Experiment-1

Microsoft Word
This Photo
by
Unknown
Author is
licensed
under CC
Microsoft Word or MS-WORD (often called Word) is a graphical BY-SAprocessing
word
program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its
purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.

1. File Tab

1
 a. New: We can create a new word document by clicking on ‘new’.
b. Open: By clicking on this, we can open the existing word file.
c. Save: In this, we can save the recently made document without renaming it.
The document is saved with a default name ‘Document1’.
d. Save As: In this, we can save the recently made document with the name we
want to save.
e. Print: In this, we can print the document we created in word by selecting the
printer.
f. Share:By using this, we can share our created document to our any of our
contacts in our Microsoft account.
g. Export:In this, we can convert our word document into PDF/XPS document or
we can convert the file type into any other file.

2. Home Tab

a) Cut: When you cut the text, word removes it from the original location and
places the text in clipboard collection.
b) Copy: When you copy text, word places a duplicate copy in the clipboard.
c) Paste: The paste command then pastes text from the clipboard to a new
location in either the original document or a new document.
d) Font: The font group contains commands for changing the text appearance.
Characters can use a specific font, font size, text colour, text highlight and
shadow/glow.
e) Paragraph:It contains word’s command for changing paragraph alignment,
indentation, and line& paragraphspacing.
f) Styles:Word provides predefined styles for formatting documents instantly
with number of character and paragraph attributes.
g) Editing:In this section, you practice using the Navigation Pane and several
command group commands to move quickly through a document; search
for specific text, graphics, or other document elements; and remove or
replace those elements.

2
3. Insert Tab

a) Pages: In this, we can create cover page i.e. the first page of the document,
add a blank page and break the pages in between.
b) Tables: A table is an arrangement of data made up of horizontalrows and
vertical columns. Tables are ideal for organizing information in an orderly
manner.
c) Illustrations:Commands in the Illustrations group enable you to add several
types of graphics toenhance your Word documents, including pictures from
your computer, images from the Internet, shapes, SmartArt, charts, and
screenshots.
d) Links: In this, we can attach a link, bookmark or a cross-reference in our
document.
e) Comments: Using this, we can add a note at any part of our document.
f) Header & Footer: A header appears at the top of a document page, and a
footer appears at the bottom. TheHeader & Footer group is found on the
Insert tab and contains commands for inserting built-in headers, footers, and
page numbers into a Word document.
g) Text:Word provides attractive and enhancing effects for text. WordArt has
special effects that you canapply to your text to make it more noticeable.

4. Design Tab

a) Document formatting: The Document Formatting group contains many

different Style Sets that change the appearance of the whole document.
b) Watermark: Word provides built-in text called watermarks that display lightly
behind text as words, such as confidential, draft, or urgent, company logos.
c) Page colour:In this, we can change the background colour of the document.
d) Page border: We can make different page borders of different designs on a
single page or on the whole document.

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5. Layout Tab

a) Margins & Orientation: Commands in the Page Setup group enable you to
setmargins, change the document’s page orientation, and adjust the paper size.
b) Columns:Columns enable youto split a document into two or more columns.
c) Breaks:Inserting section breaks into a document enablesyou to change the page
setup for part of a document without affecting the rest.
d) Line Numbers:The Show LineNumbers commands enable you to reference specific
lines in your document.
e) Hyphenation:The Hyphenationcommand provides options to hyphenate words in a
document automatically or manually, and thenonbreaking space wraps text to the
next line to avoid awkward breaks at the right margin.
f) Paragraph:In the Paragraph group, Word contains features that control how a
paragraph breaks within adocument and between pages. You control the pagination
in a document by preventing awkwardbreaks called widows and orphans, keeping
text together, keeping lines together, and determiningwhere page breaks will occur.

