Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture - 08

Introduction to Bridge
Engineering

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics
 Introduction

 Bridge Components

 Types of Bridges

 Loads for Bridge Design

 Analysis & Design of Simply Supported RC Slab Bridges

 Example

 Famous Bridges in the World

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction
 Bridge is a structure having an opening not less
than 6000 mm that forms part of a highway or over,
or under which the highway passes.

 Structures < 6000 mm generally called culverts.

Bridge Culvert

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Introduction
 Bridge is the key element in a Transportation
System:
 It controls the capacity of the system.

 It is the highest cost per mile of the system.

 If the bridge fails, the system fails.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridge Components
 A bridge consists of super structure and sub
structure.

Super structure: Structural parts of the bridge which provides the horizontal span.
Sub structure: Structural parts of the bridge which supports the horizontal span.

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Bridge Components
Deck

Girder

Pier Cap Diaphragms

Pier

Pile Cap

Piles
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

 Bridges can be classified according to:

 Materials (concrete, steel or wood etc),

 Usage (pedestrian, highway, or railroad),

 Span (short, medium, or long),

 Structural form (slabs, girder, truss, arch, suspension, or

cable-stayed).

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Types of Bridges

 It is however suitable to classify bridges according to

the location of the main structural elements relative to
the surface on which the user travels:
 Main structure Below the deck line,

 Main structure Above the deck line, or

 Main structure Coinciding with the deck line.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Below Deck line

 Arched, Truss-Arched Bridges, Masonry Arch, Concrete
Arch, the Steel-Truss Arch, and the Steel Deck Truss.

Masonry Arch Masonry Arch Steel Deck Truss Bridge

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Below Deck line

Steel Truss Arch

Concrete Arch

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Below Deck line

 With arch shape, gravity loads are transmitted to the
supports primarily by axial compressive forces.

 At the supports, both vertical and horizontal reactions must

be resisted.

Arch

Axial force Axial force

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Below Deck line

 Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
 The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments in the
superstructure.

 The most suitable site for this form of structure is a valley, with
the arch foundation located on dry rock slopes.

 The conventional curved arch rib may have high fabrication and
erection costs, although these may be controlled by skilled
labor.

 The classic arch form tends to favor concrete as a construction

material.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

 Suspension, Cable Stayed, and Through-Truss bridges are
included in this category.

Suspension: Deck is supported by two main cables through

secondary cables (hangers).
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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

Cable-stayed: Deck is supported by tower directly through cables.

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

Through Bridges

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

 Salient features of Suspension Bridges
 The flexible cables of a suspension bridge are shaped and
supported to transfer major loads to the towers and anchorages
by direct tension.

 The deck is hung from the cable by hangers constructed of high

strength wire ropes in tension.

 This use of high strength steel in tension leads to an

economical structure.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

 Salient features of Suspension Bridges
 The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening trusses
or by a system of girders at deck level.

 This stiffening system serves to:

a) Control aerodynamic movements,

b) Limit local angle changes in the deck.

Stiffening
trusses

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

 Salient features of Cable Stayed bridges
 As compared with suspension bridges, the cables are straight
rather than curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater.

 Aerodynamics instability has not been found to be a problem in

such structures.

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Above Deck line

 Salient features of Through Bridges
 A bridge truss has two main structural advantages:
1. The primary member forces are axial loads;

2. The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth
(due to lesser dead load) than for an equivalent solid web girder.

 Both these factors lead to economy in material and a reduced

dead weight.

 The increased depth also leads to reduced deflection.

 Economical for medium spans.

 Aesthetically pleasing.
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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

 Girder bridges of all types are included in this category.
Examples are:
 Slab (solid and voided),

 T-beam,

 I-beam,

 Wide-flange beam,

 Concrete box girder,

 Steel box,
Concrete Box Girder Bridge
 Steel plate girder.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

Girder Bridge Under

Construction

Box Girder Bridge

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Types of Bridges

 Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

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Loads for Bridge Design

 Loads to be considered in bridge design can be divided
into two broad categories:
 Permanent loads,

 Transient loads.

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Loads for Bridge Design

 Permanent Loads
 Self weight of girders and deck, wearing surface, curbs and
parapets and railings, utilities and luminaries and pressures
from earth retainments.

 Two important dead loads are:

 DC: Dead load of structural components and non structural
attachments.

 DW: Dead load of wearing surface.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Permanent Loads
 Material Properties for Pavement
 γbitumen = 140 lb/ cft

 γconcrete = 150 lb/ cft

 Load factors for Pavement Dead Loads

 The maximum load factor for DC = 1.25

 The maximum load factor for DW = 1.5

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Loads for Bridge Design

 Transient Loads
 Gravity (Live) loads due to vehicular, railway and pedestrian
traffic.

 The automobile is one of the most common vehicular live

load on most bridges; it is the truck that causes the critical
load effects.

