FURTHER DETAILS REGARDING MAIN TOPICS OF

PROGRAMME NO. 11/2016 (Item No. 24)

TRACER

SOIL SURVEY AND SOIL CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT

(CATEGORY No.517/2015)

(Mechanical Engineering)

1. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines

Definition of density, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, kinematic & dynamic
viscosity,
compressibility, vapour pressure, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension and capillarity.
Intensity of
pressure at a point - pressure head - units of pressure - Pascal's law
Atmospheric pressure - Gauge pressure - Absolute pressure - vacuum pressure -
problems -
Measurements of atmospheric pressure - simple mercury barometers - pressure
measuring devices
- peizometer tubes, manometers - U-tube - simple differential and inverted tubes only -
Mechanical Gauge - Bourdon tube pressure gauge. Pressure on plane surfaces immersed
in liquid.
Total pressure and center of pressure on horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces
immersed in
liquids. Pressure on lock, gates, sluice gate.
Kinematics and Dynamics of fluid flow
Introduction - types of fluid flow - steady and unsteady flow - uniform and non-uniform
flow -
laminar and turbulent flow - compressible and incompressible flow - rotational and ir-
rotational
flow - one, two and three dimensional flow - rate of flow or discharge - equation of
continuity of
a liquid flow - simple problems - energy of a liquid in motion - potential energy - kinetic
energy
- pressure energy - total energy - total head of liquid in motion - Euler's equation of
motion -
Bernoulli's equation from Euler's equation - assumptions - simple problems - practical
applications of Bernoulli's equation - venturimeter - Orifice meter - pitot tube .
Buoyancy and Floatation
Buoyancy - Centre of Buoyancy - Types equilibrium of floating bodies, Metacentre and
metacentric height
Flow through Orifices , Notches, Weirs and Mouth pieces
Definition of orifice, types of orifices - (based size, shape flow condition) - definition of
vena
contracta - hydraulic coefficients - Cv, Cc, Cd - experimental determination. Submerged
and
partially submerged orifices. Large rectangular orifice - expression for discharge -
derivation.
Time for emptying a prismatic tank through an orifice at bottom or in the side- head loss
due to
sudden enlargement and sudden contraction at the entrance of pipe from large vessel, at
the exit of
a pipe line, obstruction in a pipe line derivation of expression for head loss due to
enlargement &
contraction - Types of notches - rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal notches.
Discharge over
rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal notches. Classifications - definition - discharge
over
rectangular weir, end contraction in weir effect of end contraction over discharge -
Francis
formula and Bazin's formula for end contraction- velocity of approach - problems broad
crested
weir - problems submerged weir description. Mouth piece - different types - external and
internal- cylindrical.
Flow through pipes and channels
Frictional loss in pipes - Chezy's and Darcy's formulae - Derivation and problems
Hydraulic
gradient and total energy line-Water hammer and its effect (description only) Syphon.
Flow
through Channels Wetted perimeter Hydraulic mean depth- uniform and non-uniform
flow -
Chezy's formula.
Turbines and Pumps
Introduction-development of water Turbines-classification-impulse
Turbine-Pelton
wheelcomponents- velocity triangle and work done. Workdone-power produced
efficiency-number
of jets - design of Pelton wheel—governing—other impulse Turbines .
Reaction turbines - components—difference between impulse& Reaction—
Classification of
Reaction Turbines -discharge—power produced—efficiencies—Francis Turbine—
Kaplan
Turbine—Draught tubes—other reaction turbines.
Characteristics of Turbines -Significance—specific speed—selection of Turbine—
selection based
on specific speed and head of water—characteristic curve for Impulse and reaction
Turbines
Centrifugal pump - Introduction - types of casing—piping system of CP—work
done
manometric head—efficiencies - discharge—power required to drive -multistage pumps
-simple
problems. Performance—specific speed of CP—selection of pumps based on specific
speed and
head— cavitation—priming.
Reciprocating pumps - Types-comparison of CP&RP-discharge-slip-power
required-air
vessels-indicator diagram of RP
Hydraulic control elements and components
Control valves - Functions - classifications - ratings - Describe the working of pressure
controll
valves viz, relief valves - pilot operated relief valve - poppet valve - sequence valve
Direction
control valves - types - sliding spool type - rotary spool type - check valves - 1 way, 2
way, 3
way directional control valves, pilot operated check valve, solenoid control valve. Flow
control
valves - types - gate, globe, pressure compensated butterfly valves, non return valve,
application
circuits of control valves. Seals - packings - materials for seals and packings - purpose of
sealing
. Filters - types - necessity of filtration of fluids - intensifier - motors and accumulators -
purpose
of accumulators viz, shock suppressions, fluid makeup, leakage compensation,
emergency power
and holding - types of accumulators - weight loaded, spring loaded, gas loaded