6. References Tab

a) Table of Contents: A table of contents (TOC) is an ordered list of the headings

in adocument, along with the page numbers on which the headings are found.
b) Citation:Citingsources should be included in documents, such as research
papers, articles, or reports that analyseor describe research you have
completed on a topic.
c) Manage Sources:The Source Manager displays two lists: the master list, which
contains all the sourcesfor all documents you have created using Word, and
the current list, which includes all thesources you have created in the current
document.
d) Bibliography: Word provides a gallery of bibliography formats from which to
choose and enables you to automaticallygenerate a bibliography from the
sources in your Current List.
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 e) Endnotes & Footnotes:Endnotes and Footnotes are types of citations that
provide source informationfor quotes, paraphrases, and summaries.
f) Captions:Word can automatically add captions to your document when you
have tables, figures, or otherobjects, or you can manually add captions.

7. Mailings Tab

a) Create: In this, we can create envelops and labels in our mails which we need
to send.
b) Mail merge:Mail merge is a process to create personalized letters and pre-
addressed envelopes or mailing labels for mass mailings.
c) Write & Insert fields:In this, we can highlight the fields in our document, add a
address, add a greeting line, etc.
d) Find Recipient: It searches for a specific recipient and jump to that person’s
document to preview it.
e) Finish: In this, we can choose how we want to complete the mail merge.

8. Review Tab

a) Proofing:In this, we can check the spelling, grammar, word count in our
document.
b) Speech:It will read our textout loud and highlight each word as it’s read.
c) Language: In this, we can translate our documentinto any other language.
d) Comment: Under this, we can add a note in any part of our document.
e) Tracking:It keeps track of our changes we made in the document.
f) Compare: We can compare two documents to see the differences between
them.
g) Ink: It add freehand pen and highlighter strokes to our document.

5
9. View Tab

a) Views:Word provides options to change a document’s onscreen appearance by

viewing the document inRead Mode, Print Layout, Web Layout, Outline, and Draft
view.
b) Show:You can also change the view byadding horizontal and vertical rulers or
gridlines. In addition, the Navigation Pane provides options for browsing and
searching ina document.
c) Zoom:In addition, the Navigation Pane provides options for browsing and searching
ina document.Within the Zoom group, the Page Width button expands your
document to fit the width of the window. The Zoom button launches the Zoom dialog
box, where you have more options for zooming in and out.
d) Macros:A macro is a series of commands and instructions that you group together as
a single command to accomplish a task automatically.

6
 Experiment-2

Application of Microsoft Word

RESUME

AKANSHA SONI

Date of Birth: 22/09/1996 Address: B-84 East Vinod Nagar Delhi-91

Father : Mr. Pradeep Kumar Soni Phone(mobile): +91-8130885170

Mother : Mrs. Kiran Soni e-mail: [email protected]

Career Objective

To be a part of a progressive organization that gives me scope to enhance my knowledge and skills and to constantly
compete with myself to reach the highest standard in all works contributing to organizational growth in Human
Resource functions.
.

Educational Details

Year of Passing Institute Streams

2018-2020 Tecnia Institute of advanced studies MBA pursuing

2015-2018 Meera Bai Institute of Technology BBA(Gen)

2015 Bal Bhavan Public School, New Delhi 12th (CBSE) Commerce with Maths

2013 Bal Bhavan Public School, New Delhi 10th (CBSE)

Internship Training

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  BHEL (BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED)
DURATION – Two month training (5-06-2017 TO 31-07-2017)

PROJECT ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN BHEL.

 ADITYA BIRLA CAPITAL

 DURATION – One month training (21-12-2017 TO 20-01-18)
LEARNT ABOUT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES.

Skills

IT Skills

 MS Office (Excel, Word & Power Point.)

 Internet
 Database Management System

Business skills

 Networking
 Team Work
 Communication Skills
 Presentation Skills

Achievements

 Secure Second position in BBA First year (academics).

 Secure Third position in BBA Second year (academics).

 Represented class for two years as class representative.

 Participated in Zonal Folk Song (senior) and received certificate at School level - Bal Bhavan Public School.

