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NAVIGATION

Q-1 What are information’s shown on charts?

(i) No, of Chart

(ii) Title of chart
(iii) Survey data
(iv) Sources data diagram
(v) Date of publication
(vi) New addition
(vii) Date of printing
(viii) Chart dimension
(ix) Scale of chart
(x) Abbreviation, symbols & heights
(xi) Tidal stream information

Q.2 What are the Indian navigational publications?

Indian Navigational Publications:- Following publications are published by India

Hydrographic office Dehradun and supplied to ships/ establishments:-

(a) Indian Tide table part I & II

(b) Catalogue of charts and publications INP 10.
(c) Symbols and abbreviations 5020.
(d) West coast of India Pilots INP I
(e) SRT for air Navigation INP 101.
(f) List of lights and fog signals INP 21.
(g) List of radio signals Vol-I INP 31 (1)
(h) List of radio signals Vol-II INP 31 (2)
(i) List of radio signals Vol-III INP 31 (3)
(j)
(k) List of radio signals Vol-VI INP 31 (6)
(l) Rules of the road INP 51
(m) Maritime buoys system IALA – INP 61

Q.3 How many common method of obtaining a fix?

Fixing the ship: - The most common method of obtaining a fix are as follows: -
1. Cross bearing.
2. A bearing and a range.
3. A bearing and a sounding.
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4. A bearing and a horizontal angle from which a range may be calculated.
5. A transit and an angle.
6. Two bearings of a single object, with a time interval between observations.
7. A lines of sounding.
8. Two or more ranges.
9. Radio fixing aid.
10. Astronomical observation.

Q.4 What are the projections of Mercator chart?

Mercator projection: - It is a modified from central cylindrical projection. It is so

constructed that: -
(i) A rhumb line is represented on the chart by a straight line.
(ii) An angle on the Earth's surface is represented on the chart by an angle of
the same size.
(iii) All Meridians appears as straight line perpendicular to the equator.
(iv) The parallels of latitude (which are both small circle and rhumb line)
appear as straight-line parallels to the equator.
(v) The meridians (which are rhumb lines as well as great circle)
appear as straight-line angle to the equator.
(vi) A straight-line joining two points does not represent to shortest
distance between them unless it happens to be a great circle as well. A great
circle, which is not, a meridian or the equator will appear as a curve.
(vii) The chart is orthomorphic. That is at any point or if the scale is the
same in all direction and angle are preserved. Hence the chart correctly represent
the shape of chart features if any small area.

Q. 5 What are the factors have to be considered during anchoring?

(i) The depth of water

(ii) Length and drought of the ship
(iii) Amount of cable available
(iv) The type of holding ground
(v) The approximately dangers such as soil, water, rocks etc.
(vi) The approximately of adjcent ship at anchor
(vii) The sector from the weather giving by the surrounding line
(viii) The strength and direction of the prevailing wind
(ix) The strength and direction of the tidal stream
(x) The rise and fall of the tide
(xi) The approximately of the landing places

Q. 6 What is mooring and how many types of mooring?

To reduce the sea room in narrow channel is called mooring.

(i) Standing Mooring
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(ii) Running Mooring

Q. 7 Great circle appear as Straight line on the chart and Rhumb line appear as
curve.

Q.8 Meridian are straight line conversing to the poles.

Q.9 Parallels of latitude are curve.

Q.10 The farther a point on the chart is away from the tangent point the greater will be
the distortion.

Q.11. An imaginary line passing through the center of the earth on which earth rotates
is called the axis.

Q.12 The length of one geographical mile is 1855.4 Mtrs.

Q.13 Sea mile is length of arc of measured along the meridian latitude of the position.

Q.14 Yellow colour is distinguish land on the chart.

Q.15 Equator is zero degree latitude.

Q.16 Gyrocompass gives Gyro North.

Q.17 The angular difference between the magnetic north and compass north is called
Deviation.

Q.18 Variation cause due to earth Magnetism.

Q.19 Deviation cause due to Ship’s Magnetism.

Q.20 Shallow water areas are distinguished by a flat blue tint colour.

Q.21 The extreme shallow water including mud is distinguished by a green colour.

Q.22 Great circle course is appearing as a straight line on Mercator charts.

Q.23 Heights on a chart are given from above mean higher springs.

Q.24 Indian charts are published in seven folios.

Q.25 Palk street charts are belonging to folio no. four of Indian chart.

Q.26 Folio list is pasted at top of the folio.

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Q.27 Charts in a folio arranged in a numerical order.

Q.28 Consecutive number is written with soft black lead pencil.

Q.29 BA charts are arranged in 100 folios.

Q.30 H - 38 Form is used for Demand of chart.

Q.31 H- 67 is a supply and receipt voucher issued by chart depot.

Q.32 H-11 is a transfer and receipt certificate for chart folio.

Q.33 H-166 demand for maps navigational publications and meteorological publication.

Q.34 Mariners Handbook is published every five years.

Q.35 ALRs are published in six volumes.
Q.36 Nautical Almanac is published every year.

Q.37 SPL Indian Notices to Mariners started publishing since 1994.

Q.38 SRT published in six volumes.

Q. 39 Buoys system used in area could be found from Pilot.

Q.40 Observing and reporting notes on different off shore hazards can be find from
Mariners Hand book.

Q.41 Range of visibility of a light can be find from column Six of LOL.

Q.42 Permanent correction on chart is done in violet pen.

Q.43 Indian Notices to Mariners are published every fortnightly.

Q.44 Section six of INM contents the corrections to sailing direction.

Q.45 Section seven of INM contents the corrections to lists of lights and fog signal.