Hydro-electric Installation
Layout - intake works, pressure tunnel, penstock, surge tank, action of surge tank
anchor blocks and tailrace.
2. Engineering materials and properties
Metallic and non-metallic properties such as: - Mechanical, strength, hardness,
toughness, brittleness, creep, fatigue, stiffness, ductility, malleability, elasticity and
plasticity. Electrical Properties: - Resistance and Resistivity, conductance and
conductivity, capacitance. Magnetic properties: - Magnomotive force, rellectance,
permeance, hysterisis Thermal properties: - Specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal
resistance, and thermal diffusivity. Chemical properties: -
Corrossion resistance, acidity and alkalinity.Physical properties: - density, viscosity,
colour, finish,
porosity.
Testing of Engineering Materials - Destructive testing: - tension and compression test.
Hardness
test: - Brinell, rock well, Vickers - impact test, fatigue test and creep test. Nondestructive
testing: -
Radio graphic, ultrasonic inspection,
Organic and ceramic materials- Introduction, classification of rubber: - natural and
synthetic
rubber, Plastic: - thermosetting and thermoplastic with examples - requirements of plastic
and
elastimers and their uses. Classification of ceramics - properties and uses - glass building
stone,
refractory materials, abrasive - materials, concrete.

3. Basic Mechanical Engineering

Fundamentals of I.C. Engines
Definition, Classification, Two stroke engines, Two stroke petrol engines, Four stroke
engines, Four stroke diesel engines (construction and working using simple line
sketches), Four stroke petrol engines, Functions of different parts of I.C. Engines (No
sketch required), Comparison between - Two stroke and four stroke engines, Petrol and
diesel engines, Testing of IC engines -determination of indicated power - brake power -
mechanical efficiency - indicated thermal efficiency brake thermal efficiency - specific
fuel consumption -heat balance sheet.
Air Standard Cycles
Assumption, Air standard efficiency Brief explanation with P-V diagrams and derivation
of air standard efficiency of Carnot Cycle, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Joule cycle, Brief
explanation of dual combustion cycle with P-V diagram (No derivation of air standard
efficiency), Simple and direct problems using standard expressions
Air Compressors
a. Introduction: Function of air compressors - uses of compressed air .Classification of
compressors: Working of reciprocating (single stage and two stage) compressors, Rotary
compressors (fans, blowers), centrifugal compressors and axial flow compressors P-V
diagram of single stage and two stage compressors - derivation of work done - power
required to drive the compressor (simple problems) - inter coolers - advantages of
multistage compressors. Efficiencies of air compressor - mechanical efficiency,
isothermal efficiency, isentropic efficiency, volumetric efficiency, derivation of
volumetric efficiency in terms of clearance volume and stroke volume, effect of
clearance on volumetric efficiency
Modes of heat transfer - conduction, convection and radiation. Fields of applications of
heat
transfer. Thermal conduction, Fourier's law of thermal conduction, thermal
conductivity,
conduction through a plane wall, simple problems. Thermal radiation - Reflection,
absorption, and
transmission of radiation, absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity. Concept of black
body.
Stefan's Boltzman's law of total radiation, concept of grey body, Thermal convection -
Newton -
Rikhman equation Q = hAt, Free convection, forced convection
Heat exchangers - Function of heat exchangers, types of heat exchangers - Recuperator
type and
regenerative type, parallel flow, counter flow and cross flow. Concept of Logarithmic
mean
temperature difference (LMTD) and AMTD. LMTD for parallel flow and counter flow
heat
exchangers (no derivation). Simple problems to calculate heat transfer by LMTD method.
Types of Fuels - its value in engineering - classification of fuels - solid fuels - liquid
fuels -
gaseous fuels - merits and demerits of Gaseous fuels requirements of a good fuel.
Calorific value of fuels - Gross or higher calorific value - net calorific value - (simple
problems)
- Determination of calorific values - bomb calorimeter- Gas calorimeter . Combustion of
fuels -
Atomic theory- structure - Combustion equation of solid fuels - Minimum mass of air
required for
combustion.- Mass of carbon in flue gases. - Mass of flue gas per kg of fuel burnt - Flue
gas analysis - Orsat apparatus

PART - II
Basic Civil Engineering
1.Building Materials and Construction-
Stone - classification - geological, Physical and chemical classification - characteristics
of good building stone - varieties of stones - granite - trap - basalt - sand stone - Laterite.
Values of load bearing capacity of stones. Quarrying of stones - methods - wedging and
blasting - explosives used. Dressing of stones.
Bricks: Raw materials used - Composition of brick earth, manufacturing methods
(Description only) - IS specifications of bricks - characteristics of good brick used for
building purpose. Tiles: Types of tiles-characteristics-uses-Porcelain and glazed tiles
Earthenware and stoneware pipes -uses-qualities.
Lime: Sources of lime-Classification-methods of manufacturing (Description only)
Cements: Composition, Compounds present, Manufacturing methods-characteristics of
cement, Types of cement-Properties of each-characteristics of cement-Tests on cement-
Consistency test, fineness test, Sp.gravity test, Setting time test, Soundness test.
Sand: Sources of sand-River sand, Sea sand and pit sand-Limitations of mining of sand
from rivers and sea shore- M-sand,alternatives of sand.
Mortar: Preparation of lime and cement mortar-Proportions of mortar for various items
of work-tests on cement mortar.
Cement Concrete: Plain concrete-Water cement ratio-Ingredients and proportioning
methodscharacteristics- preparation-workability-Tests on Cement concrete-Laboratory
tests and field tests- Slump test, compaction factor test-Qualities of water used for
mixing. Reinforced cement concrete
Timber and wood products: Structural classification- Soft wood and hard wood-defects
in timberseasoning of timber-preservation of timber-wood products-veneers, ply wood,
particle boardfibreboard, hard board, etc.
Metals: Ferrous metals-Wrought iron, Cast iron, Mild steel- -Special steels-High carbon
steel, High tensile steel and stainless steel (Properties and uses only)-Non ferrous metals:
Aluminum, Copper, Lead, Zinc and Titanium-important alloys- properties and uses.
Paints and Varnishes: Types-Constituents-Preparation-characteristics and application.
Plastics: types-characteristics and properties of P V C-uses-Limitations of using plastics.
Rubber: Characteristics and properties, uses.