 Secured Gold Medal in Kho- Kho for continuous two years (2010&2011)- Bal Bhavan Public School.

 Secure Gold Medal in Race Competition - Bal Bhavan Public School.

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Hobbies and Interest

 Listening to Music
 Dance
 Playing Games
 Collecting Accessories
 Doing Team work
 Organizing things

Personal Details

MARITAL STATUS : Single

LANGUAGE : English, Hindi
NATIONALITY : Indian

I hereby declare that all the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Akansha Soni

9
 Experiment-3

Microsoft PowerPoint
This
Photo
by
Unknow
Microsoft PowerPoint is a powerful presentation software developed by Microsoft.
n
Author
It is a standard component of the company's Microsoft Office suite software, and is
is
bundled together with Word, Excel and other Office productivity tools. The program
licensed
under
uses slides to convey information rich in multimedia. CC BY-
NC

1. File Tab

a. New: We can create a new PowerPoint file by clicking on ‘new’.

b. Open: By clicking on this, we can open the existing PowerPoint file.
c. Save: In this, we can save the recently made PowerPoint without renaming it.
The document is saved with a default name ‘Document1’.
d. Save As: In this, we can save the recently made PowerPoint with the name we
want to save.

10
 e. Print: In this, we can print the slides we created in PowerPoint by selecting the
printer.
f. Share: By using this, we can share our created slide to our any of our contacts
in our Microsoft account.
g. Export: In this, we can convert our PowerPoint document into PDF/XPS
document or we can convert the file type into any other file like video or a
handout.

2. Home Tab

a) Cut: When you cut the text, word removes it from the original location and
places the text in clipboard collection.
b) Copy: When you copy text, word places a duplicate copy in the clipboard.
c) Paste: The paste command then pastes text from the clipboard to a new
location in either the original document or a new document.
d) Font: The font group contains commands for changing the text appearance.
Characters can use a specific font, font size, text colour, text highlight and
shadow/glow.
e) Paragraph: It contains word’s command for changing paragraph alignment,
indentation, and line & paragraph spacing.
f) Editing: In this section, you practice using the Navigation Pane and several
command group commands to move quickly through a document; search for
specific text, graphics, or other ppt elements; and remove or replace those
elements.

3. Insert

a) Slides: In this, we can create new slidesof different types.

b) Tables: A table is an arrangement of data made up of horizontalrows and
vertical columns. Tables are ideal for organizing information in an orderly
manner.

11
 c) Illustrations:Commands in the Illustrations group enable you to add several
types of graphics toenhance your PowerPoint documents, including pictures
from your computer, images from the Internet, shapes, SmartArt, charts, and
screenshots.
d) Links: In this, we can attach a link, bookmark or a cross-reference in our slide.
e) Comments: Using this, we can add a note at any part of our slide.
f) Header & Footer:A header appears at the top of a document page, and a
footer appears at the bottom. TheHeader & Footer group is found on the
Insert tab and contains commands for inserting built-in headers&footers.
g) Text: PowerPoint provides attractive and enhancing effects for text. WordArt
has special effects that you can apply to your text to make it more noticeable.

4. Design Tab

a) Themes: A PowerPoint theme includes a set of colours designed to work well

together, a set of fonts (onefor headings and one for body text), special effects
that can be applied to objects such as picturesor shapes, and often a graphic
background.
b) Customize:Use the Format Background task pane to create and modify any
background, even a default themebackground. You can apply a solid colour or
gradient fill or select a picture or texture for the background.

5. Transitions Tab

Transitions are animated effects that occur when you move from one slide to
another. They differ from animations in that animations apply to individual items on
a slide whereas transitions apply only to entire slides.

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6. Animations Tab

Animations are effects applied to placeholders or other content to move the content
in unique ways on the slide. Animations can be roughly divided into four types:
entrance, emphasis, exit, and motion paths.