Q.46 Fleet notices to mariners is issued by Naval Hydrographic Office Dehradun.

Q.47 Permanent Notices published in Section Two of IN to M.

Q.48 Section 3 of IN to M contents temporary correction.

Q.49 DR is taken from the true course and speed of ship.

Q.50 Light showing a sequence of interval of light and dark called rhythmic.
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Q.51 Ship’s logbook for captain signature put up every Monday.

Q.52 Station pointer is used for plotting ship’s position.

Q.53 A gyro error high must be substracted from, and a gyro error low added to the
gyro bearing.

Q.54 While steering 030 get a lighthouse whose relative bearing red 30. Then the true
bearing is 000.

Q.55 When two objects lies in the observer line of signal called transit.

Q 56 If two position lines obtain at a same moment the point of interaction of the
position lines is called Fix.

Q.57 Time signal for ship’s company for time check passed at 0635 hrs.

Q58 A single arrow denotes course steered, water track, leeway vector.

Q.59 A double arrow denotes ship’s ground track.

Q.60 A triple arrow denotes tidal stream, current, surface drift and drift.

Q.61 Distance measured by Stuart distance meter is reliable up to fifteen cables.

Q.62 Sextant is to be always cleaned with chamois leather.

Q.63 Responsibility of all maintenance of Nav instrument is Navigation department.

Q.64 Gyro check is to enter in Navigator yeoman notebook.

Q.65 Batten berg is designed to solve relative velocity problems based on PPI
presentation with own ship stationing at the center.

Q.66 INP 5020 is symbols and abbreviation.

Q.67 Mustering compression of PLL is to be done on each quarter ending.

Q.68 IST is based on 82 ½ degrees East longitude.

Q.69 LMT of a place is calculated with reference to mean sun.

Q.70 Tide is vertical rising and falling of seawater.

Q.71 What are articles to be kept on bridge prior to sailing?

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(a) All relevant charts and publications.
(b) Pencil parallel-ruler-divider and eraser.
(c) Binoculars for captain, NO and OOW.
(d) OOW note books.
(e) Night order book.
(f) Azimuth circles to be fixed on gyro repeaters
(g) Deviation table
(h) Navigational instruments.
(i) Batten berg.
(i) Distance meter.
(ii) Slide rule.
(j) Loud hailer and whistle.
(k) Bridge file.

Q.72 What are the important duties of Nav yeoman?

(a) To assist Navigating officer for passage planning.

(b) Correct all Navigational charts and publication keep
from up to date always.
(c) Keep the necessary articles on the bridge prior to
sailing.
(d) Maintain the file/correspondence navigational
department for immediate reference.
(e) Maintain /custody of PLL items of navigational
department.
(f) Calculation of astronomical data i.e. sunrise/sunset,
moonrise /moonset and the sun bearing.
(g) Assist navigational officer astronomical sight.
(h) Preparation of passage folios for each sailing.
(j) He is to close up in the bridge whenever SSD is piped with his notebook
and record all the wheel and engines order with the correct time.
(k) He is overall responsible for neat and tidy look of chart house and bridge.
(l) He is to circulate sailing order book to all HOD’s well in time.

Q.73 Briefly explain night order book?

In this book Captain puts the information for OOW of the night watches. He
also gives emphases on the Navigational hazards on the way and special
circumstances of the night, state when he wishes to be called also usually draws
attention to his Standing Orders on calling. Instruction for calling the Captain is
pasted inside the front cover. The Night Order book is essential link between the
Captain and his OOW.

Q.74 What is drying height?

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Under line figures on rocks and banks, which uncover give the drying
heights above chart datum in meters.

Q.75 How to describe a particular copy of a chart?

(a) The number of the chart

(b) Title
(c) Date of publication
(d) Date of the last new addition
(e) Date of the last large correction
(f) Date of the last small correction

Q.76 What is the scale of chart?

The natural scale is shown beneath the title. A scale of kilometers is shown
in the side margin of certain chart of scale larger than 1: 100000 to facilitate the
plotting the ranges from radar displays.

Q.77 What is chart datum?

Chart datum is a level as close as possible to lowest astronomical tide, the
lowest predictable tide under average metrological conditions.

Q.78 How you will distinguish a well surveyed chart?

(a) The survey should be reasonably modern
(b) Sounding should be close together regular with no blank spaces
(c) Depth and height contour lines should be continuous, not broken
(d) Topographical detail should be good
(e) All the coastline should be completed

Q.79 What are the contains of Mariners Handbook?

This handbook contains information of general interest to the mariner and
is complementary to the sailing direction. It includes and other regarding the
supply and correction of admiralty charts and navigational publication.

Q.80 What are the gnomonic charts?

Small-scale ocean charts are available on the gnomonic projection. These
charts are in outline only and are intended for use in plotting ocean courses. A
great circle course between two points is represented on them by a straight line.
Q.81 What are the magnetic charts?
There are twelve magnetic charts, six of which show the magnetic
variation and annual rates of change in variation. Of these one is a world charts,
four cover the main ocean area and the sixth covers the northern and south polar
area.

Q.82 What information you can obtain from routeing charts?

(a) Limits of load line zones
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(b) Routes and distance between ports
(c) Ocean currents
(d) Wind roses
(e) Ice limits
(f) Air, dew point, sea temperature, barometric pressure and the incidence of
fog, gales and storms

Q.83 What is a ship boat charts?

Ships boat charts are issued for use in ships’ boats as a survival kit for
mariners in case of shipwreck.

Q.84 Define the Chart Folio?

Ships may be supplied either with individual charts or with charts made up
into folios. These folios are issued in numbered geographical sets, the charts in
each folio being arranged as far as possible in numerical order and contained in a
canvas cover called folio.