Component parts of a building and their functions- Masonry: Classification- Stone

masonry-Brick masonry-Laterite masonry - composite masonry. Different types of stone
masonry-General principles and specifications for stone masonry as per relevant codes.
Brick masonry: Different types of bonds for walls, piers and junctions of walls for equal
and unequal thickness - English, Flemish (Single and Double Flemish)-Specification for
brick masonry as per relevant codes. Hollow block masonry: Types of hollow blocks
used in construction and methods of construction- Advantages and Disadvantages with
reference to other types of masonry. Solid block masonry and inter locking block
masonry. Partition walls-Types-materials- requirements.
2. Mechanics of Materials
Stress and strain - types of stresses - Elasticity - Hook's law - Young's modulus -
stresses and strains in uniform sections of same and composite materials Mechanical
properties of materials - Elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, toughness, brittleness, ductility,
malleability and hardness - Tensile test on ductile material (mild steel bar) and stress
strain curve - compression test on brittle material (cement concrete) and stress strain
curve - limit of proportionality, elastic limit, yield point - ultimate stress - breaking stress
- working stress and factor of safety. Temperature stresses - elongation and contraction
due to temperature change - temperature stress when deformation is fully or partially
prevented - temperature stress in composite sections Linear strain and lateral strain -
poisson's ratio- volumetric strain - volumetric strain of a bar subjected to normal forces
on its faces - Bulk modulus - modulus of rigidity - relationship between elastic constants
Beams, Columns and Struts
Classification of beams - cantilever, simply supported, fixed, overhanging and
continuous types of loading - concentrated, uniformly distributed and uniformly varying
Shear force and bending moment - definition and sign conventions. Calculation of SF
and BM for cantilever, simply supported and overhanging beams and sketching of SF and
BM diagrams (for point load, u.d. load, uniformly varying load and combinations of u.d.
and point loads) Relation between SF and BM. Maximum BM - point of contra flexure.
Columns -definitions - effect of axial load on columns -column, strut, slenderness ratio,
buckling factor, buckling load or crippling load, safe load - types of columns - short
column, medium size column, long column - Euler's equations and its assumption for
crippling load for different End
conditions - both end hinged - one end is fixed and other is free, one end is fixed and
other is
hinged, both ends fixed - limitation of Euler's equation - equivalent length - Rankin's
formulae
Strut, column - failure of strut, short and long columns - types of end conditions Euler's
formula
for columns of different end conditions - slenderness ratio - limitations of Euler's formula –
applications.
Riveted and Welded joints
Types - lap, butt, single cover, double cover, single, double, multiple, chain, zigzag,
diamond -
empirical proportions - diameter of rivet, plate thickness, margin, pitch - rivet materials.
Types of
failure - rivets - by crushing and shearing - failure of plate by tearing - strength and
efficiency of
joints - design of joints - lap and butt, single and double riveted, single and double cover
joint -
caulking and filtering operations. Types of failures two troughs, two cylinders, hoop
stress -
longitudinal stress - calculation of thickness and pressure
Springs :-Introduction - stiffness of a spring - types of spring - leaf spring - helical
springs - closely coiled and open coiled helical spring with round wire - properties of
spring materials - closely – coiled helical springs - subjected to an axial load, an axial
twist - stress induced - length - number of turns pitch deflection - stiffness - diameter
Torsional shear stress - torsional stress and strains - polar moment of inertia .

3. Introduction to Computers & Word Processing

Introduction, application of computers, generations of computers, classification of
computers -analog, digital, hybrid Computers, Structure of a computer - Hardware and
Software components
- Input unit, Output unit, ALU, Memory unit, Control unit, CPU,
Microprocessor, micro, mini,
supercomputers - machine languages, assembly languages,
high level languages - system soft
ware, application software - assembler, compiler, operating
system - Types of memory - primary
memory, secondary memory, sequential access , random
access memory, RAM, ROM - magnetic
tape, floppy, hard disc, compact disc - input devices, out put
devices.

NOTE: - It may be noted that apart from the topics detailed above,
questions from other topics prescribed for the educational qualification of
the post may also appear in the question paper. There is no undertaking
that all the topics above may be covered in the question paper.