CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers

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1 Matter and Energy

Chapter

Topics:
1. Definition and example of matter
2. States of matter
3. Properties of matter
4. Classification of matter
5. Changes in matter
6. Laws governing matter and energy
7. Definition, types and forms of energy

Objectives:
By the end of the discussion, the student must be able to:
1. Describe matter
2. Distinguish between pure substance and mixtures
3. Compare the three states of matter
4. Differentiate the properties of matter
5. Explain the laws of matter
6. Identify the changes in matter
7. Distinguish the different forms of energy
8. Relate the conservation and transformation of energy to technology

INTRODUCTION

Matter is everything of which the world is made. It occupies space, it has

mass, and except for some gases, it can be seen and touched. If matter is able to
do work, it possesses energy.

Matter and energy are fundamental concepts in chemistry. The chemicals

that we use are forms of matter and when theses chemicals interact, they gain or
lose energy.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

1. According to origin or source

A. Organic matter – comes from living things
B. Inorganic matter – comes from non-living things.
2. According to state
The table below compares the three states of matter according to some
properties
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Shape Definite Not definite, Not definite, takes
takes the shape the shape of the
of the container container
Volume Definite definite Not definite, can
be expanded or
compressed

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CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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Structure Particles are very Particles are Particles are far
close to each neither too close apart
other or too far from
each other
No of surfaces many, depends one None
on shape

Some substances can exist in all of the three states. For example,
water, at some temperature, it is liquid; when frozen, it is ice, a solid; when
heated at higher temperature, it becomes steam, a gas. Most metals which
are in solid form can be melted and if heated at higher temperature can
become gaseous.

3. According to composition

A. Pure substances

a. Element – the simplest form of matter; contains only one kind of atom
- Cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means
- Radioactive elements can form other elements by nuclear means
b. Compound – contains two or more elements or two or more kinds of
atoms, combined chemically in definite proportions by mass.
- Constituent elements can be separated by chemical means
-
B. Mixture – composed of two or more substances, either elements or
compounds, combined physically in variable proportion
- Components retain their properties and can be separated by physical
means

a. Homogenous mixture - consists of only one phase or region,

uniform in properties all throughout, some components are not visible
b. Heterogenous mixture – Has two or more phasesor regions,
components can be identified

Law of definite composition – states that elemnts in a compound combine in a

fixed ratio by mass

Law of multiple proportion – states that when two elements combine to form
different compounds, the amounts of one element that combine with the fixed
amount of the other element, is in the ratio of small whole number.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Properties are the characteristics that can be used to identify of classify matter

1. Common and Special Properties

Common properties are possessed by all matter. Examples include:
A. Mass – quantity of matter in a body
B. Weight – the force a body exerts because of the pull of gravity on the
body’s mass
C. Volume – a measure of the space occupied by the particles of matter
D. Density – the ratio of the object’s mass to its volume
E. Inertia – the ability of the body to remain at rest or in motion unless
acted upon by an outside force.

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F. Impenetrability – means that no two things can occupy the same place at
the same time.

An object has the same mass regardless of its location but as the object
moves away from the center of the earth, the weight becomes lesser since the pull
of gravity is lessened. The moon’s gravity is smaller than that of the earth, so the
weight of the astronauts bounding over the surface of the moon was lesser there.
Their bodies, however, were unchanged and had the same mass. At any given
place, two objects of equal masses have equal weights so that these two terms are
used interchangeably.

Special properties are characterized of only some materials. Some of these

include the malleability of metals like iron because it can be rolled into thin
sheets; the ductility of copper since it can be drawn into fine wires; the brittleness
of glass because it breaks easily, the elasticity of rubber since when it is stretched,
it can return to its original shape.

2. Physical and Chemical Properties

Physical properties are those that can be observed by the senses. Examples
are color, odor, taste, texture, hardness, shape, state, and electrical conductivity.
The other group of physical properties are those which can be measured like
density, specific gravity, boiling point, freezing point, melting point, solubility and
viscosity.

