CHAPTER :- 1

Introduction :-
1.1-Background :-
Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever growing role
in our modern industrialized society. The electrical power systems are extremely huge and
complex networks. They are one of the most significant elements and when these systems
collapse it leads to major impacts on the economy and national security. A power system consists
of components such as generators, lines, transformers, loads, switches and compensators.
However, a widely dispersed power sources and loads are the general configuration of modern
power systems. Electric power systems can be divided into two sub-systems, namely,
transmission systems and distribution systems. The main process of a transmission system is to
transfer electric power from electric generators to customer area, whereas a distribution system
provides an ultimate link between high voltage transmission systems and consumer services. In
other words, the power is distributed to different customers from the distribution system through
feeders, distributors and service mains. Power departs from the generator and enters into a
transmission substation, where huge transformers convert the generator's voltage to extremely
high voltages (155kV to 765 kV) for long-distance (up to about 300 miles) transmission. Then,
the voltage level is reduced using transformers and power is transferred to customers through
electric power distribution systems. Power starts from the transmission grid at distribution
substations where the voltage is stepped-down and carried by smaller distribution lines to supply
commercial, residential, and industrial users.
Electric utility substations are used in both the transmission and distribution system and
operate independently to generate the electricity. A typical substation facility consists of a small
building with a fenced-in yard that contains transformers, switches, voltage regulators, and
metering equipment that are used to adjust voltages and monitor circuits. A reliable and efficient
process of these networks alone is not very significant when these electricity systems are pressed
to their parameters of its performance, but also under regular operating conditions. Generators
and loads are some components that coerce the continuous dynamic behavior.
Hence, the amount of huge power exchanges over long distances has turned out as a
result of the lack of quality of the electric power. Demanding the quantity of power being
delivered at the user side has raised the alarm due to the increase in demand of electricity in the
customer’s side. The power generated at the main stations is transported hundreds of miles using
transmission lines before they reach the substations. A huge amount of power is lost during the
transportation of the generated power which leads to the reduction in the quantity of power
received at the substations. Also the electric lines users have identified that the number of
drawbacks caused by electrical power quality variations are increasing rapidly. These variations
have already existed on electrical systems, but recently they are causing serious problems.
Therefore, measurements must be acquired either from one end or from both the ends of a
faulted line. Only meager recorded data is available at limited substation locations in certain
systems. When a fault occurs in such systems, only a few (two or three) recording devices are
triggered. The most likely case is that the measurements could not be obtained at either or both
ends of the faulted transmission line leads to drop in the quality of the power.

[1]
To improve the quality of power with sufficient solutions, it is necessary to be familiar with what
sort of constraint has occurred. Additionally, if there is any inadequacy in the protection,
monitoring and control of a power system, the system might become unstable. Therefore, it
necessitates a monitoring system that is able to automatically detect & monitor the existing
constraints on electrical lines. An effective and well-organized state of monitoring is much
significant in guaranteeing the safe running of power transformers. Potential breakdown of the
power transformers can be recognized in their incipient phases of development by an excellent
state of monitoring so that the maintenance of the power transformers can be condition based in
addition to periodically scheduled.
During the past years a number of researches were undergone with the help of microprocessors
and controllers for continuous monitoring of sample concentrations, the behavior of analysts at
different time intervals, monitoring the voltage, current and temperature fluctuations in the
distribution transformers at the substations. The level of current and voltage at the substations
may vary drastically due to the increase in temperature at the distribution transformers. Due to
this the quality of power being delivered to the user might be insufficient. Hence monitoring the
temperature, current and voltage at the distribution side can aid in developing both the output
generated at the main station and the quality of power being delivered at the customer side. It is
also capable of recognizing the break downs caused due to overload, high temperature and over
voltage. If the increase in temperature rises higher than the desirable temperature, the monitoring
system will protect the distribution transformer by shutting down the unit.
As discussed earlier, maintenance of a transformer is one of the biggest problems in the
Electricity Board (EB). During strange events for some reasons the transformer is burned out due
to the over load and short circuit in their winding. Also the oil temperature is increased due to the
increase in the level of current flowing through their internal windings. This results in an
unexpected raise in voltage, current or temperature in the distribution transformer. Therefore, we
are proposing the automation of the distribution transformer from the EB substation. In the
automation, we consider the voltage, current and temperature as the parameters to be monitored
as the transformer shows its peak sensitivity for the same. Hence, we design an automation
system based on microcontroller which continuously monitors the transformer. Because of the
microcontroller operation, the transformer present in the substation which is turned off in the
main station.