Q.85 Define the folio level?

It is pasted on the reverse of the folio or on the front of the folio adjacent to
folio list. It shows the following information:-
(i) Folio number
(ii) Date & name of the ship to whom it was issued.
(iii) State of corrections.
(iv) Details of publications supplied along with the folio.

Q.86 Define the Folio List?

It is pasted on the top of the folio and shows the following information:-
(i) Folio number
(ii) Area covered by the folio
(iii) Chart number
(iv) Title
(v) Consecutive number.
(vi) Name & No. of Navigational publications supplied along with .

Q.87 Define the Thumb label/ Chart label?

It is a small label printed on the back of each chart. Thumb label shows the
number, title of the chart. It provides the space for notation of the folio number &
consecutive number.

Q.88 Define the consecutive number?

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It is the serial number of the chart, which is written with soft black lead
pencil on the folio list and chart label by the Navigator's yeoman on receipt of new
folio/new chart from Naval chart depot. It enables the user to locate & pull out the
required chart from the folio without wasting time.

Q.89 What is the action on receipt of a chart folio?

(a) Check the folio against the supply note H-66.

(b) Check the charts in each folio against the folio list.
(c) Check the Navigational publication if supplied along the folio.
(d) Insert, in pencil, the folio number on thumb level.
(e) Correct chart for (T) & (P) corrections and Navigational area warnings.
(f) Insert the firing exercises areas on the relevant charts gives in ANM,
Notices No. 8 of each year.
(g) Correct the navigational publications also if supplied along with the folio.

Q.90 What is Action on receipt of new edition of chart?

The publication of a new edition of chart is given in the beginning of

section II of fortnightly edition of notices to mariner, the new edition of a chart is
supplied by the Naval Chart Depot Mumbai automatically to each ship and
establishments as per their authorization. On receipt of this copy of new chart
following actions are to be taken: -

(a) Check the chart against the supply Note H-66.

(b) The vouchers are to be signed by Navigating officer and the copy marked
'Retention' to be filed, other copy be dispatch to Naval Chart depot. Make
entry in the chart correction log and folio index.
(c) Check the state of corrections and up date the chart including (T)&(P)
corrections
(d) Insert the consecutive number on folio list and thumb label.
(e) Pull out the superseded copy from folio and insert this chart in the folio at
appropriate number.

Q.91 What is the demanding procedure of charts and navigational publications?

Procedure for Demands of Charts and Publications are given in NO 96/83.

Demand should reach to Naval Chard Depot before seven days.
Procedure:
(a) H 38 forms to be prepared in triplicate.
(b) Copy No. 1 and 2 of H-38 to be sent to Naval Chart Depot.
(c) Copy No. 3 to be retained as office copy.
(d) Copy No. 1 will be retained with Naval chart Depot.
(e) Copy No. 2 with H-67 (Supply and receipt note) in duplicate will be
returned to Ship with demanded Chart.
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(f) H-67 will be signed by Navigating officer and “RETURN” copy to be
returned to Chart Depot.
(g) Copy No. 1 will be retained as Ships copy.

Q.92 What are causes for demanding charts?

Following are the causes when charts are demanded:-

(a) On Commissioning.
(b) Fair Wear and Tear.
(c) When ship is proceeding on a foreign cruise.

Q.93 Which are the areas covers by Indian chart folios?

1. South Africa to Persian Gulf and INT charts of Indian Oceans.

2. Pakistan coast and West Coast of India (Jakhau to Mumbai).
3. West coast of India (Mumbai to Cape Comorine)
4. Laksahdweeps/ Maldives, Gulf of Manner, Srilanka and Palkbay)
5. East coast of India (Point Carimere to the Sand heads)
6. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
7. Coast of Bangladesh and Burma, West coast of Thailand and Malacca
Straits.

Q. 94 What are the information contains in catalogue of admiralty charts?

(a) Limits of volumes of Admiralty list of lights

(b) Limits of volume of Admiralty sailing directions
(c) Approximate limits of standard admiralty charts folios
(d) The world general and small scale charts
(e) Other charts and diagrams such as Decca, Loran, Omega and Consul
chart magnetic etc.
Q.95 What you mean by rhumb line?
It is a curve drawn on the earth’s surface which cuts all meridian at the
same angle.

Q.96 Define the international nautical mile?

This is standard fix length 1852m. Its correct abbreviation is nm. The
distance given in admiralty distance tables and in ocean passage of the worlds
are in international nautical mile.
Q.97 What is statue mile?
The statue or land mile is the unit of distance of 1760 yards or 5280 feet
(1609.3m)

Q.98 What is geographical mile?

The geographical mile is the length of 1’ of arc measured along the
equator (i.e. 1’ of longitude). As the equator is a circle. The length of the
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geographical mile is the same at all parts of the equator and is equal to(a sin1’of
arc) where a is the radius of the equator. Its value is 1855.4m.

Q.99 Define the Knot?

It is convenient to have a fixed or standard unit for measuring speed in
navigation. This unit is international nautical mile (1852m) per hour and is called a
knot abbreviated to KN.

Q.100 What you mean by admiralty distance table?

Admiralty distance table give the shortest navigable distance in

international nautical miles between focal point and chief ports of the world.
Q.101 What is Variation?
It is an angle between True North & magnetic north at any place. It is
measured East or West and is gradually changing.

Q.102 What is Deviation?

It is an angular difference between compass North & magnetic north
caused due to ships magnetism. It is measured East or West from magnetic
North. It is different for different compass courses.

Q.103 How many type of corrections?

(a) Permanent correction.