Chemical properties are observed when substances reacts with another

substance. Some chemical properties include:
A. Combustibility – does the material burn? Does it support combustion?
B. Stability – Does the substance decompose easily or with difficulty
C. Relative activity – is the material more or less active than other members
of its chemical family?
D. Response to test reactions – nDoes it react with test substances like
litmus paper?
E. Ionization – To what degree does it break into charged particles called
ions when in solutions with water?

3. Intrinsic (Intensive) and Extrinsic (Extensive) Properties

Intrinsic properties – do not depend on the size or amount of the sample.

Examples are color, odor, boiling point, and electrical conductivity.

Extrinsic properties depend on the size or amount of sample. Mass and

volume are examples.

CHANGES OF MATTER

1. Physical change – is one in which the substance is changed in appearance.,

state or properties but not in composition. Examples are melting of ice,
boiling of water, cutting of wood.
2. Chemical change – is one in which the appearance as well as the
composition of the substance is changed resulting in one or more
substances. Examples are rusting of iron, burning of paper, decaying of
biomass.
Chemical changes are always accompanied by energy changes.
A. endothermic - Reactions that absorb energy

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Example. Electrolysis of water
B. Exothermic - Reactions that releases energy
Example. Burning of wood

Law of conservation of mass – states that when matter undergoes changes, the
total mass of the substances remain unchanged, i.e, mass cannot be created nor
destroyed.

ENERGY
An object or substance possesses energy when it is able to do work. A
person can move due to its energy, gasoline can make cars run because its energy
has been released through combustion.

Basically, all energy can be classified as kinetic or potential.

1. Kinetic energy – is that which a body possess because of its motion.
2. Potential energy – is that which a body possess because of its position

Energy can appear in a variety of forms. The main source of energy is the
sun which radiates solar energy which can be converted to heat energy and this
can evaporate water which will form clouds. The potential energy of the water in
the clouds can be converted to kinetic energy when it falls. The falling water in the
dams can be used to turn turbines to produce electricity that can light an
incandescent bulb or heat a soldering rod or run a motor (mechanical).

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 CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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SELF TEST

Chapter 1
Matter and Energy

NAME: DATE:
COURSE/SECTION: INSTRUCTOR:

I. On the blank provided, write the terms being described.

____________________1. State of matter which can easily be compressed

____________________2. Change that results to formation of a new substance
____________________3. Capacity of a substance to do work
____________________4. Matter that comes from living things
____________________5. Has a definite shape and a definite volume
____________________6. Ability of metal to be flattened to thin sheets
____________________7. Ratio of mass and volume
____________________8. Properties observed by the senses
____________________9. Matter with variable amounts of components
____________________10. Properties that depend on the amount and size of the
substance

II. On the space provided, write E for element, C for compound, HOM
for homogenous mixture, HEM for heterogenous mixture

__________1. Steam
__________2. Gasoline
__________3. Toothpaste
__________4. Rubbing lcohol
__________5. Pencil lead
__________6. Raisin bread
__________7. Dry ice
__________8. Diamond
__________9. Air
__________10. Copper wire

III. Group the properties of the given substances as to physical, or

chemical

1. Water is colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid with a density of 1 g/ml at

4 degress celsuis, boils at 100 degrees Celsuis, and freezes at 0 degrees
Celsius, does not burn and causes iron to rust.

2. Copper is a redish metal, ductile, malleable, producing a gas with

concentrated nitric acid, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.