7. Slide Show Tab

The Set Up Show dialog box allows you to make several decisions about how slides
display during a presentation.

8. Review Tab

a) Proofing:In this, we can check the spelling, grammar, word count in our slide.
b) Speech: It will read our text out loud and highlight each word as it’s read.
c) Language: In this, we can translate our slide into any other language.
d) Comment: Under this, we can add a note in any part of our slide.
e) Tracking: It keeps track of our changes we made in the slide.
f) Compare: We can compare two documents to see the differences between
them.
g) Ink: It add freehand pen and highlighter strokes to our slide.

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9. View Tab

a) Presentation Views:PowerPoint’s various views enable you to see your

presentation in a variety of ways.
b) Grayscale:Grayscale is a viewing mode in which there are no colours, only
shades of grey. When you distribute a presentation using some low-tech
methods, such as printing slides on a black-and-white printer, your slides might
look different than they do in full-colour on your screen.
c) Zoom:In addition, the Navigation Pane provides options for browsing and
searching ina document.Within the Zoom group, the Page Width button
expands your document to fit the width of the window.
d) Macros:A macro is a series of commands and instructions that you group
together as a single command to accomplish a task automatically.

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 Experiment-4

Application of MS PowerPoint
Presentation of Classification on information technology management made in Microsoft
PowerPoint is shown below:

15
 Experiment-5

Microsoft Excel
This
Photo by
Unknown
Author is
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet programincluded in the Microsoftlicensed
Office suite of
under CC
applications. Spreadsheets present tables
of values arranged in rowsBY-SA
and columns
that can be manipulated mathematically using both basic and complex arithmetic
operations and functions.

1. File Tab

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 a. New: We can create a new word document by clicking on ‘new’.
b. Open: By clicking on this, we can open the existing excel file.
c. Save: In this, we can save the recently made document without renaming it.
The document is saved with a default name ‘Book1’.

d. Save As: In this, we can save the recently made document with the name we
want to save.
e. Print: In this, we can print the document we created in word by selecting the
printer.
f. Share: By using this, we can share our created document to our any of our
contacts in our Microsoft account.
g. Export: In this, we can convert theexcel document into PDF/XPS document or
we can convert the file type into any other file.

2. Home Tab

a) Cut: When you cut the text, word removes it from the original location and
places the text in clipboard collection.
b) Copy: When you copy text, word places a duplicate copy in the clipboard.
c) Paste: The paste command then pastes text from the clipboard to a new
location in either the original document or a new document.
d) Font: The font group contains commands for changing the text appearance.
Characters can use a specific font, font size, text colour, text highlight and
shadow/glow.
e) Alignment: To align means to arrangein a line or bring into alignment.
Horizontal alignment includes left, right, and center.Vertical alignment includes
top, middle, and bottom.
f) Editing: In this section, you practice using the Navigation Pane and several
command group commands to move quickly through a document; search for
specific text, graphics, or other ppt elements; and remove or replace those
elements.

17
3. Insert Tab

a) Chart: A chart is a graphical representation of numeric data in a worksheet. Data

values are represented by graphs with combinations of lines, vertical or horizontal
rectangles (columns and bars), points, and other shapes.
b) Pivot:A PivotTable report and Pivot Charts are collaborative ways to quickly
condense and rearrangelarge amounts of data. Use a PivotTable report to analyse
and display the numerical data indetail and to answer unforeseen questions about
your data.
c) Illustrations:Commands in the Illustrations group enable you to add several types
of graphics toenhance your Excel documents, including pictures from your
computer, images from the Internet, shapes, SmartArt, charts, and screenshots.
d) Sparklines: You selecta data range, and the Quick Analysis button appears,
allowing you to quickly create charts, add tiny miniature graphs called sparklines,
work with totals, format the data with conditionalformatting, and create
PivotTables.
e) Links: In this, we can attach a link, bookmark or a cross-reference in our sheet.
f) Header & Footer: A header appears at the top of a document page, and a footer
appears at the bottom. TheHeader & Footer group is found on the Insert tab and
contains commands for inserting built-in headers&footers.