(b) Temporary corrections.
(c) Preliminary corrections.
(d) Navarea Warnings.

Q.104 What are the information in nautical almanac?

(a) LMTs for calculating rising/ setting of Sun/ Moon and twilight’s.
(b) Altitudes correction tables for Sun/ Stars/ Planets.
(c) Phases of Moon.
(d) Standard times maintained by the countries of the world.
(e) Conversion of arc to time.
(f) Index to selected stars.
(g) Tables of increments and corrections for Sun, Planets, Aries, Moon.
(h) Index to selected stars.
(i) Ellipses.
(j) Planets, notes and diagrams.

Q.105 What are the information in Noorie’s Nautical Tables?

(a) Meridian parts.

(b) Logarithms
(c) Log of trigonometrically functions and natural functions of angles
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(d) Haversines
(e) A, B & C Azimuth tables.
(f) Bearing amplitude & corrections.
(g) Dip of sea horizon
(h) Refraction
(i) Sun stars and moon total corrections.
(j) Radar range.
(k) Distance by vertical sextant angles
(l) Distance of sea horizon.
(m) Ports of the world.

Q.106 Write down the name of Indian Navigational Publications?

(a) Indian Tide table part I & II

(b) Catalogue of charts and publications INP 10.
(c) Symbols and abbreviations 5020.
(d) West coast of India Pilots INP I
(e) SRT for air Navigation INP 101.
(f) List of lights and fog signals INP 21.
(g) List of radio signals Vol-I INP 31 (1)
(h) List of radio signals Vol-II INP 31 (2)
(j) List of radio signals Vol-III INP 31 (3)
(k) List of radio signals Vol-VI INP 31 (6)
(l) Rules of the road INP 51
(m) Maritime buoys system IALA – INP 61

Q.107 What are the Sources of corrections to charts and publications?

(a) Annual Edition of Notices to Mariners. (Indian Notices to Mariners)

(b) Special edition notice to mariners.
(c) Fortnightly Edition
(d) Radio Navigational Warnings (Navarea)
(e) Fleet Notices to Mariners.

Q.108 What do you mean by LMT?

The local mean time of a place is calculated with reference to mean sun.

Q.109 What do you understand by Mean Sun?

The mean sun is an imaginary body that is assumed to move in the

celestial equator at the uniform speed around the earth, and to complete one
revolution in the time taken by the true sun to complete one revolution in the
ecliptic.

Q.110 What do you mean by GMT?

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GMT is the local mean time of the meridian of the Greenwich.

Q.111What is Indian Standard Time?

It is based on 82 1/2e longitude, which is considered as the centrally

meridian passing through the Allah bad observatory.

Q.112 Define the Civil Nautical?

Which are illustrated in Fig.4-1. The beginning and end of each is

determined by the angel of depression of the sun below the horizon.

Q.113 Define the Civil Twilight?

Civil twilight is the period extending from sunrise of sunset to time at which
the center of sun is 6 below the celestial horizon at the darker limit.

Q.114 Define the Nautical Twilight?

Nautical twilight is the period extending from sunrise of sunset at the limit
to the time at which together the center of the sun celestial12 below the horizon
at the darker limit.

Q.115 What is International Date Line?

The 180th meridian is often called the International Date Line, because
the time kept in the 6 1/2 wide zones on the either side of it differs by 24 hours or
one complete day.
Q.116 What are the actions to be taken on receipt of N to M?

(i) Circulate it to concerned officers.

(ii) Make entry in IN 83.
(iii) Make entry in the chart correction log and folio index in pencil.
(iv) Carry out corrections to charts and publications.
(v) File it in the pack on completion of corrections.

Q.117 Write down the rules care and maintenance of a chart?

(i) Pencil courses and bearings on the chart lightly but firmly with a soft lead
pencil.
(ii) Keep chart weighted down against gusts of wind.
(iii) Keep charts flat in a drawer rather than rolled up.
(iv) Keep charts dry and does not place coffee cups or ashtrays on them.
(v) Make sure your charts are kept up to date by adding corrections published
in fortnightly Indian notices to mariner.
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Q.118 How you define Thumb label?

It is a small label printed on the back of each chart. Thumb label shows the
number, title of the chart. It provides the space for notation of the folio number &
consecutive number.

Q.119 What are the items required to run a satisfactory correction and warning system?

(a) Chart correction log and folio list

(b) Temporary and preliminary notices logbook
(c) Long range radio navigational warning log
(f) Coastal and local radio navigational warning log
(g) Local port navigational warning log divided into area with totes
(h) Wall chart to record radio navigational warning signals
(i) Fleet Notices To Mariners file

Q.120 What are the contains in Pilot (Sailing Direction)?

(a) Description of the coast and off laying features.

(b) Notes on tidal stream and current.
(c) Direction for navigation in intricate waters.
(d) Relevant information about channels and harbour.
(e) Information about navigational hazard.
(f) Buoys systems used in area covered.
(g) Pilotage regulations.
(h) General notes on countries with the area, port facilities and general
summary of season current, ice and climatic condition. Currency used in
that country covered by the pilot.

Q.121 What are the actions to be taken on receipt of a N to M ?

(a) Circulate it to concerned officers

(b) Make entry in IN 83
(c) Make entry in chart correction log and folio index with pencil
(d) Carry out correction to chart and publications.

Q.122 From where Navarea warnings are issued?

Navarea warnings are issued by Navarea VIII Coordinator and transmitted

by COMCEN Mumbai on broadcast .

Q.123 What are the difference between coastal warning and Navarea warning?

Coastal Warning:- Coastal warning for all parts of the world are broadcast by
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the country of origin through coast radio stations.