3. Sulfur is a yellow powder, brittle, forms a black substance with iron,

dissolves in Carbon disulphide, when ignited produces a dense gas

Physical properties Chemical properties

1. 1. Water

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2. 2. Copper

3. 3. Sulfur

IV. Classify each of the following as physical or chemical change

____________________1. Magnetizing a nail

____________________2. Burning of candle
____________________3. Dissolving sugar in water
____________________4. Tarnishing of silver wares
____________________5. Setting of concrete
____________________6. Burning of gas
____________________7. Welding metals
____________________8. Making dry ice
____________________9. Ripening of fruits
____________________10. Heating soldering rod

V. Differentiate briefly
1. Elements and compound
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2. Compound and mixture

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3. Exothermic and endothermic reaction

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4. Intrinsic and extrinsic properties

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5. Physical and chemical changes

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***End of Examination***
God bless!

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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2 The Measurement of Matter

Chapter

Different Laboratory glasswares

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and-with-reflection-isolated-on-white.html

Topics:
1. The SI system
2. Conversion of units, dimensional analysis
3. Laboratory measurements

Objectives:
By the end of the discussion, the students must be able to:
1. Identify what quantity is being measured by a given unit
2. Be familiar with the equivalents of the prefixes used in the SI units
3. Do conversions of units using dimensional analysis
4. Do inter-conversions of temperature readings
5. Do calculations involving volume, density, specific gravity

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
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INTRODUCTION

The process of measurement is common not only in science-related fields

but also in our everyday activities. Almost all the things that we buy are priced
based on measured amounts --- cost of rice, fish, meat or vegetables is per
kilogram, gasoline is per liter, copper wire is per meter, metal sheets is per square
meter. Also, one has to know his height in centimetre and his mass in kilograms,
and sometimes his temperature in degree Celsius and blood pressure in mmHg.

Familiarity with the units of measurement and their applications is a useful

tool not only in science, but in commerce as well.

THE SI SYSTEM

The currently used system is the International Systems of Units know an

the SI (system international) units. The SI system is a revision and extension of
the metric system.

SI base units

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Electric Current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of Substance Mole mol
Luminous Intensity Candela cd

Derived units

The base units are used to define additional derived units. The following are
some common derived units.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Volume Cubic meter or liter m3 or L
Density Kilogram per cubic meter kg/ m3
Speed or velocity Meter per second m/ s
Concentration Moles per cubic meter mol/ m3
Force Newton N (Kg m/ s2)
Energy Joule J (Kg m2/ s2)
Power Watt W (J/ s2)
Quantity of electricity Coulomb Coul (A.s)
Electric potential Volt V (N/A)

Decimal multipliers

One disadvantage of the SI base units is that they are sometimes awkward. For
example, for measuring dimensions of very small objects, like the diameter of
copper wire or very large distances like the distance from Manila to Baguio, in
both instances, it is not convenient to see the SI unit meter. However, the SI units
can be modified using decimal multipliers that serve as prefixes

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Prefix Symbol Factor

Exa E 1018
Peta P 1015
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo k 103
Hecto h 102
Deca da 10
Deci d 10-1
Centi c 10-2
Milli m 10-3
Micro u (mu) 10-6
Nano n 10-9
Pico p 10-12
Femto f 10-15
Atto a 10-18

CONVERSION OF UNITS: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Using the dimensional analysis of the factor-label method simplifies

conversion between various units. If units are treated like numbers, they can be
multiplied, divided or cancelled. A conversion factor, which is written in the form
of a ratio is used to change the units given in the data to the units asked for in the
answer.

Given quantity X conversion factor = desired quantity

Example 1
Convert 5.0 inches to cm
Note that 1 in = 2.54 cm

Example 2
Convert 15 cm to km

Example 3
Convert 2.5 gal to mL
Note that 1 gal = 3.785 L

Example 4
Find the difference in mL between 1.5 L and 0.5 gal

Some useful equivalence between units

Length
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 30.48 cm
1 yd = 0.9144 m
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 m = 39.37 in
1A (angstrom) = 10-10 m

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

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CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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Volume
1 qt = 0.946 L
1 gal = 3.785 L

Mass
1 oz = 28.35 g
1 lb = 453.6 g
1 kg = 2.2 lb

LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS

The most common measurements in the laboratory are those of length,

mass, volume, and temperature.