1.2-Motivation :-
The main aim of doing this project is its utmost importance in
distribution of electrical energy. This project is low in cost and can be highly beneficial to
industries. Such a design can effectively decrease the number of computers used in an industry &
thus in turn can save power which is the main feature of this project. It protects the system from
becoming unstable and hence improves the quality of power. Previously many attempts have
been made by different scientists for monitoring the voltage and current in distribution
transformers through the devices namely: (1) Power System Stabilizers (PSSs), (2) Automatic
Voltage Regulators (AVRs), (3) FACTS and much more. But these are scheduled based
monitoring process which periodically monitors the electrical parameters. We were undergone
with the help of microprocessors and controllers for continuous monitoring of the electrical
parameters, the behavior of analysts at different time intervals, monitoring the temperature

[2]
fluctuations in the distribution transformers at the substations. The level of current and voltage at
the substations may vary drastically due to the increase in temperature at the distribution
transformers. Due to this the quality of power being delivered to the user might be insufficient.
so despite of voltage and current, temperature also plays an important role. If the increase in
temperature rises higher than the desirable temperature, the monitoring system will protect the
distribution transformer by shutting down the unit.

Till now no remarkable attempts have been made for effectively

monitoring the temperature of a distribution transformer. So there are still many scopes for
research in this direction. This was the main thing that motivated us to choose this project.

1.3-Literature Review :-
J.S.Deliyannides and E.A.Udren [1]in, “ Design Criteria For An Integrated
Microprocessor Based Substation Protection And Control System” initially reviewed the nature
and characteristics of transmission substations and requirements for substation protection and
control. After the keen study of the shortcomings of existing practices and availability of new
technology, they proposed design details in terms of architectural considerations, the hardware
used, the software methodology followed and key economic and technical considerations to
show advantages over equivalent conventional systems. However the limitations are that The
speed required for the substation functions cannot be attained with this new process control
systems and the consequence of unreliability in protective relaying are too danger to encourage
indiscriminate use of general purpose devices.

www.avaricetechnologies.com [2] website in,” Microcontroller Based Substation

Monitoring And Control System” which had given emphasis on the monitoring of voltage,
current and temperature of the substation. In this design the microcontroller continuously checks
the data and if any abnormality occurs then the circuit breaker trips. The objectives of this
project are to monitor substation devices and produces buzzer alerts. The project provided
exposure on initialization of ADC module of microcontroller, embedded C program and PCB
designing. Despite of all this This project had not given any model or specific design details for
the control of substation devices. Therefore it cannot be effectively used.

H Uhgrad, W Wimmer, I De Mesmeaker [3]in, “The Role Of Substation

Monitoring Systems In Enhancing Protection And Control” stated the basis of modern,
microprocessor-based station control is an information bus, connecting all feeder units together.
The Station Monitoring System(SMS) is a part of the Station Control System. The SMS deals
mainly with the analog measuring quantities, the signals and the settings of the measuring,
protection and regulation functions. Basically, all feeder orientated tasks are performed in feeder
units, where all feeder-related data are stored too. These feeder units are linked by the mentioned
(serial) information bus, allowing the free exchange of information between all feeder units and
the hierarchical higher levels, like station units, network etc. The functionality is given by the

[3]
software and 1/0 circuits only and comprises protection, measurement, regulation etc.In this
journal the author has given emphasis on protection of substation monitoring but some how this
is not cost effective and this is a negative point of this. if we can make this cheaper then it can be
easily accepted and widely used.