Navarea Warning:- The world wide Navigational warning service is a co-

ordinated global service for promulgation of Navigational warning by radio.

Q.124 In how many area is Navarea divided?

Sixteen geographical sea areas

Q.125 When is Annual Notices to Mariners issued?

The annual edition of the Indian Notices to Mariners is issued by the Naval
Hydrographic Office, Dehradun in the beginning of each year.

Q.126 In which edition all affecting permanent corrections are published?

The notice No. 22 contains the list of all permanent corrections affecting all
the navigational charts since their publication as on 31 December of proceeding
year.

Q.127 From where the Special Edition of notice to Mariners are published?

These editions are published by the chief hydrographer to the Govt. of

India.
Q.128 From where the Indian Notices to Mariners is issued?

Indian Notices to mariners is issued by the Naval Hydrographic Office

Dehradun on the first and fifteen of every month.

Q.129 GMT stand for?

Greenwich Mean Time

Q.130 What are the colours used on chart?

Yellow color is used to distinguish land, shallow water areas are

distinguished by a flat blue tint and green colour indicates the extreme shallow
water including mud and all, i.e. drying areas which cover in HW & uncover in LW.

Q.131 what are the sources of corrections to charts and publications?

Navigational charts and publications are kept corrected through the
following sources.
a) Annual Edition of Notices to Mariners.
b) Special edition notice to mariners.
c) Fortnightly Edition
d) Radio Navigational Warning (Navarea)
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e) Fleet Notices to Mariners.

Q.132 Name the types of projection of charts?

The chart projections are of two types i.e. Mercator and Gnomonic projection.

Q.133 Where the books published b the Hydrographic Department are listed in?

Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and other Hydrographic Publications (NP

131) and the Hydrographic Supplies Handbook (NP 133)

Q.134 List the Navigational Publications

(i) Sailing directions

(ii) Lights and fog signals
(iii) Radio signals
(iv) Tides and Tidal stream
(v) Astronomical observation
(vi) Catalogues
(vii) Hydrographic practice and symbols
(viii) Nautical Almanac
(ix) Oceanography
(x) Admiralty Marines science publication
(xi) Miscellaneous

Q.135 What are the contains of Sailing Direction ?

The sailing direction contains descriptions of the coast and off lying
features, notes on tidal stream and currents, directions for navigations in intricate
waters, and other relevant information about the channels and harbour. It also
includes information about navigation hazards, buoyage systems used in the area
covered, Pilotage, regulations, general notes on the countries with in the area,
port facilities, and a general summary of seasonal current, Ice and climatic
conditions with direct access to the sea.

Q.136 Sailing directions revised at intervals of from 12 to 15 years and in the

intervening period, each is kept up to date by supplements issued at regular
intervals of 1½ to 2 years

Q.137 what are the contents of Mariner’s Handbook (NP 100) ?

Mariners Handbook contents include general remarks on charts and

publications, notes on orthography and terms used, use of charts and
navigational aids, observing and reporting notes on offshore hazards and
restrictions to navigation, tides, currents, characteristics of the sea, magnetic
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anomalies and sea-bed sound waves, basic meteorology and navigation in ice, a
selection of conversion table.

Q.138 Mariners Handbook is corrected by supplements and by new editions at

intervals of 05 years.

Q.139 What are the important features of Ocean Passage for the World (NP-136) ?

Ocean Passage for the World (NP-136) gives recommended routes and
distances between the principal ports of the world, with details of winds, weather,
currents and ice hazards that may be encountered.

Q.140 The Admiralty list of lights and fog signals (NP 74 to 84) is published in
Eleven volumes

Q.141 Which volumes of Admirality list of lights and fog signals covers Bay of Bengal
and Indian Ocean ?

Volume F (NP 79)- Arabian sea, Bay of Bengal and North Pacific Ocean
Volume K (NP 83)- Indian and Pacific Oceans, south of the equator.

Q.142 Admiralty list of Radio signals (ALRS) consists of six volumes of text and
four booklets of diagrams.

Q.143 Volume 2 of Admiralty Tide Tables covers Atlantic and Indian Ocean.

Q.144 Admiralty list of Radio signals (ALRS) new editions are published
annually.

Q.145 Each Admiralty of Tide Table is divided into Three parts.

Q.146 Brief the volumes of Admiralty list of Radio signals ?

Volume 1: Coast Radio Stations (2 parts)

Volume 2: Radio Navigational Aids
Volume 2a: Diagrams relating Radiobecons
Volume 3: Radio weather service
Volume 3a: Diagrams relating to weather reporting and forecast areas
Volume 4: Meteorological Observation stations
Volume 5: Radio Time Signals: Radio Navigational Warnings: Position-fixing
systems
Volume 5a: Diagrams relating to Radio Communications and position-fixing
systems
Volume 6: Port operations, pilot service and traffic management (2 part)
Volume 6a: Diagrams relating to port operations, pilot service and Traffic
Management
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Q.147 Define the parts in Volumes of Admiralty Tide Table ?

Part - I: Daily predictions of the times and heights of high and low water for
a selected number of standard ports.

Part – II: Height differences for prediction of high and low water at a much
larger number of secondary ports.

Part – III: Harmonic constants for use with the Simplified Harmonic Method of
Tidal prediction for those ports, where they are known.

Q.148 Norie’s Nautical Table (NP 320) consists of a set of navigational and
mathematical tables .

Q.149 What are the sections of Navigational Data Book (S2677) ?