Length
The SI base unit for length is the meter. However, for most laboratory
measurements, the centimeter and the millimetre are more convenient units. The
angstrom is another unit of length for expressing the size of an atom, however, it
is replaced by a similar unit, the nanometer. ( 1 angstrom = 10-8 cm = 10-10 m)

Mass and weight

The mass of the sample is determined by weighing eventhough the sample’s
weight is not really measured. Instead, the sample’s weight is compared with
standard masses and the balance is used to make the comparison. When the
weight of the sample and the weight of the standards are in the balance, their
masses are the same.

The SI basic unit for mass is the kilogram, but the gram and its fractions
and multiples are more convenient to use.

Volume
The traditional unit of volume used for measurement of liquid in metric
system is the liter. The SI defines the liter as one cubic decimetre (1 dm3 = 1 liter).
However, the liter is too large for most laboratory purposes and besides, most
glasswares used for volume measurement are measured in millilitres (ml).

1 dm = 10 cm
1 dm3 = (10 cm)3 = 1000 cm3
Since 1 cm3 = 1 ml
Then 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1 liter

The volume of a solid can be determined by two methods: ((1) water

displacement method and (2) by measuring the dimensions then using established
formulas. The first method can be used to determine the volume of both regularly
shaped and irregularly-shaped solids while the use of formulas can be applied
only for regularly shaped solids.

In the water displacement method, the rise in volume of the water which is
the volume of the water displaced is equal to the volume of the solid.

The following formulas can be used for finding the volume of some regularly
shaped solids.

1. Rectangular V = length X width X thickness

2. Cubical V = s X s X s = s3 where s = side

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3. Cylindrical V = πr2h where π = 3.14, r = radius and h = height
4. Spherical V = 4πr3/3 where r = radius

Example:
1. Calculate the volume in cm3 of a block of wood which is 5.2 cm on each
side.
2. What is the volume in cm3 of an iron rod 2.4 cm in diameter and 1m long?

Density
Mass and volume cannot be used to identify a substance but when they are
combined, as mass per unit volume, to give density, these units can describe a
substance. For example, when mercury is described as “heavy” and aluminium is
“light”, actually the density of the metal is considered. The density of mercury is
13.6 g/cm3 and that of aluminium is 2.7 g/cm3.

Densities of common materials (25ºC, 1 atm)

Air 1.29 g/l
Helium gas 1.79 g/l
Water 0.997 g/cm3
Glycerin 1.26 g/cm3
Salt 2.17 g/cm3
Iron 7.86 g/cm3
Silver 10.5 g/cm3

*but since the density of water does not vary by more than half percent over 0 ºC
to 30 ºC, 1.00 g/cm3 can be used

Specific gravity
This property also known as relative density compares the density of a
substance with the density of a reference substance. The reference substance for
solids and liquids is usually water and for gasses, it is air.

Specific gravity also compares the mass of a substance with the mass of
equal volume of water.

Specific gravity of substance = density of substance/ density of reference

Specific gravity of substance = mass of substance/ mass of equal volume of

water

Note that, the specific gravity, being the ratio of two densities or two masses
does not have a unit. The density and specific gravity are numerically equal when
water is used as reference.

Example:
1. Calculate the density and specific gravity of a body that has a mass of 320 g,
and a volume of 45 cm3 at 25 ºC.
2. What is the mass in kg of 50 liters of gasoline with a specific gravity of 0.82?

Temperature

The terms, hot, warm, cold and cool are associated with temperature. A
thermometer can measure the degree of hotness or coldness of a body because the
liquid (either mercury or alcohol) in the glass of the thermometer can expand when
the temperature decreases.

