Noorul Islam College of Engineering, Kumaracoil

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE235- Network Analysis and Synthesis

Two Mark Questions

Prepared By,
D. M. Mary Synthia Regis Prabha
AP/ EEE Dept.
1. What is meant by cut-set?
A cut-set of a connected graph is a minimal set of edges whose
removal from the graph results in two separate parts.
2. What is f-circuit?
This circuit, which contains one chord and the unique tree-path between
the end vertices of the chord is called a f-circuit.
3. What is an oriented graph?
An oriented graph is a graph in which all the edges of the graph have an
assigned orientation.
4. When is a graph G planar?
A graph G is planar if, and only if it has a dual.
5. What is the rank of a graph with n number of nodes?
If there exists n number of nodes or vertices, then the rank R of a
graph is given by, R = n - 1
6. State some of the properties of a matrix Aa.
a. Every column of Aa has exactly two non-zero entries, one +1 and the other
-1. This is evident as every edge has two distinct ends.
b. Any row can be deleted without loss of information, as a consequence of
property (a).
c. The sum of the rows of Aa results in a row of zeroes.
7. State some properties of Qf.
a. Rank of Qf is v-1, where v is the vertices of the graph. This indicates that
there are v-1 independent cut-sets and hence KCL equations.
b. There is one to one correspondence between the non-singular majors of Qf
and the trees of the graph.
8. State some properties of Bf.
a. Rank of Bf = e-v+1, where v is the vertices and e is the edges of the graph.
This indicates that there are v-1 independent circuits and hence KVL
equations.
b. There is one to one correspondence between the non-singular majors of Bf
and the trees of the graph.
9. State some properties of loops.
a. There are exactly two paths between any pair of nodes in the circuit.
b. There exist at least two branches in a loop.
c. The maximum possible branches in a loop are equal to number of nodes.
10. The number of branches in a tree of a connected graph with v vertices is (v-1).
11. The number of chords in a tree of a connected graph with v vertices and e edges is
(e-v-1).
12. Write down the KCL for a given network in two different ways.
a. A Ie = 0
b. Qf Ie = 0 ; Where Ie = edge current vector.

Ie = I c
Ib
13. For a connected graph of v vertices and e edges the number of meshes is
(e – v + 1)
14. Write down the chord transformation equation.
Ie = BfT Ic
15. Write down the mesh transformation equation.
Ie = BmT Im
16. Write down the node transformation equation.
Ve = AT Vn
17. Draw the transform network of an inductor of L henry with an initial current of
I(0).
I(s) I(s)

sL
I(0) 1
V(s) s sL

L I(0)
+
18. What is meant by a network function?
It is defined as the ratio of the zero state response to the input both
the response and the input expressed in Laplace domain.
H(s) = R(s)
E(s)
19. Define driving point function.
If the excitation and the response are measured at the same set of
terminals, then the network function is called the driving point function. There are
two DP functions; impedance and admittance.
Zdp(s) = V1(s) (DP impedance)
I1(s)
Ydp(s) = I1(s) (DP admittance)
V1(s)