Section 1: Dimentions and Tonnage

Section 2: Anchors and Cables
Section 3: Engines
Section 4: Revolution Tables and Full Power Trials
Section 5: Fuel Oil Capacity and Consumption Data
Section 6: Turning Trails
Section 7: Shiphandling Characteristics
Section 8: Berthing Information
Section 9: Replenishment
Section 10: Conning Positions
Section 11: Navigational Communications
Section 12: Steering and Stabilishing Equipment
Section 13: Compass
Section 14: Echo Sounder
Section 15: Bottom Log and Plotting Tables
Section 16: Degaussing Equipment and Ranging
Section 17: Navigational Lights
Section 18: Radio Aids
Section 19: Special Sea Dutymen
Section 20: Ships Narrative

Q.150 The Fix is shown on a chart as a dot surrounded by a circle.

Q.151 The Dead Reckoning (DR) is shown on a chart as a small line across the course
being steered.

Q.152 The Estimated Position (EP) is shown on the chart as a small line across the
course being steered.
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Q.153What is the Position line ?

The navigator finds his position using landmarks, heavenly bodies or radio aids
and from his observations. The obtained position is known as position lines.

Q.154 what is the FIX ?

If two or more position lines can be obtained at the same moment, the position of
the ship must be at their points of intersection. The obtained position is known as FIX ?

Q.155 What is the OBSEVED POSITION ?

The position decided by the point of intersection to two position lines derived from
astronomical observations, or derived from a number of such position lines, is known
as an observed position.
Q.156 What is the DEAD RECKONING (DR) ?

DEAD RECKONING is the expression used to describe that position from the
true course steered by the ship and her speed through the water, and from no other
factors.

Q.157 What is ESTIMATED POSITION ?

It is derived from the DR position adjusted for the estimated effects of leeway,
tidal stream, current and surface drift.

Q.158 What is lee way ?

Lee way is the effect of wind in moving a vessel bodily to leeward at right angles
to the course steered.

Q.159 What is Tidal Stream ?

A Tidal stream is the periodical horizontal movement of the sea surface caused
by the tide –raising forces of the sun and moon.

Q.160 What is current ?

A Current is the non-tidal horizontal movement of the sea due mainly to

meteorological, oceanographical or topographical causes.

Q.161 Explain the following

TERMS DEFINITION
Track The path followed or to be followed, between one position and
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another. This path may be that over the ground (ground track) or
through the water (water track). When Radar plotting, this path
may also be a relative track or a true track.

Track angle The direction of a track.

Track made good The mean ground track actually achieved over a given period.

Set The resultant direction towards which current, tidal stream and
surface drift flow.

Drift The distance covered in a given time due solely to the movement
of current, tidal stream and surface drift.

Drift angle The angular difference between the ground track and water track.

Sea position The point at the termination of the water track.

Q.162 what are the methods of obtaining a position line ?

1. A Compass bearing
2. A relative bearing
3. A Transit
4. A horizontal angel
5. A vertical sextant angle of an object of known height.
6. A range by distance meter when the height of the object is known.
7 A range and rangefinder.
8. A rising or dipping range
9. Sounding.
10. A radio fixing aid.
11. A radar range.
12. An astronomical observation.
13. A Sonar range.

Q.163 what is the cocked hat ?

When three bearings are taken from a moving ship, the resulting position lines
may not meet in a point but are more likely to form a triangle known as a cocked hat.

Q.164 what are the reasons of cocked hat ?

1. Time interval between observations.

2. Error in identifying the object
3. Error in plotting the lines of bearing.
4. Inaccuracy of observation resulting from the limitations of the compass.
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5. Inaccuracy of survey of charts
6. Compass error unknown or incorrectly applied.

Q.165 What are the methods to check gyro error ?

1. By a transit
2. By azimuth of a heavenly body
3. By bearing of a distant object
4. By reciprocal bearings with another ship of known compass error.
5. By reduction of the cocked hat.

Q.166 Expansion of HSA is Horizontal Sectant Angles.

Q.167 What are the advantages and disadvantages of HSA ?

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. It is more accurate than a compass fix, 1.It can take longer than fixing by a
because a sextant can be read more compass bearing.
accurately than a compass.

2. It is independent of compass errors. 2. Three suitable objects are essential

3. The angles can be taken from any part 3. If the objects are incorrectly charted or
of the ship incorrectly charted or incorrectly
identified,. The fix will be false and the
error may not be apparent.

Q.168 What are the criteria for choosing objects for HSA ?

1. Objects are either all on or near the same straight line, and the center
object is nearest the observer.
2. The centre object is nearer the ship than the line joining the other two.
3. The ship is inside the triangle formed by the objects or on the outer edge.
4. At least one of the angles observed changes rapidly as the ship alters
position.
Q.169 What are short cuts to fixing ?

1. The fastest changing bearing will be observed at the exact intended time
for the fix, the other bearings will be observed just before or just after this
time.
2. The last two digits only of each bearing will be noted, all three bearings
being written in the note book after the last has been taken.
3. Immediate corrective action, if necessary, it will be taken on plotting the fix,
the DR/EP will then be generated, and finally the note book completed.
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Q.170 What is shooting up ?

The procedure to identify suitable marks along the coast is known as

‘Shooting up’.

Q.171 What are the methods of shooting up ?

1. DE/EP
2. Transits
3. Bearings

Q.172 What is Geographical Range ?

The maximum distance at which a light can reach an observer as

determined by the height of the observer, the height of the structure and the
curvature of the earth is known as ‘Geographical Range’.

Q.173 What is the Luminous Range ?

The maximum distance at which a light can be seen, determined only by

the intensity of light and the visibility at the time is known as ‘Luminous range’.

Q.174 What is the Nominal Range ?

Nominal range is normally the luminous range for a meteorological visibility
of 10 miles and is the most frequently used for the range of lights shown in the
List of lights and on Admiralty Charts.