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Commonly used thermometer are graduated or marked in either the Celsius
(centigrade) or Fahrenheit, although the SI unit is the Kelvin. The reference points
used in the scales are the boiling point and the freezing point of water. A
comparison of the three scales are as follows:

Kelvin Celsuis Fahrenheit

Water boils 373.15º 100 º 212 º
Body temperature 310.15 º 37 º 98.6 º
Water freezes 273.15 º 0º 32 º
233.15 º -40 º -40 º
Absolute zero
(lowest temp. attainable) 0º -273 º -459.67 º

The space between the boiling point and the freezing point of water in the
Celsius scale is divided into 100 equal intervals or degrees and in the Fahrenheit
scale, the space is divided into 180 equal intervals or degrees. A degree Fahrenheit
therefore is 100/180 or 5/9 of a degree Celsius or a degree Celsius is exactly
180/100 or 9/5 degree Fahrenheit. The intervals in the Kelvin scale are the same
of those in the Celsius, so a degree Celsius is exactly equal to a degree Kelvin.

5 ºC = 9 ºF and 1 ºC = 1 K

The following formula can be used for the inter conversion of the scales:
ºC = 5/9 (ºF – 32)
ºF = 9/5 (ºC +32)
K = ºC + 273.15 (273 can be accurate)

Examples:
Convert the following readings
1. 35 ºC to ºF
2. 50 ºF to ºC
3. 27 ºC to K
4. 122 ºF to K

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CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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SELF TEST

Chapter 2
The Measurement of Matter

NAME: DATE:
COURSE/SECTION: INSTRUCTOR:

I. Fill in the blanks

1. 1.0 cm = 1.0 X _____ m 4. 8.5 mg = 8.5 X _____g
2. 3.2 kg = 3.2 X _____g 5. 6.1 MV = 6.1 X _____ V
3. 5.0 nl = 5.0 X _____l

II. Use dimensional analysis in the following conversuions

1. 2.0 yd to in 4. 3.6 in2 to cm2
2. 1.25 kg to mg 5. 15.8 mi to km
3. 2.5 mm to ft 6. 14.2 gal to l

III. Find the difference in the specified unit between the quantities.
1. 1m and 1 yd in cm
2. 3.5 kg and 5.0 lb in g

IV. Problems

1. How many liters of water are needed to half fill a tank 2 m in diameter and
1.5 m in height?

2. The radius of an atom is 1.2 angstrom. What is its volume in m3?

3. Calculate the density and relative density of ethyl alcohol if 100 ml has a
mass of 79.2 g.

4. Calculate the specific gravity of a liquid from the following data:

Mass of empty container = 30. 2534 g

Mass of container + water = 30.4621 g
Mass of container + liquid = 30.5103 g

Note that both the water and the liquid where filled at the same etched mark
on the container.

5. Solve using distance relations

a. 27 ºC to ºF
b. 120 ºF to ºC

6. Show how the following formulas were derived

a. ºC = [(ºF + 40) 5/9] - 40º
b. ºF = [(ºC + 40) 9/5] - 40º

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7. Convert the following readings using one method and check answer using
another method.
a. 20 ºC to ºF
b. 5ºF to ºC
c. 300 K to ºF

***End of Examination***
God bless!

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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3 Atoms and Atomic Structure

Chapter

An oversized atom
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like

Topics:
1. Dalton’s atomic theory
2. Early ideas about atomic structure
3. Basic parts of the atom
4. Mass number, atomic number and Isotopic mass
5. Electronic configuration
6. Quantum numbers

Objectives:
By the end of the discussion, the student must be able to:
1. Explain selected atomic theories
a. Dalton
b. Rutherford
c. Bohr
2. Identify the basic parts of the atom
3. Locate the sub atomic parts of an atom
4. Relate atomic numbers and mass number in the basic characteristics of an
atom
5. Show electron distribution in an atom
6. Explain the four quantum numbers
7. Relate atomic structure to the behaviour of matter

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Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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INTRODUCTION
The Greek philosophers conceived that matter is discontinuous, that it
consists of small pieces which are uncut and they are called atoms. The Greek
philosophers headed by Democritus did not distinguish between these particles of
compounds and elements but they believed that there were as many kinds of
atoms as the kinds of substances,. Although, the concept then was not supported
by experimental data, the Greek philosophers were so near to the truth of the
structure of matter.