K.Raja Saranya and K.Ram Prasad [4] in,” An Efficient Monitoring Of Transformer
Using Microcontroller Based System” proposed the monitoring system design using
PIC(peripheral interface controller) microcontroller which had been designed to monitor the
transformer’s essential parameters continuously throughout its operation. If the Microcontroller
recognizes load and operating constraints such as voltage, current, frequency and oil temperature
violates the limit then the entire unit is shutdown by the designed controlling unit. The ultimate
objective is to monitor the electrical parameters and to inform the observed data to the concerned
official.The result of this paper, which is designed for monitoring essential parameters of the
transformer, shows great promise on being a successful monitoring system for high voltage
transformers. The proposed design of the system makes the distribution transformer more robust
against some key power quality issues which makes the voltage, current or temperature to peak.
Hence the distribution is made more secure, reliable and efficient by means of the proposed
system.

L R Manning[5] In,“ A Microprocessor Based System For Substation Control”

mentioned that substation control system (SCS) is an integrated system for protection,
measuring, control, supervision and reporting . It is a hierarchical structured system based on a
station computer which communicates via serial communication buses to a distributed system
such as protective relays, control modules and the alarm system. The operative system used is
Intels iRMX which is especially suited for real-time control. The system is made "intelligent" by
the use of SCIL (Substation Control Implementation Language) which allows the user to make
his own modifications by on-line programming while the system is in service. Selection of the
appropriate system will depend on the overall size of the substation or substations to be
controlled and the functional requirements of the user. This journal did not give much idea about
the model or the theory therefore cannot be used as a reference.

Dr. Alexander Apostolov [6] in,” Introduction And Architecture Of Microprocessor

Relays Based Substation Automation System” focused on microprocessor based multifunctional
protective relays. These are the preferred Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) in today’s
substation integration or substation automation systems. However, the process of relay
integration is slowed down by the fact, that each relay manufacturer typically uses a proprietary
communications protocol and user interface software. Communication protocols are the rules and
procedures used on a substation or utility network to communicate between IEDs and substation
computers. In general they can be divided in two groups: high level protocols that specify, the
data flow (control transmitter / receiver rate, detection of data corruption) and low level
protocols that define how the signals are transmitted over the cable.The model is built around the

[4]
concept of a multi-layered architecture that specifies different functions and services at different
levels of the “protocol stack”. This idea can be used in our project as a valuable resource.

Yu. A. Dementyev, M. Sh. Misrikhanov, E. I. Stolyarov, A. M. Abdurakhmanov, V. E.

Fedorov, and A. V. Shuntov [7] in , “The Reliability Of The Gas-Filled 110-750 KV Circuit
Breaker Units Of Substations” described about the monitoring & controlling of substation in
the way of operation of gas filled circuit breaker. The connection of 110 – 220 kV overhead
lines through two circuit breakers is quite justified for extended overhead lines or lines without
standbys. First, when considering the reliability of substation distributor circuits to be improved
by an order of magnitude. Second, taking into account the fact that a considerable portion of the
disconnections of overhead lines is eliminated automatically by a duplicate connection and that
the outages of the electrical equipment of substations have more significant consequences for the
electrical supply to consumers, one should try to achieve a breakdown rate of not more than 50%
in distributor equipment of overhead lines. Third, the costs of modern microprocessor monitoring
and control devices, including TP automatic control systems, should be kept within reasonable
limits (say 10 – 15% of the cost of the construction of the substation, as it was previously, and
not 30 – 50%, as assumed by certain authoritative guides) and should be reduced even further.
This should help to set a limit to the excessive scale of automation employed.These gas filled
circuit breakers are very effective for relay purpose in microprocessor based substation control
and can be used effectively.

V. Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel[8] in, “An Efficient Monitoring Of Substations Using
Microcontroller Based Monitoring System” proposed an innovative design to develop a system
based on AVR micro controller that is used for monitoring the voltage, current and temperature
of a distribution transformer in a substation and to protect the system from the rise in mentioned
parameters. The ultimate objective is to monitor the electrical parameters continuously and
hence to guard the burning of distribution transformer or power transformer due to the
constraints such as overload, over temperature and input high voltage. If any of these values
increases beyond the limit then the entire unit is shut down by the designed controlling unit. .
They introduced a simulation model which details the operation of the system to rectify the
mentioned problem. The output displays on a PC at the main station that is at a remote place,
through RF communication. In this paper they have presented a design of a system based on
AVR microcontroller that is used to monitor and control the voltage, current and temperature of
a distribution transformer. The system not only controls the distribution transformer in the
substation by shutting it down, but also displays the values throughout the process for users
reference.

.A. Adejumobi, I.G.Adebayo and A.J.Olanipekun[9] in “Development of

Microcontroller-based Electric Power Distribution Automation System” mainly worked in the
development of microcontroller-based electric distribution automation system for the purpose of
effective monitoring and control of distribution system. The use of automation system for the
monitoring and controller of electric distribution system has been identified as one of the major
[5]
way to provide efficient and reliable electric power to electricity consumers. The developed
Distribution Automaton system is much necessary for continuous update at the base station, of
the loading situations and the state of distribution system. This research work is a development
of microcontroller- based electric power distribution automation system for the monitoring and
control of significant parameters at the secondary distribution system. The Automation system
makes use of communication system techniques and computer software to transport data to and
from base station to load end. The use of microcontroller has been shown to be a good platform
upon which the distribution automation can be developed. Its flexibility in programming allows
for easy future modification and implementations.

A. Goswami, T. Bezboruah and K.C. Sarma[10] in the paper “Design of An Embedded

System For Monitoring and Controlling Temperature and Light” stated the main purpose is to
explore the possibility to continuously monitor temperature & light intensity using Embedded
systems as the product of hardware and software co-design for efficient analysis and effective
operation, the main interest because of its reliability and time bound perfection. It describes the
controlling action incorporated in the hardware to control any device connected when specific
conditions are met.

1.4-Summary Of Literature Review :-

The information that we obtained from the journals is a design of a system
based on microcontroller that is used to monitor and control the voltage, current and temperature
of a distribution transformer. The proposed system which has been designed to monitor the
transformer’s essential electrical parameters like voltage and current continuously throughout its
operation. If the microcontroller recognizes any increase in the level of voltage, current or
temperature values the unit has been made shutdown in order to prevent it from further damages.
The main purpose is to explore the possibility to continuously monitor using Embedded systems
as the product of hardware and software co-design for efficient analysis and effective operation,
the main interest because of its reliability and time bound perfection. The system controls the
distribution transformer in the substation by shutting it down. This claims that in the system the
distribution transformer is more robust against some key power quality issues which makes the
voltage, current or temperature to peak. Hence the distribution is made more secure, reliable and
efficient by means of the proposed system.

[6]
 CHAPTER:-2
2.1 :-MICROCONTROLLER BASED TRNSFORMER’S OIL
TEMPERATURE MONITOR AND CONTROL
A lot of protection schemes where taken to protect the transformer from overvoltage and
over current. But after that it is seen that if the increase in the transformer’s oil temperature rises
higher than the desirable temperature, then there is a drastic effect on transformer’s electrical
parameters. So, in general, distributed control agents are employed to offer control at several
places on the power network through the devices namely- 1) Power System Stabilizers (PSSs), 2)
Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs), 3) FACTS and much more. Monitoring systems offers
an opportunity to record each and every relevant value. But these monitoring process are
scheduled based monitoring process i.e.; periodically it conducts the monitoring and control
operation. Where there is a chance of failures in the transformer and in addition with the cost of
maintenance is high in case of using distributed control agents.

In oil immersed transformers, the transformer breakdowns are always preceded by violent
generation of gases. An increase in the temperature of windings increases the transformer’s oil
temperature and vaporizes the oil in the vicinity and makes the insulation weak which results in
breakdown of transformer. Temperature control is very important when it comes to processes
that require certain level of temperatures for quality control. To accurately control process
temperature without extensive operator involvement, a temperature control system relies upon a
controller, which accepts a temperature sensor as input. It compares the actual temperature to the
desired control temperature, or set point, and provides an output to a control element. The
controller is one part of the entire control system, and the whole system should be analyzed in
selecting the proper controller. At the core of the distribution system being proposed is a
microcontroller which is simply a computer on a chip. This is used to develop a circuit that will
be used to collect, monitor process and transmit data such as voltage and current measurements
from the substation to the remote control center; and in return receive control signals and set-
points from the base station.