Q.175 What are Buoys ?

Buoys are floating structures, moored to the bottom used to mark channels
and fairways, shoals, banks, rocks, wrecks and other dangers to navigation,
where permanent structures would be either uneconomical or impracticable.

Q.176 What are Beacons?

A Beacon is a navigational mark constructed of wood, metal, concrete,

masonry or glass-reinforced plastic(GRP), or a combination of these materials,
erected on or in the vicinity of danger, or onshore, as an aid to navigation.

Q.177 Expand IALA system ?

IALA – International Association of Lighthouse Authorities.

Q.178 What are Lateral Marks?

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Lateral marks are used in conjunction with a conventional direction of
buoyage. Stbd hand buoy, Port hand buoy and Preferred channel buoys are
example of lateral marks.

Q.179 What are Cardinal marks?

Cardinal marks indicate that safe navigable water lies to the named side of
the mark.
Black double cone top marks (one cone vertical above the other) are the
most important features, by day, of the cardinal marks. Cardinal marks are always
painted in the black and yellow horizontal bands conforming to the points of the
top mark.

Q.180 What are isolated danger marks?

Isolated danger marks are erected on, or moored on or above, an isolated

danger of limited extent surrounded by navigable water.
A black double sphere topmark (one vertical above the other) is, by day,
the most important feature.

Q.181 What are Safe water marks?

Safe water marks are used to indicate that there is navigable water all
around the mark. Such a mark may be used, for example, as a mid-channel or
landfall marks.
Safe water marks are Spherical in shape. Secondly they are only type of
mark to have vertical stripes(red and white)

Q.182 What are Special marks ?

Special marks are not primarily intended to assist navigation but are used
to indicate a special area or feature usually referred to on the chare or in the
Sailing Directions, for example:

i) Ocean Data Acquisition Systems (OADS) marks

ii) Traffic separation marks where use of conventional chennal
marking may cause confusion.
iii) Spoil ground marks.
iv) Military exercise zone marks.
v) Cable or pipeline marks, including outfall pipes.
vi) Recreation zone marks.

Q.183 What is Perigee and Apogee marks?

The moon rotates around the Earth approximately once every 27½
days, the tide –raising force is strongest when the Moon is closest to the Earth,
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that is, at Perigee. The tide-raising force is weakest when the Moon is furthest
away, that is, at Apogee.

Q.184 What are Spring tides ?

At new Moon, the Moon is passing between the Sun and the Earth, the
Moon and the Sun are said to be acting in Conjunction. About 14¾ days later, at
full Moon, the Earth is between the Moon and Sun, which are now action in
opposition.
The net result in both cases is a maximum tide-raising force, producing
what is known as a Spring tide.

Q.185 What are Neap tides ?

Twice every lunar month, ie.. about every 14¾ days, the Moon and Sun
are at right angles to each other. At these times the Moon and Sun are said to be
in Quadrature.
The net result in both cases is a minimum tide-raising force, producing
what is known as a Neap tide.

Q.186 What is Seiches ?

Abrupt changes in meteorological conditions, such as the passage of an

intense depression or line squall, may cause an oscillation in the sea level known
as a Seiches.

Q.187 What are Positive surges, storm surges ?

A change in sea level is often caused by a combination of wind and

pressure, such changes being superimposed on the normal tidal cycle. A rise in
sea level is often referred to as a positive surge and a fall as a negative surge. A
storm surge is an unusually severe positive surge.

Q.188 What are Seismic waves ?

Seismic wave or tsunamis is usually the result of an undersea earthquake

which sets up waves entirely unconnected with the tides. These waves travel with
great rapidity in the deep waters of the oceans, reaching speeds of over 400
knots, a wavelength of over 100 miles.

Q.189 Expand following

HAT : Highest Astronomical Tide

LAT : Lowest Astronomical Tide
MHWS: Mean High Water Springs
MLWS: Mean Low Water Springs
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MHWN: Mean High Water Neaps
MLWN: Mean Low Water Neaps
MTL : Mean Tide Level
MSL : Mean Sea Level
MHHW: Mean Higher High Water
MLHW: Mean Lower High Water
MHLW: Mean Higher Low Water
MLLW: Mean Lower Low Water

Q.190 What is Safety Swinging Circle ?

Length of ship + Maximum usable amount of cable + Safety margin (1/10 mile)

Q.191 Who publishes charts in India?

Chief Hydrographer for Govt. of India.

Q.192 What do you understand by CARTOGRAPHY?

Art of making charts

Q.193 which datum is being followed in charts published in India?

Horizontal datum (WGS-84) used for constants of charts.

Q.194 Which charts are used for Pilotage water and what is normally the scale of these
charts?

Large scale charts. 1:30,000 to 1:75,000

Q.195 What are INT charts and how does it differ from national series of charts?

International charts. Charts no INT 175, INT 7741 etc.

Q.196 What is source data diagram and where chart dimensions are mentioned in
chart?

Diagram indicate source, data and scale of surveyed. Mentioned at the lower
right hand border.

Q.197 The symbol of magnetic anomally is 18° or ± 18

Q.198 The symbol of wreck, depth unknown, which is considered dangerous to surface
navigation

Q.199 The symbol for obstruction depth known is

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Q.200 The symbol for pilots transferred by helicopter is

Q.201 The symbol for Anchor berths is

Q.202 What is Hydrographic publication 200 (INT 1)?

Symbols and Abbreviations used on charts.

Q.203 How depth 25.7 m will be shown on charts ?

26.5

Q.204 What are the information given in routeing charts?

i) load line zones

ii) Routes and distance between ports
iii) Ocean Currents
iv) Wind roses
v) Ice limit
vi) Air, dew

Q.205 Where do you get information regarding new chart published?