ATOMIC THEORIES

A. Dalton’s Atomic Theory

After the Greek philosophers, John Dalton in 1800 in his atomic theory
postulated the following:
1. Elements are composed of indivisible particles called atoms
2. All atoms of an element are identical, but the atoms of one element are
different from atoms of other elements.
3. An atom is the smallest particle of an element
4. Atoms combine in a fixed ratio of small whole numbers to form molecules

However, further studies conducted examined each postulate in Dalton’s

atomic theory as follows:
1. Atoms of elements today can be destroyed by artificial transmutation called
bombardment or nuclear fission.
2. With the existence of isotopes, the second postulate is only partially
accepted. Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same atomic
number but of different atomic masses.
3. Atoms consist of smaller particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.
These particles could be extracted to exist in individual form so that they are
also called particles of matter.
4. It is true that atoms combine to form molecules but they combine not only
in small whole number ratio but also in large whole number ratio such as
formulation of organic compounds.

B. Rutherfort’s Experiment
In 1909, Ernest Rutherfort and his co-workers performed an experiment
about the bombardment of gold foil with alpha particles.

It was noticed that most (about 99.99%) of the particles passed the film
following a straight path, while some were deflected at large angles and few
bounced back.

To account for the results, Rutherfort proposed the following:

1. The atom consists of a large empty space, that explains why most of the
particles went straight through the film.
2. An atom consists of a very small region where the positive electricity is
concentrated hence, heavy. The particles that bounced back were presumed
to hit the region.
3. Those which deflected approached the positive nucleus, hence, there was
repulsion since the alpha particles were also positive.

The above reasons describe the central part of the atom, called nucleus, to
be with a very small volume yet massive.

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C. Bohr’s atomic model
In 1913, another scientist, Niels Bohr proposed that an atom is a miniature solar
system in which the planetary electrons revolve around the sun which is the
nucleus.

In this model, an electron has a definite orbit. Bohr explained in his theory that:
1. An electron stays in an orbital, and when at such, it is characterized by a
definite amount of energy, so that the energy of the electron is quantized.
2. An electron jumps from one orbital to another. When it jumps from a lower
to a higher orbital, this is an absorption of energy. When from higher to a
lower orbital, there is an emission of energy.
3. An electron revolves around the nucleus in a definite circular path.

The assumption of Bohr was further refined by Summerfield in 1916.

Summerfield believed that only lower energy electrons revolved in a circular path
around the nucleus and higher energy electrons follow an elliptical path.

A lot of theories followed that of Bohr and that of Schrodinger in the latest.
However, the Bohr’s model; is adopted to this time for simplicity purposes.

BASIC PARTS OF THE ATOM

An atom has a tiny but massive core, nucleus, which is positive in
character. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Around the nucleus are
energy levels where electrons revolve.

An atom consists of more than 100 particles but the protons, neutrons and
electrons are considered fundamental.

The sub atomic particles

Experiments on the effects of electricity on matter lead to the discovery of
the sub atomic particles. The experiments were carried on gas discharged tubes
with a gas under low pressure (cathode ray tube)

 Michael Faraday in 1830 showed that chemical reactions occur when

electricity is passed through certain chemical solutions. His finding gave the
first hint that the atoms still contained smaller particles.
 William Crookes in 1880 showed that if high voltage is passed through the
gas discharged tube, cathode rays move from the negative electrode
(cathode) to the positive electrode (anode)
 Eugen Goldstein in 1886 modified the cathode tube and found that while
electrons of the cathode ray move towards anode, they collide with the
atoms of the residual gas and knock off electrons leaving positive particles
that moved to the opposite direction through the holes of the cathode. With
hydrogen gas, the particles had the lightest mass, and with other gases, the
masses of the particles were multiples of the mass of the hydrogen.
Hydrogen atom minus the electron, H+, is fundamental in all matter and
this particle was named proton (proteios – of first importance)
 Joseph John Thomson In 1887 showed that the cathode rays were deflected
towards a positive plate placed outside the tube. He considered the rays of
being made by negative particles which he called electrons. The type of ray
was the same for any material used as cathode ray source and any gas ,
hence, electron was considered as fundamental for all matter.
 Robert Millikan in 1909 in his famous oil drop experiment measured the
charge of the electron.