 Lateral loads due to water, wind, earthquake and ship

collisions etc.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Transient Loads
 Following effects caused by Live load are also very
important and must be considered in the design of a bridge.
 Impact (dynamic effects),

 Braking forces,

 Centrifugal forces (if present) and

 The effects of other trucks simultaneously present.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 The AASHTO design loads model consists of three distinctly
different loads:
 Design Truck,

 Design Tandem,

 Design Lane.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads

 The vehicle combination as described in AASHTO (1994)
LRFD Bridge specifications are designated as HL-93 for
Highway Loading accepted in 1993.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
• Design Truck

8 kips 32 kips 32 kips

8 kips 32 kips 32 kips
14 ft 14 ft to 30 ft

14 ft 14 ft to 30 ft

24 in 6 ft
12 in
12 ft

HL-93 Truck Load

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 Design Tandem

24 kips 24 kips

4 ft

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Loads for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 Design Lane Load
 The AASHTO design lane loading is like a caravan of trucks.
 It is 0.064 k/ft2 and is assumed to occupy a region of 10 ft.
 It is applied as 0.064 k/ft2 (64 lb/ft2) of pressure to a width of 10 ft over the entire length
of bridge for FEM.

(0.64 kip/ ft)

10 ft
Bridge

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Vehicular Design Loads
 In summary three design loads should be considered: the
design truck, design tandem, and the design lane.

 These loads are superimposed by two ways to yield the live

load effects, which are combined with the other load effects.

 The two ways of superposition are:

 Truck + lane

 Tandem + lane

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Loads for Bridge Design

 Load Modifier
 A factor accounting for ductility, redundancy and the
operational importance of the bridge.

 It is taken as 1.05 for simply supported bridges and is

applied on already factored values of bending moments.

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Analysis and Design of

Simply Supported RC
Slab Bridges

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Simply Supported RC Slab Bridge

 This type of bridge consist of only a slab (without any other

supporting member such as girders).

 A slab bridge is widely used when the bridge crosses a

minor road or small river.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design lane

 Slab bridges can be analyzed as 3D, 2D and 1D models.

 If it is to be analyzed as 1D model (line analysis), the bridge

width will be divided into various strips.

 These strips with a strip width of “E” are called design lanes.

E E E E E

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design lane
 The design lanes are then
transformed to line elements (1D
model) for line analysis. The moment
are calculated from line analysis.

 These moments (M) are then divided

by the design lane width (E) to get
moment per foot (M/E) for the slab.

Moment Obtained from 1D analysis

M/E M/E M/E M/E M/E

• Design lane widths can be calculated using equations given as follows.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design Lane Width
 For single lane loaded:

 E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 √ (L1W 1) (1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft

W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (Overall width of

bridge, W 1) or 30 ft

W
W1
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design Lane Width
 For multilane loaded:

 E (inches) = 84 + 1.44√ (L1W 1) ≤ W 1/NL (2)

L1 = Same as single lane loaded case = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft

W 1 = Minimum of (overall width of bridge, W 1) or 60 ft

NL = No. of design lanes= INT (W/12)

 Design Lane Width E, is the smallest value of (1) & (2)

W1
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design of RC Slab Bridge
 Depth, h (ft) = 1.2(S + 10)/30
S
 (S = span of bridge)

 φMn ≥ Mu

 Mu = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM ] (per foot)

 MDC = W DCS2/8 (ft-kip/ft) (W DC = hγconcrete )

2
Dead Loads
 MDW = W DWS /8 (ft-kip/ft) (W DW = hγwearing surface )

 MLL+IM = 1.33(MTandem OR MTruck) + Mlane (ft-kip) Live Load

 Convert MLL+IM to ft-kip/ft, Divide MLL+IM by “E”, design lane width.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design of RC Slab Bridge
 Slab moments due to live loads:

1. Moment due to HL-93 Truck load, MTruck

(Max. moment due to truck load can be obtained by placing the middle axle at mid span of
the bridge and rear axle load at a distance of 14 ft from the middle axle load)

32 kips 32 kips
8 kips

14 ft 14 ft

S/2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design of RC Slab Bridge
 Slab moments due to live loads:

2. Moment due Tandem Load, MTandem

(Max. moment due to tandem load can be obtained by placing the two loads at a distance
of 2 ft from the mid span)

24 kips 24 kips

2 ft 2 ft

S/2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design of RC Slab Bridge
 Slab moments due to live loads:

3. Moment due design lane load, MLane

 MLane = 0.64 S2/8

0.64 kip/ft

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Design of RC Slab Bridge
a) Distribution reinforcement (bottom transverse reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
 Atransverse = (100/√S or 50 %) of As (whichever is less, But It should not be less
than As(Shrinkage)

 Astmin (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag

b) Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in top face of slab (long and

transverse both): For grade 60 steel,
• Ast = 0.0018Ag

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Reinforcement Detail in Slab Bridge:

As per shrinkage and A′

temperature reinforcement
requirements

Transverse Bottom reinforcement

As, Main reinforcement (least of 100/√S % or 50 %) of As
(to be designed)
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
 Reinforcement Detail in Slab Bridge:
 Bridge Reinforcement Animation

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Design Problem: Design of
simply supported slab bridge
for HL-93 live load.
 Span length of 35 ft centre to
centre of bearings.

 Roadway width is 44 ft curb to

curb.