4. Page Layout Tab

a) Margins & Orientation: Commands in the Page Setup group enable you to
setmargins, change the sheet’s page orientation, and adjust the paper size.
b) Columns:Columns enable youto split a document into two or more columns.
c) Breaks:Inserting section breaks into a document enablesyou to change the
page setup for part of a document without affecting the rest.
d) Sheet Options: In this, we can show or hide the gridlines & headings while we
print the excel sheet.

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5. Formulas Tab

a) AutoSum: The SUM function totals all the cells in a range, easily and accurately.
AutoSum makes that task even easier by calculating (by default) the total from the
adjacent cell up to the first nonnumeric cell, using the SUM function in its formula.
b) Average:The AVERAGE function adds a range of cells and then divides by the
number of cell entries, determining the mean value of all values in the range.
c) Minimum:The MIN function allows you to determine the minimum value in a
range of cells.
d) Maximum:The MAX function returns the largest value in a set of values.
e) Count:Use the COUNT function when you want to determine how many cells in a
range contain a number.
f) Financial: We can add a financial function to our sheet using this.
g) Name Manager: We can create, edit, delete and find all the names used in the
workbook.

6. Data Tab

a) External Data:A data file stores a series of records in a relatively simple

format, and Excel is a program that uses data files in this manner. A databaseis
a comparatively complex system that can store a large amount of related data,
which requiresa program to be able to assess and render that data.
b) Data Validation: Validation helps to ensure that data gets entered correctly,
before it gets processed incorrectly. Excel’s data validation tools can help you
set up rules that keep you or anyone else from entering invalid or unusable
data, or from failing to enter data when it’s required.
c) Consolidate:It Summarize data from separate ranges, consolidating the results
in a single output range.
d) Forecast Sheet: We can create a new worksheet topredict the data trends.

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7. Review Tab

a) Proofing:In this, we can check the spelling, grammar, word count in our sheet.
b) Speech: It will read our text out loud and highlight each word as it’s read.
c) Language: In this, we can translate our sheet into any other language.
d) Comment: Under this, we can add a note in any part of our slide.
e) Ink: It add freehand pen and highlighter strokes to our sheet.
f) Protect Sheet: We can prevent unwanted changes from others by limiting their
ability to edit.

8. View Tab

a) Workbook Views: The View tab holds commands for controlling the appearance
of the displayed workbook. You can also open and arrange new windows and split
windows for side-by-side views of different parts of your workbook.
b) Zoom:In addition, the Navigation Pane provides options for browsing and
searching ina document.Within the Zoom group, the Page Width button expands
your document to fit the width of the window.
c) Macros:A macro is a series of commands and instructions that you group together
as a single command to accomplish a task automatically.

20
 Experiment-6

Application of Microsoft Excel

Inventory List of a Company
In this excel sheet, various details like inventory ID of the products, unit price, quantity in
stock, reorder level etc. is shown below:

Figure 1- Inventory LIST

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 EXPERIMENT-7

INTERNET

What is Internet?
 The Internet is a network of computers linking many different types of
computers all over the world.
 It is a network of networks sharing a common mechanism for addressing
computers, and a common set of communication protocols for
communications between two computers on the network.

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 Brief History
 The internet has its root in the ARPANET system of the Advanced Research
Project Agency of the U.S. Department of Defence.
 ARPANET was the first WAN and had only four sites in 1969.
 The Internet evolved from basic ideas of ARPANET for interconnecting
computers and was used by research organisations and universities initially to
share and exchange information.
 In 1989, the U.S. government lifted restrictions on use of the internet and
allowed it to be used for commercial purpose as well.
 Since then, the internet has grown rapidly to become the world’s largest
network. It now interconnects more than 30,000 networks, allowing more than
20 million computers, and more than 50 million computer users in more than
150 countries around the world to communicate with each other.