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
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 Rutherford related the number of positive charges with the number of
protons. However if the nuclear mass is based on the number of protons,
there is a difference. Such difference was solved when James Chadwick in
1932 discovered the neutrons which were neutral in charge and had a mass
of almost equal to that of the proton.

Particle Symbol Mass (g) Mass (amu) Charge

Electron e- 9.109 X 10-28 0.00055 -1
Proton p+ 1.67252 X10-24 1.0073 +1
Neutron n0 1.67482 X10-24 1.0087 0

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

Each atom is identified by its atomic number and its mass number.

Example:
Symbol Mass Number Atomic Number
Cu 64 29
Fe 56 26
Ca 40 20

The atomic number gives the number of protons. Electrons and protons
have the same magnitude, although opposite in charge, make an atom electrically
neutral. Therefore, atomic number refers also to the number of electrons. In the
given examples, a Cu atom has 29 protons and 29 electrons, and Fe atom has 26
protons and 26 electrons, while a Ca atom has 20 protons and 20 electrons.

Mass number refers to the total number of protons and neutrons

(collectively called nucleons) in the nucleus. Therefore:
Mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons

Looking at the given examples again, there are 64 – 29 = 25 neutrons in a

Cu atom, 56 – 26 = 30 neutrons in an Fe atom, and 40 – 20 = 20 neutrons in the
Ca atom.

Isotopes and atomic mass

The relative atomic mass (or atomic weight) of an element is not close to a
whole number because it represents the average atomic mass of all the atoms.
Atoms of the same element can have the same atomic number but will differ in
their atomic masses and such atoms are called isotopes. The average atomic mass
is found by multiplying the exact atomic mass of each isotope by its percent
abundance, then taking the sum of the products.

Examples:

Mass number Isotopic mass % abundance Ave atomic

(amu) mass
Chlorine 35 34.969 75.53 35.4575
37 36.966 24.47
Oxygen 16 15.9949 99.76 15.9994
17 16.9991 0.04
18 17.9992 0.20

The mass spectrometer is used to determine the types of isotopes present,

the exact masses of these isotopes, and the relative amount of each isotope
present.

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
________________________________________________________________________________________

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND THE FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS

Energy levels
The electrons revolve around the nucleus at specific energy levels. A
particular energy level is the region in space where the electrons occupying that
level will be most probably found at any given time. The energy levels or shells
increase in energy as the distance from the nucleus increases. The energy levels
are designated either by letters starting with K (or with numbers). The closest to
the nucleus is K (or 1), followed by L (or 2), then with M (or 3) and so on.

The maximum number of electrons in each energy level is equal to 2n 2

where n is the number of energy level. Thus, in the first energy level (n =1), the
maximum number of electrons is 2(1)2 = 2. In the second, 2(2)2 = 8. In the third,
2(3)2 = 18, and so forth.

Sub shells
The energy levels are further divided into subshells designated by the letters
s, p, d, f, g…(in alphabetical order). The number of which corresponds to the
number of that energy level. For example, in energy level 1, there is only one
subshell, in the second energy level, there are 2 subshells. In the third energy
level, there are three subshells, and so forth. The s subshell can hold a maximum
number of 2 e, the p subshell can hold 6 e, the d subshell can hold 10 electrons
and the f subshell can hold 14 electrons, and so on.