 Allow for a future wearing

surface of 3 inch thick
bituminous overlay.

 Use fc′ = 4000 psi and fy = 60

ksi.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 1: Sizes.

 Span length of bridge (S) = 35 ft c/c

 Clear roadway width (W) = 44 ft (curb to curb)

 For a curb width of 15 inches, total width of the bridge (W 1) =

44 + (2 × 15/12) = 46.5 ft

 Minimum thickness of bridge slab is given by formula:

hmin = 1.2(S + 10)/30 = 1.2 (35 + 10)/30 = 1.8 ft = 21.6″ ≈ 22″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 2: Loads.

 Slab load (wDC) = hγconc

= (22/12) × 0.15 = 0.275 ksf

 Wearing surface load (wDW ) = hγwearing surface

= (3/12) × 0.14 = 0.035 ksf

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Dead load moments:

Slab moments (MDC) = wDCS2/8

= 0.275 × (352)/8 = 42 ft-kip/ft

Wearing surface moment (MDW) = wDW S2/8

= 0.035 × 352/8 = 5.3 ft-kip/ft

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Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Live load moments:

 Truck Load moments:

MTruck = 350 ft-kip

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Live load moments:

 Tandem moment:

Mtandem = 372 ft-kip

 Lane moment:

Mlane = 640 × 352/8 = 98000 ft-lb = 98 ft-kip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design – II 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Live load moments:

 Mtandem > Mtruck, therefore we will use Mtandem

 MLL+IM (Including impact) = 1.33Mtandem + Mlane

= 1.33 × 372 + 98 = 593 ft-kip

 To convert MLL+IM to moment/ft, Divide MLL+IM by “E” design lane width.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Design Lane width “E” :

 For single lane loaded:

 E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 √ (L1W 1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S = 35 ft) and 60 ft = 35 ft

W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (W1 = 46.5 ft) or 30

ft = 30 ft

 Therefore, E = 10.00 + 5.0√ (35 × 30.00) = 172 in = 14.3 ft

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Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Design Lane width “E” :

 For multilane loaded:

 E (inches) = 84 + 1.44√ (L1W 1) ≤ W 1/NL
L1 = 35 ft
W 1 = Minimum of (W 1 = 46.5 ft) or 60 ft = 46.5 ft
NL = No. of design lanes.= INT (W/12) =INT (44/12) = 3
 E = 84 + 1.44 √ (35 × 46.5) ≤ 46.5/3
= 142 inch or 11.84 ft ≤ 15.5
 Therefore, E = 11.84 ft (Least of all)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 3: Analysis.

 Moment (per foot)

 MLL +IM per foot = 593/11.84 = 50 ft-kip/ft

Now,

 Mu = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]

 Mu = 1.05 (1.25 × 42 + 1.5 × 5.33 + 1.75 × 50)

 Mu = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft

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Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (a) Design :
 Moment (Mu) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft
 Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h – cover – ½ × Dia of bar
used
 Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken
equal to 1″.
 d = 22 – 1 – ½ × 1 = 20.5 inch
 Asmin = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2
 As = Mu/{Φfy (d – a/2)}
 After trials, As = 1.80 in2,(#8 @ 5 inches c/c)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (b) Distribution reinforcement (bottom transverse

reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
 The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as
a percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive
moment as follows but not less than Shrinkage reinforcement:
 Atransverse = (100/√S or 50 %) of As (whichever is less)
100/√L = 100/√35 = 16.9 % < 50 %
 Therefore, Atransverse = 0.169 × 1.80 = 0.304 in2
 Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @
8 inches c/c)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (b) Distribution reinforcement (bottom transverse reinforcement)

{A5.14.4.1}:
 Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way
slab according to ACI 7.7.6.2.1 is minimum of:
 5hf =5 × 22 = 110″

 18″

 Therefore #5 @ 8 inches c/c is OK.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design.

 (e) Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in top face of slab

(long and transverse both): For grade 60 steel,
 Ast = 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 × 12 × 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8 inches c/c)

 Finally use #5 @ 8 inches c/c.

 Final Recommendation:
 Main steel (bottom) = #8 @ 4″ c/c.

 Transverse bottom reinforcement = #5 @ 8″ c/c throughout.

 Top steel (long and transverse) = #5 @ 8″ c/c.

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Example
 Solution:
 Step No 5: Drafting

(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Shrinkage reinforcement)

(Bottom transverse reinforcement)

(Main reinforcement)

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Some Famous Bridges

 Longest Bridge
 Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge in China (164800 m)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges

 Longest Span
 Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Japan (1991 m)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges

 Highest Bridge
 Si Du River Bridge (472 m high)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design – II 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Lansdowne Bridge, Sukkur

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Jamshoro Bridge, Jamshoro

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design – II 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Attock Bridge, Attock

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design – II 68

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Malir Bridge, Karachi
 Longest Bridge in Pakistan (5000 m)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design – II 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Chiniot Railway Bridge
 Constructed in 1877.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali Reinforced Concrete Design – II 70

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
 Bridge on M2 Motorway
 One of the highest in Asia.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

References
 Design of Highway Bridges by Richard M. Barker.

 ACI 318

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

THE END

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