20. Define transfer function.

If the excitation and the response are measured at different set of
terminals, then the network function is called the transfer function.
Z21(s) = V2(s) (Transfer impedance)
I1(s)
Y21(s) = I2(s) (Transfer admittance) I1
I2 V1(s) 1+
N/W +2 G21(s) = V2(s) (Transfer voltage ratio)
V1(s)
α21(s) = I2(s) (Transfer
admittance) network I1(s)
21. Where will be the transmission zeroes located in a low pass network?
All the transmission zeroes are located at infinity in a low pass
network.
22. Where will be the transmission zeroes located in a high pass network?
All the transmission zeroes are located at the origin in a high pass
network.
23. Where will be the transmission zeroes located in a band pass network?
A BPF has some of its transmission zeroes at the origin and others
at infinity.
24. What is meant by order of complexity?
The number of natural frequencies of a network is called the order
of complexity of the network. It cannot exceed the number of energy storage
elements in the network.
25. Where is ABCD parameters used?
It is generally used in the analysis of power transmission in which
the input port is referred as the sending end while the output is referred as
receiving end.
26. Write down the impedance parameter equation.
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
27. Write down the h- parameter equation.
V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
28. Write down the condition of symmetry for Z and Y parameters.
Z parameters: Z11 = Z22
Y parameters: Y11 = Y22
29. Write down the condition of symmetry for h and ABCD parameters.
h parameters: h11 h22 - h21 h12 = 1
ABCD parameters: A = D
30. Write down the condition of reciprocity for Z and Y parameters.
Z parameters: Z121 = Z21
Y parameters: Y12 = Y21
31. Write down the condition of reciprocity for h and ABCD parameters.
h parameters: h21 = -h12
ABCD parameters: AD – BC = 1
32. What is the overall transmission parameter when two, two port networks are
connected in Tandem or cascade connection?
The overall transmission parameter is simply the matrix product of
the transmission parameter matrix of each individual two port network in cascade.
33. Comment about the overall Z-parameter when two, two port networks are
connected in series?
The Z-parameters of the individual networks gets summed up to
get the overall Z-parameters.
34. with time as the implicit variable.
35. What is meant by a complete incidence matrix?
The incidence matrix is nothing but a mathematical model to
represent the given network with all the information available. The informations
are written in a matrix form which is called an incidence matrix.
36. Differentiate network analysis and network synthesis.
Obtaining a response for a given network and known excitation is
called network analysis.
Obtaining a network for a known response requirements
and known excitation is called network synthesis.
37. What are the properties to be satisfied by a polynomial to be a Hurwitz
polynomial?
a. The polynomial P(s) is real when s is real.
b. The roots of the polynomial P(s) have real parts which are either zero or
negative.
c. All the co-efficient should be non-negative.
d. There should be no missing terms of s.
38. A function F(s) is a prf. Comment about the positive realness of the reciprocal of
the function F(s).
The reciprocal of the function F(s) is also positive real.
39. What is the physical significance of positive real function?
If and only if a given function is a prf, then only it is physically
realizable by using the passive elements.
40. What are the basic constraints to be satisfied by a function to be a prf?
a. The function F(s) is real when s is real.
b. Re[f(s)] ≥ 0 for Re[s] ≥ 0.
c. The function F(s) should be a rational function.
41. Test whether P(s) = s5 + 8s4 + 24s3 + 28s2 + 23s +6 is Hurwitz or not using Routh
array method.
s5 1 24 23
s4 8 28 6
3
s 20.5 22.25 0
s2 19.32 6
s 15.88 0
s0 6
There is no sign
change in the first column and all the coefficients are positive. Hence P(s) is
Hurwitz.
42. Why cauer and foster forms are called as canonical forms?
Because by using these forms the network can be realized using
minimum number of elements.
43. State the properties of LC driving point immitance function.
a. It is always a ratio of odd to even and even to odd polynomials.
b. The poles ands zeroes are simple.
c. The poles and zeroes are located on the jω axis only.
d. The poles and zeroes interlace each other on the jω axis. There are no
consecutive poles and zeroes.
 e. The poles and zeroes occur in complex conjugate form.
f. The highest powers of numerator and denominator must differ by unity.
g. The lowest powers of numerator and denominator must differ by unity.
h. There must be either a pole or zero at the origin and infinity.
44. State the properties of RC driving point impedance function.
a. The poles ands zeroes are simple.
b. The poles and zeroes are located on the jω axis only.
c. The poles and zeroes are located on the negative real axis. There are no
consecutive poles and zeroes.
d. The poles and zeroes interlace each other on the negative real axis.
e. The critical frequency nearer to the origin is a pole which may be located
at origin also.
f. The critical frequency at a greatest distance away from the origin is a zero
which may be located at infinity also.
g. The partial fraction expansion of the function gives the residues which are
real and positive.
h. There is no pole at infinity.
i. There is no zero at origin.
j. The slope of the graph Z(jω ) against ω is always negative.
45. State the properties of RL driving point impedance function.
a. The poles ands zeroes are simple.
b. The poles and zeroes are located on the jω axis only.
c. The poles and zeroes are located on the negative real axis. There are no
consecutive poles and zeroes.
d. The poles and zeroes interlace each other on the negative real axis.
e. The critical frequency nearer to the origin is a zero which may be located
at origin also.
f. The critical frequency at a greatest distance away from the origin is a pole
which may be located at infinity also.
g. The partial fraction expansion of the function gives the residues which are
real and negative.
h. There is no zero at infinity.
i. There is no pole at origin.
j. The slope of the graph Z(jω ) against ω is always positive.
46. What is meant by a constant resistance network?
The network having the impedance looking in at either port is a
constant resistance R, when the other port is terminated in the same resistance R
is called constant resistance networks.
47. What is the condition for a bridge or lattice network to act as a constant resistance
network?
The condition is Za Zb = R2
48. What is meant by minimum phase network?
A network whose transmission zeroes are restricted to the LH
plane is called a minimum phase network and its transfer function is called a
minimum phase transfer function.
49. What is meant by non-minimum phase network?
A network whose transmission zeroes are located in the LH
plane and also in the RH plane is called a non-minimum phase network.
50. Define pass band.
Pass band is the frequency band of the wanted signals. An ideal filter has
zero attenuation in certain band of frequencies. The range of frequencies in which
attenuation is zero indicating no loss for an ideal filter is called pass band.
51. Define stop band.
Stop band is the frequency band of the unwanted signals. An ideal filter
has infinite attenuation in certain band of frequencies. The range of frequencies in
which attenuation is infinite for an ideal filter is called pass band.
52. What are the filter specifications?
Cut-off frequencies, pass-band gain, transition bandwidth, stop band
attenuation.
53. Show numerical relationship between decibel and neper.
8.688 nepers = 1dB
1 neper = 1 dB
8.688
1 neper = 0.115 dB
54. Name the types of filter.
a. Low pass filter(LPF)
b. High pass filter (HPF)
c. Band pass filter (BPF)
d. Band Elimination filter (BEF)
55. Explain how BPF can be obtained given only the HPF and the LPF.
BPF can be obtained by following the LPF with an HPF. The
requirement is that the cut-off frequency of HPF is lower than the cut-off
frequency of LPF.
56. What are the ideal filter characteristics?
a. It transmits all the frequencies in the pass band with zero attenuation.
b. It provides infinite attenuation in the stop band.
c. The transition from the pass band to the stop band and from the stop band
to the pass band is instantaneous.
d. To avoid reflection loss through out the pass band, the characteristics
impedance matches the circuit impedance.
57. Why Butterworth approximation is called the maximally flat approximation?
It is because the response is maximally flat nearer to the origin
with no ripples.
58. What is meant by cut-off frequency?
Cut-off frequency is defined as the 3dB point. It is the frequency which
separates the pass band and the stop band.
59. Compare Butterworth with Chebyshev approximation.