Main blocks that will be used in the hardware for the temperature monitor
and control are shown in the below figure. The selection of IC chips plays an important role for
the smooth operation of the hardware system.

[7]
 Fig-1

2.2 :-DIFFERENT BLOCKS THAT ARE USING IN THE HARDWARE DESIGN -

POWER BLOCK:
For our project we require + 5 Volt, - 5 Volt and +12 Volts supply . +5 Volts and. 5Volts is
given to Micro-controller board, Temperature sensor, Signal conditioning, ADC etc. +12 Volts
are used to drive the relay. The regulated power supply section made with full wave rectifier
(with IN 4007 diodes) using voltage regulator IC 7805 and IC 7812 which provide a constant
voltage of 5V to the circuit as well as constant 12V to relays.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR BLOCK:

Sensor used for temperature measurement is LM 35 .The LM35 operates over the temperature
range of -55° to +150°C, while the LM35C is rated for a -40°C to +110°C range . LM 35 is
calibrated in ºC and is linear in +10 mV/ ºC scale factor with 0.5ºC accuracy.

[8]
 LM 35 temperature sensor

Fig-2

AMPLIFIER BLOCK:

Output signal from micro-controller is weak so we have to amplify that signal.

Amplifier block amplifies the signal for driving the final control element i.e. output device. For
amplification Transistor BC 547 is used.

Amplifier- Transistor BC 547

Fig-3

[9]
ADC Block:
ADC means analog to digital converter. The output of signal conditioning is in the
analog form. But Microprocessor requires input in digital form for this purpose we have to use
ADC. In this project we are using ADC 0809. The reference voltage is +5 V. The resolution of ADC
is 20 mV. Therefore for 20 mV output of ADC is (01) H. And for 100 mV output of ADC is (05) H.
For the conversion ADC requires a reference frequency which is supplied from 555 IC in the
form of a stable oscillator. The conversion frequency is kept around 150 kHz.

Fig-3

Pin configuration of ADC -

Pin No Function Name

1 Activates ADC; Active low Chip select
2 Input pin; High to low pulse brings the data from internal registers Read
to the output pins after conversion
3 Input pin; Low to high pulse is given to start the conversion Write
4 Clock Input pin; to give external clock. Clock IN
5 Output pin; Goes low when conversion is complete Interrupt
6 Analog non-inverting input Vin(+)
7 Analog inverting Input; normally ground Vin(-)
8 Ground(0V) Analog Ground
9 Input pin; sets the reference voltage for analog input Vref/2
10 Ground(0V) Digital Ground
11 D7
12 D6
13 D5
14 D4
8 bit digital output pins
15 D3
16 D2
17 D1
18 D0
19 Used with Clock IN pin when internal clock source is used Clock R
20 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc

[10]
 Resolution of ADC = V(ref) / ((2^n)-1) ,( n= no. of bits)

e.g :-

Resolution of ADC for 10 bit = Vref / (1024-1)

= 5/1023
= 4.887 mV

MICROCONTROLLER BOARD (Controller section):

The microcontroller processes the sensor output to compute the temperature in degree
Celsius. The analog value is converted to digital value by ADC and is picked up by
microcontroller AT89S52 which is a 40pin device. The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable
read only memory (EPROM).

Functions of Microcontroller:
i. Reading digital input from ADC which derived from temperature sensor.
ii. Sending data to LCD so that we can read the values of temperature & light.
iii. Controlling the parameters, turning on/off the respective relays.
DISPLAY BLOCK :
Since we need to display the data we get from microcontroller a liquid crystal display
44780 LCD is used which is a 2x16 line display. In this project we are using 2x16 intelligent LCD
for displaying the temperature.