Notice to mariner

Q.206 How can you promulgate/inform newly uncharted wreck which is dangerous for
surface navigation?

Report to National Hydrograph. GOI format is published in the quarterly edition of

NTM.

Q.207 Where will you find submarine exercise areas and details for fog signal and
lanbys?

Special Notice to Mariners.

Q.208 What is usual order of omitting detail from light description as the scale of chart
decreases?

Large to small scale.

Q.209 Where will you find following.

i) Zone time of Malaysia - ALRS vol –2

ii) Claebration station DF - ALRS vol –2 Radio nav aids
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iii) Port facility availability in Colombo- Pilots and guide to port entry
(Srilanka)
iv) GLONASS information - ALRS vol-2
v) Lat & Long of Honolulu - Nories table

Q.210 Expand following.

AMVER - Automated Mutual Assistance Vessel Rescue

INDSAR - Indian (Maritime) SAR computerisatoin ship reporting system
ISLEREPS - Island (M-SAR) Reporting system
COTS - Commercial of the shielf
INSPIRE - Indian Shipping Position and Information Reporting System
MEREP - Merchant Reporting

Q.211 Which way you can reduce cocked hat?

By station pointer or Douglas protector

Q.212 Which was the rapid plotting methods without instruments

Lattice of HSA curus

Bearing Lattice

Q.213 Explain abbreviation used for light Fl(3) WRG 15s 13m 7.5M

Fl(3) - Class/ Character regularly repeating a gap of three flashes

WRG - Order white Red & Green exhibiting the different colours in defined
Serial.
15s - period time taken to exhibit one full sequence of 3 flashes and
eclipses.
13m - Elevation of focal plane above Mean high water springs & Mean
higher high water in meters
7.5M - Luminous range 7.5 Miles.

Q.214 What are cardinal marks ?

Points indicate that safe navigation water lies to the named side of the mark.

Q.215 Which part of country (sea) you can find cardinal marks ?

Gulf of Kutchchh

Q.216 How does cardinal mark for region-A and region –B of IALA buoyage system
differs?

Cardinal marks are same in both regions

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Q.217 What are the Tsuname, Seiches and Storm surges?

Tsunami: A seismic wave resulted from an under sea earthquake which set
up wave entirely inconnected with the tide. Generally observed in pacific basin.

Seiches : Abrupt changes in meteorological conditions, such as the passage

of an intense depression or Iine squall, may cause an oscillation in the sea level
known as a Seiches.

Storm surges: A change in sea level which is caused by combination of

wind and pressure, such change being superimposed on the normal tidal cycle.

Q.218 In East coast of India, what is advisable lay off ship track from the coast?

East coast - 1½ to 2 miles

Q.219 How far would you like to pass unmarked dangers near the coast, light vessels,
light floats and buoys?

Unmarked danger - atleast 01 mile

Light vessel, floats - 05 cables
and buoys

Q.220 A ship draught of 4 meters is proceeding at 10 knots in less than 9 meters of

water, what is the likely squat?

Squat = 10% of 4(ships draught) = 0.4 m

= 0.3 * 10/5 = 0.6 m
= v²/100 = 10²/100 = 1m

Always consider the greater figure. So squat for the ship is 1 m.

Q.221 Wheel over bearing preferred –either parallel to the new course or beam bearing?

Parallel to the new course.

Q.222 If no head marks are available, how you proceed in Pilotage water?

A mark astern is preferable if no marks are available, the alternation are

a) fix and pass
b) A bearing lattice
c) HSA Lattice
Q.223 Which is the good holding ground for anchoring and which one is poor?
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A mix of clay/ soft chalk, sand and shingle is a good ground for anchoring.
Soft silty mud or shingle and shell is a ground of poor anchor holding.

Q.224 Explain procedure to moor the ship?

Pay out cable in such a way so that cable should make angle of 10° to 15°.

Q.225 What action to be taken if weather detoriated and wind/current increases, when
ship is anchored?

Start engines and be ready to sail.

Q.226 What are true motion radar advantages in Pilotage water?

i) Ships underway may be distinguished at once by their echo trails.

ii) Echos of stationary objects eg. Buoys may be distinguished by the
absence of echo trails.

Q.227 Distinguish Racons and Remarks?

Racons: A radar transponder beacon which emits a characteristic signal

when triggered by emission of ships radar. Racon flash extending radially towards
circumference of the display from the echo(contact)

Remarks: A radar beacon which transmit independently without any trigger.

Remark flash gives no indication of range as it extends from the ship position to
the circumference of the display.

Q.228 What is GLONASS ?

A Russian Global Navigation satellite system, is similar to GPS, consists of 24

satellites .

Q.229 What do you understand by SA (Selective Availability) in GPS?

The International degradation of the satellites signal is known as SA,

which controlled by US department of Defence in order to limit the accuracy for
non-US military Govt. users.

Q.230 What is the principle of GPS and list various error sources in obtaining
geographical position?

i) Lonospheric and atmospheric error

ii) Multipath error
iii) Satellite clock bias error
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iv) Positional or ephemeris errors
v) Geometric Dilution of precision (GDOP)

Q.231 What is the name of recently introduced positioning system?

GNSS. GPS and GLONASS navigation satellite system.

Q.232 Can you determine the distance of object with stuart distance meter without
knowing the height of object?

Yes, by using own height error is limited to 15%.

Q.233 What is dip and its value at Equator?

Dip is angle between the Horizontal components of earths mag field and
plane of middle. Value of Dip at equator is Zero.

Q.234 Sagem log gives the speed through Water.