Applications
 Exchange messages using e-mail (Electronic mail).
 Transfer files as well as software.
 Browse through information on any topic on web.
 Communicate in real time (chat) with others connected tothe Internet.
 Search databases of government, individuals andorganizations.
 Read news available from leading news groups.
 Send or receive animation and picture files from distantplaces.
 Set up a site with information about your company’sproducts and services.
 Product promotion
 Customer support service

Advantages
 Communication Forum: Faster communication can be obtained through the

Internet. Families and friends can keep in touch easily. Platform for products

like SKYPE allow for holding a video conference with anyone in the world who

also has access.

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 Abundant Information: People can find information on almost any imaginable

subject. Tons of resources can be found through the search engine in minutes.

 Inexhaustible Education: For example, students can gain readily available help

for their homework online. People can teach and learn in a worldwide

classroom nowadays.

 Entertainment for Everyone: Most of us love being on our laptop, smart

phones and iPad, the internet is the big reason behind us spending so much

time on these gadgets.

 Online Services and E-commerce: The internet provides the services of emails,

online banking, online shopping, etc. Free mail service to anyone is easily

accessible all around the world. E-commerce enables one in America to buy

things in Asia, Africa or other area in the world through some simple clicks of

the mouse.

Disadvantages
 Internet Addiction Disorder: Internet over use is detrimental to not only

physical fitness but also mental health. Internet use can be divided into 3

stages according to Grohol.

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 Some people simply get caught in Stage I and never move beyond it. They may

need some help to get over it.

 Web Crime: Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal

computer and ruin valuable data. Users' personal information such as name,

address, credit card, bank details and other information can be accessed by

culprits when used on the Internet, resulting in big economic loss.

 Social Alienation: Time spent online flies fast without consciousness. Once

attracted by so many amazing things provided by the Internet, users are

trapped by a "net", spending less time with people in real life. Less interaction

and face-to-face communication may result in decrease of networking abilities.

25
 Experiment-8

OPERATING SYSTEM

Figure 1: Windows 10 Operating System

What is an Operating System?

 Operating System is an integrated set of programs that controls the resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc.) of a computer system and provides its users
with an interface or Virtual machinethat is easier to use than the bare
machine.

26
 Functions of Operating System
i) I/O Management:
OS manages I/O devices and makes the I/O process effective. OS accepts the input
from the input device, stores it in the main memory, ask the CPU to process it and
finally provides the result to the output devices for output.

ii) Command Interpreter:

Command interpreter is one of the parts of operating system which reads the
commands that user types in at a terminal, interprets them and translate them into a
detailed set of instructions that the computer hardware can understand. It varies
widely from one OS to another OS. Every OS must provide command interpreter for
its operation.

iii) Memory Management:

Memory is the large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. When user
requests CPU for read/write operation, OS determines the amount of memory
required for the program instructions and data. Then, OS allocates required memory
to load the program and data into RAM. When program terminates its memory, area
is free, and the same memory area is allocated for other programs.

iv) Process Management:

OS finds the status of processor and processes, chooses a job, chooses processer in
the job, allocates the processor to the process and frees the processer when the
process is executed.

v) Time Sharing:
OS manages the time of CPU. The kernel OS checks frequency for other processes
requesting CPU time. Time sharing checks for CPU request from higher priority
processes that are made every 10 milliseconds. When two or more processes at the
same priority level are competing for the CPU time, CPU time is sliced into segments,
defined by time slice and passed from process to process in a round robin fashion,
preventing a single process from monopolizing the CPU until it blocks or terminates.