44780 LCD (2x16 display )

Fig-4

[11]
2.3 :-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –

Fig-5

In this system, temperature measurement from the ADC channels is taken. The
performances of the channels are distinguished on the basis of its accuracy. The accuracy
indicates how closely the sensor can measure the actual or real world parameter value. The more
accurate a sensor is, better it will perform. To achieve this, calibration is done with a standard
digital thermometer and since LM35 is a linear device so calibration process yields good result
(for each degree rise, 10mV is the rise). Then temperature displayed in LCD is compared with
the standard temperature. After that control action is taken for the further system operation.

[12]
 CHAPTER :-3

3.1 :-Methodology :-
For monitoring the temperature of a distribution transformer a programme has to be
developed. The major objectives of this program is
 Initialization of ADC module of microcontroller
 LCD interfacing
 LCD display of temp and circuit breakers status
 LCD display of alert message
 Producing buzzer alert
For these purposes we have developed a program [11] in embedded C language. The program is
as followed :-

Program for 8051 microcontroller :-

#include<neg51.l>

Slit Rs=P3^7;//Lcd instruction data

Slit EN=P3^6;//Lcd enable

#define LCD PORT P2

Slit DQI=P1^2;

Slit signal =P1^0;

Slit transformer=P1^1;

Void delay ms(unsigned int current);

Void Read temp (unsigned char*buld);

Void current and display (unsigned char value)

Void display (unsigned char s,t,u);

Void lcd data(unsigned char l);

Void lcd cmd(unsigned char k);

Void lcd unit(void);

Void lcd hdr (void);

[13]
Unsigned char my temp[9];

//main prog

Void main(void)

Unsigned char tp,tpd;

Lcd unit ();//initialize Lcd

Lcd hdr();//call Lcd header

Signal=0;

Transformer=0;

While(1)

Read temp(&my temp[0]);

Tp=my temp[0]>>1;

Lcd cmd (0*85);

//move the cursor//

Delay ms(10);

//delay of 10ms//

Convert and display(tp);

If(tp>35)

{signal=1;

Else

{signal=0;

[14]
}

//Lcd initialization subroutine

Void lcd init (void)

Lcdcmd(0*38);

Delay ms (20);

Lcdcmd(0*0E);

Delay ms (20)

Lcdc md (0*06);

Delay ms (20);

// Lcd header

Void lcd hdr (void)

Unsigned char i=0

W[]=”temp=cent”,

X[]=”count=”,

While (w[i]!=’/0’)

Lcddata(w[i]);

i++;

Delay ms (50);

[15]
Lcdcmd(0*(0);

I=0;

While (x[i]!=’/0’)

Lcd data (x[i]);

I++;

Delay ms(50);

//Lcd display

Void display(unsigned char s,t,u)

S=s+0*30;

//convert each digit to its equivalent ASCII value

t=t+0*30;

u=u+0*30;

lcd data(u);

//display the digit one by one on lcd

Delay ms(50);

Lcd data(t);

Delay ms (50);

Lcd data (5);

Delay ms (50);

[16]
//Lcd data display

Void lcd data (unsigned char i)

Lcd port=1;

RS=1;

EN=1

Delay ms (1);

EN=0;

Return;

//lcd command

Void lcdc md(unsigned char k)

Lcd port =k;

RS=0;

EN=1;

Delay ms (1);

EN=0;

Return;

//convert and display the data on lcd

Void convert and display (unsigned char value i)

Unsigned int I,a=0;

[17]
Unsigned char d1,d2,d3;

For (i=0;i<value 1;i++)

a=a+1;

d1=a%10;

a=a/10;

d2=a%10;

a=a/10;

d3=a%10;

display (d1,d2,d3);

//delay ms function

Void delay ms (unsigned int count)

Unsigned int I;

While (count)

I=115;

While(i>0)

i--;

count--;

//calling the routine takes about 22us

//each count takes another 17us

//as returned by keil v 7.5a

Void delay (int us)

[18]
{

Int I;

For (i=0; i<us; i++);

