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Solnform Pres

This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, saturated and supersaturated solutions. It explains how solutions form through solvation and discusses factors that affect the rate of dissolving like temperature, particle size and stirring. It also covers concentration, solubility curves, and colligative properties like freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.

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Mycah Longboy
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38 views

Solnform Pres

This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, saturated and supersaturated solutions. It explains how solutions form through solvation and discusses factors that affect the rate of dissolving like temperature, particle size and stirring. It also covers concentration, solubility curves, and colligative properties like freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.

Uploaded by

Mycah Longboy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions

How Solutions Form


Definitions

 Solution - homogeneous mixture

Solute – substance
being dissolved

Solvent – substance
doing the dissolving,
present in greater
amount
Definitions

Solute - KMnO4 Solvent - H2O


Types of Solutions

 Based on state of solvent.


 All solid-liquid-gas combos are
possible.
 EX: dental amalgam (alloy of silver,
mercury, etc.)
• liquid solute, solid solvent
• solid solution
Bell Ringer

 What is a solution?

 What is a solute?

 What is a solvent?
Types of Solutions

 Unsaturated – not holding all the solute


it can, will dissolve more.
 Saturated- holding all the solute it can,
won’t dissolve any more.
 Supersaturated- holding more than
theoretically possible, very unstable
• Seed Crystal
Dissolving

 Solvation
• occurs at the surface of the solute
• solvent particles surround solute
particles (+/- attraction)
• solute particles are pulled into solution
Dissolving

NaCl dissolving in water


Rate of Solution

 Solids dissolve faster...


• more stirring
• small particle size
(increased surface area)
• high temperature
Rate of Solution

 Gases dissolve faster...


• no shaking or stirring
• high pressure
• low temperature
Solutions

Solubility & Concentration


Concentration

 Concentrated solution
• large amount of solute

 Dilute solution
• small amount of solute
Concentration

 % by Volume
• usually liquid in liquid
• EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water

 % by Mass
• usually solid in liquid
• EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water
Concentration

UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED


SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
more solute no more solute becomes unstable,
dissolves dissolves crystals form

concentration
Solubility

 Solubility - maximum grams of solute


that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a
given temperature
• varies with temperature
• based on a saturated solution
Solubility

 Solubility Curve -
shows the
dependence of
solubility on
temperature
Solubility

 Solids are more soluble at...


• high temperatures.

 Gases are more soluble at...


• low temperatures.
• high pressures
(Henry’s Law).
Bell Ringer

 What is a saturated solution?


 What is a supersaturated solution?
 What is solubility?
 What factors can affect solubility?
Solutions

Particles in Solution
POLAR MOLECULE

 A molecule that has electrically charged


areas.
 Also called a polar substance or polar
compound.

+ DURACELL _
NON-POLAR SUBSTANCES

 Non-polar substances do not have


charged ends

DURACELL
Aqueous (Water) Solutions

 Water dissolves ionic compounds and


polar covalent molecules very well.
• Salt is ionic- makes salt water.
 The rule is: “like dissolves like”
 Polar dissolves polar.
 Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.
 Oil is nonpolar.
• Oil and water don’t mix.
STRUCTURE OF WATER

H H

1 molecule of water is
made up of 2 hydrogen atoms
bonded with 1 oxygen atom
Water is Very Polar

+ H H +
O

-
Universal Solvent

Why is water so good at dissolving things?


 Because water is a polar molecule and
is shaped like a wedge, it is able to
break up substances into smaller pieces
(dissolve).
• Water 1) breaks the + and - charged
pieces apart, and 2) surrounds them.
How Ionic solids dissolve in water

These ions have been pulled away from the


main crystal structure by water’s polarity.
H

H
H
H
H
These ions have
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= been surrounded
VTmfQUNLlMY by water, and are
now dissolved!
Bell Ringer

 What is a polar molecule?

 Why is water called the universal


solvent? Hint: 2 parts to this answer
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

 Electrolytes- compounds that conduct


an electric current in aqueous solution,
or in the molten state
• all ionic compounds are electrolytes
because they dissociate into ions
(they are also called “salts”)
NaCl Na1+ and Cl1-
• Must have charged particles that can
move.
Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

 Do not conduct? = Nonelectrolytes.


• Most are molecular materials,
because they do not have ions
 Not all electrolytes conduct to the
same degree
• there are weak electrolytes, and
strong electrolytes
• depends on: the degree of ionization
Electrolytes- conduct electricity

- + - + - +

salt acetic acid sugar

Weak Non-
Electrolyte Electrolyte Electrolyte
solute exists as solute exists as solute exists as
ions only ions and molecules
molecules only
Colligative Properties

 Colligative properties - properties of


solutions that depend only on solute
concentration

 Freezing Point Depression


• solutes lower the f.p. of a solvent

 Boiling Point Elevation


• solutes raise the b.p. of a solvent
Colligative Properties

Freezing Point Depression


Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation

Solute particles “get in the way.”


Colligative Properties

 Effect increases as the solute


concentration increases.

 Uses:
• antifreeze
• making ice cream
• salting icy roads
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVL24HAesnc&list=PL
8dPuuaLjXtPHzzYuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr&index=23

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