Each sublevel has a set of orbitals which are of equal energy. If an orbital
can hold a maximum of two electrons, then the s sublevel will have only one
orbital; the p sublevel, 3 orbitals; the d sublevel, 5 orbitals; the f sublevel, seven
orbitals…and so on.

The energy levels, sublevels and orbitals for the first three energy levels are
compared in the table that follows.

Energy level Sub level No of orbitals in Max number of Max number of

sublevel electrons in the electrons in the
sublevel energy level
1 s 1 2 2

2 s 1 2 8
p 3 6
3 s 1 2 18
p 3 6
d 5 10

A mnemonic guide can be used as guide in distributing the electrons in the

subshells and orbitals.

Source: https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/3534

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
________________________________________________________________________________________

Example:
For each of the following,
a. write the electronic configuration
b. distribute the electrons in each energy level
1. Na – 11 electrons 3. Fe – 26 electrons
2. K – 18 electrons 4. Sb – 51 electrons

Rectangular – Arrow method of distributing electrons

This method uses rectangles as orbitals in the subshells and arrows as
electrons
Hund’s rule states that for sublevels with equal energies, one electron is
placed in each sublevel before pairing could occur.

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/periodictrends/home/energy-levels-and-electron-configurations

Quantum Numbers
The electrons in the different sublevels can best be described by sets of four
quantum numbers. Quantum numbes are used to describe various properties of
the orbitals. Each electron is assigned a set of 4 quantum numbers, the n, l, m l
and ms
1. The orbital quantum number (n) gives the number of the main energy level
where electrons revolve. It can have values from one on.
2. The secondary quantum number or azimuthal quantum number (l)
measures the angular momentum of the electron. The number also indicates
the number of subshells in each energy level. The values can range from 0 to
n-1. For n = 1, l = 0; for n = 2, l = 0, 1; for n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2. Thus, for the
first energy level, there is only 1 sublevel, for the second energy level, there
are 2, for the third energy level, there are 3. The value of l also describes the
sublevel, s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f = 3, g = 4 and so on.
3. The magnetic quantum number (ml) describes the behaviour of an electron
in a magnetic field with assigned values from +1 to -1, including 0. For s
sublevel where l = 0, the ml = 0. And for the p sublevel, where l = 1, ml = +1,
0, -1.
4. The spin quantum number (ms) describes the spin of an electron about its
own axis. The values are -1/2 for an electron spinning clockwise and ½ for
an electron spinning counterclockwise.

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
________________________________________________________________________________________

Source: https://www.embibe.com/study/spin-quantum-no-s-concept?entity_code=KTAM35

Pauli’s exclusion principle - states that no two electrons ofa na tom will have the
same set of quantum numbers.

Example:
1. Tell how many electrons in a given atom can have the following set of
quantum numbers:
a. n = 3
b. n = 3, l = 1
c. n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1
d. n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = ½
2. Tell which sublevel is described by the given quantum numbers
a. n = 4, l = 2
b. n = 6, l = 3

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only
CHEM 20024 – Chemistry for Engineers
________________________________________________________________________________________

SELF TEST

Chapter 3
Atoms and Atomic Structure

Name: Date:
Section: Instructor:

I. Do the electronic configuration and distribute the electrons of each atom

in the main energy level.
1. Aluminum
2. Lead
3. Copper
4. Radon
5. Uranium

II. Use the rectangular – arrow method in each of the following last level
configuration
1. 3d3
2. 5f9
3. 6s2
4. 2p3

III. Problems
1. Write all possible sets of quantum numbers for electrons in the second main
energy level.
2. Tell how many electrons in a given atom can have the following sets of
quantum numbers. Explain your answer.
a. n = 4, l = 2, ml = 0
b. n = 3, l = 0
c. n = 7
d. n = 5, l = 3, ml = -2, ms = -1/2

***End of Examination***
God bless!

Prepared by: Engr. Jomer V. Catipon EVALUATION COPY

Revised: 1st sem SY 19-20 Strictly for PUP MB use only