27
vi) Security:
OS makes sure that only authorized users get access to the computer and its data and
the users only do things they are authorized to do.

vii) Deadlock Prevention:

During processing, a situation can arise in which a resource shared by two or more
processes cannot continue because the resource required by one process is held by
the other. This situation is called deadlock. OS ensures that the above condition do
not hold by carefully allocating resources.

viii) Interrupt Handling:

Interrupt is a signal generated from a device or program when they need attention of
the CPU. OS determines the type of interrupt and priority of the interrupt, stops the
execution process of CPU, preserves the initial state of the CPU, perform the
requested operation and brings the CPU at the same state when it was stopped.

ix) Virtual Storage:

If there are programs larger than main memory (RAM) of the computer, OS uses the
reserved space in the secondary memory which is termed as virtual memory. It
makes the execution of larger program (than RAM) possible but at the same times
the operation becomes slower.

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 EXPERIMENT-9

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
What is Network Topology?
The way in which devices are interconnected to form a network is called network
topology.

Types of Topologies
 Bus Topology
 Data network with bus topology has a linear transmission cable,
usually coaxial, to which many network devices and workstations are
attached along the length.
 Server is at one end of the bus. When a workstation has to send data, it
transmits packets with destination address in its header along the bus.
 The data travels in both the directions along the bus. When the
destination terminal sees the data, it copies it to the local disk.

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 Ring Topology
o In ring topology each terminal is connected to exactly two nodes, giving the
network a circular shape. Data travels in only one pre-determined direction.
o When a terminal has to send data, it transmits it to the neighbouring node
which transmits it to the next one. Before further transmission data may be
amplified.
o In this way, data reverses the network and reaches the destination node,
which removes it from the network. If the data reaches the sender, it
removes the data and resends it later.

 Star Topology
o In star topology, server is connected to each node individually. Server is also
called the central node.
o Any exchange of data between two nodes must take place through the
server.
o It is the most popular topology for information and voice networks as
central node can process data received from source node before sending it
to the destination node.

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 Tree Topology
o Tree topology has a group of star networks connected to a linear bus
backbone cable.
o It incorporates features of both star and bus topologies. Tree topology is
also called hierarchical topology.

31
 EXPERIMENT-10

HYPERTEXT MARKUP
LANGUAGE (HTML)

What is HTML?
 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
 As its name suggests, HTML is a Mark-up Language which means you use
HTML to simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser
how to structure it to display.
 Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of
different tags available in HTML language.

HTML Basic Tags

 Heading Tags
o Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your
headings. HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the elements
<h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading,
browser adds one line before and one line after that heading.
 Paragraph Tags
o The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs.
Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing
</p> tag.
 Line Break Tag
o Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the
next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not
need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
o The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash.
If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering

the line break, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use
<br> it is not valid in XHTML.

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 Centering Content Tag
o You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or
any table cell.
 Horizontal Lines Tag
o Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The
<hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the
right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
 Image tag
<Img>src image tag is used to insert image.

 Link tag
<a href="url">link text</a>
Link tag is used to link pages in html.

 Preserve Formatting
o Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is
written in the HTML document. In these cases, you can use the
preformatted tag <pre>.
o Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will
preserve the formatting of the source document.
 Ordered list
An ordered list created using the <ol> tag and each list item starts
with <li> tag.

 Unordered list
An unordered list created using the <ul> tag and each list item starts
with <li> tag.

 Nonbreaking Spaces
o In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you
should use a nonbreaking space entity &nbsp; instead of a normal space.

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HTML WEB-DESIGN CODING AND WEBPAGE

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 EXPERIMENT-11

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (DBMS)

What is DBMS?
Database is a collection of related data and data is a collection of facts and figures
that can be processed to produce information.
Mostly data represents recordable facts. Data aids in producing information, which is
based on facts. For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students,
we can then conclude about toppers and average marks.
A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to
retrieve, manipulate, and produce information.