//Reset DS1820

Bit reset DS1820(void)

Bit presence;

DQ1=0//Pull DQ line low

Delay us(29);

DQ1=1;//allow line to return high

Delay us(3);

Presence=DQ1;//Get presence signal

Delay us(25);

//wait for 25 us

Return(presence);

//Read one bit from DS1820

Bit Read(void)

Unsigned char i=0;

DQ1=0;//Pull DQ low to start

Timeslot

DQ1=1;

[19]
For (i=0;i<3;i++);//delay 17us from time start

Return (DQ1);

//Write one bit to DS1820

Void write bit(bit dbit)

Unsigned char i=0;

DQ1=0;

DQ1=Dbit?1=0;

Delays us(5);

DQ1=1;

//read 1 byte from DS1820

Unsigned char Read byte (void)

Unsigned char i;

Unsigned char Din=0;

For (i=0;i<8;i++)

Din=Read bit()?0*01<<I:Din;

Delay us (6);

Return(Din);

[20]
}

//write 1 byte

Void write byte (unsigned char Dout)

Unsigned char I;

For (i=0;i<8;i++)//write byte one bit at a time

Dout=Dout>>1;

Delay us(5);

//Read temp

Void read temp (unsigned char *buff)

Unsigned char n;

EA=0;

All interrupt

Reset DS1820();

Write byte(0*cc);//skip ROM

Write byte(0*44);//perform temperature conversion

While(Read byte ()==0*++);conversion

Write byte (0*be);//Read the result

For (n=0;n<9;n++)

[21]
Buff[n]=Read byte();

//read DS1820

EA=1;

This is the detailed program. This program can be compiled with the help of KEIL compiler and
can be converted to hex code. PROG 51 programmer can be used to burn the hex file to the
microcontroller kit.
We have extracted the logic of this program. So by using that logic the basics of this
program can be simplified and can be represented in C and in MATLAB. The flow chart for this
purpose is shown below.

[22]
Fig-6

[23]
The MATLAB program is as followed:-
% microcontroller based transformer oil's temperature monitor and control

% preset the temperature to compare with sensed temp. for control purpose
preset_temp=45

% monitoring the process

i=input('choose the value :1- set new preset temp. ,2- continue with the
data from temp. sensor=')
load train
while i~=0
switch i

%controlling the system

case 1
set_temp=input('the new preset temperature = ')
disp('the new temperature set for control purpose is ')
preset_temp=set_temp

i=input('enter the value :1- set new controlling temp. ,2- data from
temp. sensor=')

case 2
% reading of temperature from temperature sensor
sensor_temp=floor(50*rand+1)

if (sensor_temp <= preset_temp)

disp('the oil temperature of transformer is')
t=sensor_temp
disp('no control action is required')

else
disp('the temperature is increased')
disp('control action is to be taken')
disp('tripping off the circuit breaker')
sound(y,Fs)
break
end
end
end
disp('preset_temp sensor_temp')
disp([preset_temp sensor_temp ])

[24]
We have also implemented this logic in C programming language :-

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

int choice;

float temp;

float presettemp=45;

float oiltemp;

while(1)

printf("\n\n\n the preset temp of transformer is 45");

printf("\n all the temp represented here are in celsius scale");

printf("\n if you dont want to change preset temp 45 of transformer press 1\n");

printf("\n if you want to change preset temp of transformer press 2\n");

printf("\n enter your choice?\n");

scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)

case 1:

printf("\n enter oil temp of transformer manually\n");

scanf("%f",&oiltemp);

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 if(oiltemp>presettemp)

printf("\n warning \n temp is increased");

else

printf("\n operation is safe");

break;

case 2:

printf("\n enter new setting temp of transformer\n");

scanf("%f",&temp);

printf("\n enter transformer oil temp manually\n");

scanf("%f",&oiltemp);

if(oiltemp>temp)

printf("\n warning\n temp is increased");

else

printf("\n operation is safe");

break;