S.No. Butterworth Chebyshev

1. Maxmimally flat filter Equal ripple filter filter

 2. For the given order n the For the same order n, the transition
transition band is wider i.e., band is narrower. The response falls
the fall rate is slow. rapidly.
3. Fairly linear phase response. Not linear compared to Butterworth

4. The response falls at a rate The response falls at a rate 20 n

20 n dB/decade. dB/decade with an initial drop of 20
log ε + 6 (n-1) decibels.

60. Define rise time in transient response of LPF.

It is defined as the time required to rise from 10% to 90% of its final
value.
61. Draw the frequency characteristics of ideal BPF.
Magnitude in dB

ωc1 ωc2

62. Give the properties of optimum filters.

a. The amplitude response is monotonic.
b. The fall off rate at cut-off is the greatest possible, if monotonically
assumed.
c. The zeroes of the system function are all at infinity.
63. What do you mean by the term monotonic?
If the response is always decreasing, it is known as monotonically
decreasing and if the response is always decreasing, it is known as monotonically
decreasing. So monotonically means repeatedly having the same characteristics.
64. Draw the frequency characteristics of ideal BPF.
Magnitude in dB

ωc1 ωc2
65. What is controlled source?
If a source depends on another voltage or current, then it is known as
controlled source or dependent source.