 1200 =
3700.
The cost slope of activity 1-2 is 4000 which is higher .
Hence period of 6-5 = 1 week left.
Hence only 1 week crashing will be done in this step,
leading to a project duration of 9 weeks.
cost of crashing 2-4 & 3-4 by 1 week.
= 3700 * 1 = 3700
Therefore, cost of project for 9 weeks duration
= 21300 + 3700 = 25000.
The Time scaled version of the network for 9 weeks
duration is shown in fig. we crashed activity 2-4 also
to its fullest extent.
 Time- scaled network for 9 weeks Duration.

6(5)

1 2 3 4
4(2) 2(2) 3(2)
Out of remaining critical activities ( i.e. 1-2&3-4)
Activity 3-4 cannot be further crashed to its fullest crash
period of 2 weeks, since it will affect activity 2-4 which has
already been fully crashed.

Hence activity 1-2 is the only remaining activity to be

crashed. The period by which it can be crashed is = 4-2 = 2
weeks, reducing the project duration to 9-2 = 7 weeks.
Extra cost of crashing 1-2 by 2 weeks = 2*4000 = 8000
Therefore, Direct cost of Project of 7 weeks duration
= 25000 + 8000 = 33000.
 5(2)

1 2 3 4
2(2) 2(2) 3(2)
PROJECT 13 11 10 9 7
DURATIO (NORMAL
N )
DIRECT 15600 18600 21200 25000 31000
COST (RS.)
INDIRECT 26000 22000 20000 18000 14000
COST (RS.)
TOTAL 41600 40600 41300 43000 47000
COST (RS.)