3.2 :-Discussion :-
Here the max critical temp of transformer is set as 45 degree Celsius. In this program we
have used a random function so that the oil temp of the transformer will come randomly. Here
we have used the randint() function for the random operation. We have set the min parameter for
random function as 30 degree Celsius and max parameter as 60 degree Celsius. The value
between 30 and 60 will come randomly. If the temperature of transformer oil increases above 45
degree then an alarm will be activated and the circuit breaker will come into action. If the temp
will be below 45 degree Celsius then “no operation required” message will be displayed. There is

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also another facility in the program to change the preset temp according to different conditions.
By this we can set the safe temp in between 30 & 60.
We have also implemented the logic in C programming. Here we have also set the preset
temperature of the transformer as 45 degree. If the transformer temperature exceeds this then
there will be a warning message and the circuit breakers will come into action. So the
distribution transformer will shut down..
3.3 :-Future Scope :-
Transformer diagnostics is an expanding field of study. The monitoring system presented in this
paper can be altered and expanded to provide more and more valuable information on the health
of a transformer. The potential of this system is vast and with further investigation, the concept
of an intelligent diagnostic for transformer or even substation level can be realized.

In future this system can be.Used in mechanical companies to measures various parameters
of operating machines like temperature & Light. It can also be used in green houses to control
the Temperature.

3.4 :-Conclusion :-
In this paper we have presented a design of a system based on AVR microcontroller that
is used to monitor and control the temperature of a distribution transformer. The proposed
system which has been designed to monitor the transformer’s essential parameters continuously
throughout its operation. If the microcontroller recognizes any increase in the level of
temperature values the unit has been made shutdown in order to prevent it from further damages.
The system not only controls the distribution transformer in the substation by shutting it down,
but also displays the values throughout the process for user’s reference. This claims that the
proposed design of the system makes the distribution transformer more robust against some key
power quality issues which makes the voltage, current or temperature to peak. Hence the
distribution is made more secure, reliable and efficient by means of the proposed system.

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References:-

[1] J.S.Deliyannides and E.A.Udren,” Design Criteria For An Integrated Microprocessor-Based

Substation Protection And Control System”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 6 June 1982 .

[2] www.avaricetechnologies.com

[3] H Ungrad, W Wimmer, I De Mesmaeker, G Wacha,” The Role Of Sms (Substation

Monitoring Systems) In Enhancing Protection And Control Functions”, CIGRE Symposium,
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[4] K.Raja Saranya and K.Ram Prasad,” An Efficient Monitoring of Transformers Using
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[5] L. R. Manning, “A microprocessor based system for substation control”, IEEE Transactions
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[6] Alexander Apostolov, “Introduction and architecture of microprocessor relays based

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[7] Yu. A. Dementyev,1 M. Sh. Misrikhanov, E. I. Stolyarov, A. M. Abdurakhmanov, V. E.

Fedorov, and A. V. Shuntov,” The Reliability Of The Gas-Filled 110 – 750 Kv Circuit Breaker
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[8] V. Thiyagarajan & T.G. Palanivel,” An Efficient Monitoring Of Substations Using

Microcontroller Based Monitoring System”. IJRRAS 4 (1) , July 2010.

[9] Adejumobi, I.A and Adetomi, A.A (2009). “Development of Microcontroller-based Electric
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[10] A. Goswami1, T. Bezboruah2 and K.C. Sarma1,” Design of An Embedded System For
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[11]Bikramjeet Singh Warraich, ”Microcontroller Based Temperature Control Fan

System”,Hbeonlabs

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[12] Shefali Saxena, Swati Talesara,Sachin Mehta,”On Off Temperature Control System Using
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[14] E. A. Udren and M. Sackin, "Relaying Features of an Integrated Microprocessor-Based

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[15] J. S. Del iyannides, M. Kezunovic, and T. H. Schwalenstocker, "An Integrated

Microprocessor-Based Substation Protection and Control System, " IEE (U.K.) Conference
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[17] Substation Control' and Protection Requirements Specificat Pon,PRI, Report EL-1813, May
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[18] L. E. Berkebile, S. L. Nilsson, and S. C. Sun, "Digital EHV Current Transducer," Presented
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