Characteristics
A modern DBMS has the following characteristics –
 Real-world entity
 Relation-based tables
 Isolation of data and application
 Less redundancy
 Consistency
 Query Language
 ACID Properties
 Multiuser and Concurrent Access
 Multiple views
 Security

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∙ DBMS MANGEMENT OF LIBRARY :

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 SQL Commands
 SQL is a programming language for Relational Databases. It is designed over
relational algebra and tuple relational calculus. SQL comes as a package with
all major distributions of RDBMS.
 SQL comprises both data definition and data manipulation languages. Using
the data definition properties of SQL, one can design and modify database
schema, whereas data manipulation properties allows SQL to store and
retrieve data from database.
 Commands:

In the above table, "EMPLOYEE" is the table name, "EMP_ID", "EMP_NAME",

"CITY", "PHONE_NO" are the column names. The combination of data of multiple
columns forms a row, e.g., 1, "Kristen", "Washington" and 7289201223 are the
data of one row.
 Operation on Table
1. Create table
2. Drop table
3. Delete table
4. Rename Table

1. Create table
SQL create table is used to create a table in the database. To define the
table, you should define the name of the table and also define its columns
and column's data type.

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 Syntax

2. Drop Table
A SQL drop table is used to delete a table definition and all the data from a
table. When this command is executed, all the information available in the
table is lost forever, so you have to very careful while using this command.
Syntax

3. Delete Table
In SQL, DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. We can use
WHERE condition to delete a specific row from a table. If you want to delete
all the records from the table, then you don't need to use the WHERE
clause.
Syntax

4. Rename Table
In SQL, rename is used to rename the table name. If you want to change the
table name, then we have to use rename table command.

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 EXPERIMENT-12

OPEN SYSYTEM
INTERCONNECTION(OSI)
MODEL

What is OSI Model?

The International Standard Organization has a well-defined model for
Communication Systems known as Open System Interconnection, or the OSI Model.
This layered model is a conceptualized view of how one system should communicate
with the other, using various protocols defined in each layer. Further, each layer is
designated to a well-defined part of communication system.

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 The OSI Model has the following seven layers:
 Application Layer (Layer-7): This is where the user application sits that needs to
transfer data between or among hosts. For example: HTTP, file transfer application
(FTP) and electronic mail etc.

 Presentation Layer (Layer-6): This layer helps to understand data representation in

one form on a host to other host in their native representation. Data from the sender
is converted to on-the-wire data (general standard format) and at the receiver’s end
it is converted to the native representation of the receiver.

 Session Layer (Layer-5): This layer provides session management capabilities

between hosts. For example, if some host needs a password verification for access
and if credentials are provided then for that session password verification does not
happen again. This layer can assist in synchronization, dialog control and critical
operation management (e.g., an online bank transaction).

 Transport Layer (Layer-4): This layer provides end to end data delivery among hosts.
This layer takes data from the above layer and breaks it into smaller units called
Segments and then gives it to the Network layer for transmission.

 Network Layer (Layer-3): This layer helps to uniquely identify hosts beyond the
subnets and defines the path which the packets will follow or be routed to reach the
destination.

 Data Link Layer (Layer-2): This layer takes the raw transmission data (signal, pulses
etc.) from the Physical Layer and makes Data Frames and sends that to the upper
layer and vice versa. This layer also checks any transmission errors and sorts it out
accordingly.

 Physical Layer (Layer-1): This layer deals with hardware technology and actual
communication mechanism such as signalling, voltage, cable type and length, etc.

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 EXPERIMENT-13

COMPUTER LANGUAGES
INTRODUCTION
Just as humans use language to communicate, and different regions have different
languages, computers also have their own languages that are specific to them.
Different kinds of languages have been developed to perform different types of work
on the computer. Basically, languages can be divided into two categories according to
how the computer understands them.

1. LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE
Low-level computer languages are either machine codes or are very close them. A
computer cannot understand instructions given to it in high-level languages or in
English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of
machine language i.e. binary.
There are two types of low-level languages:
a) Machine language
Machine language is the lowest and most elementary level of programming
language and was the first type of programming language to be developed.
Machine language is basically the only language that a computer can
understand, and it is usually written in hex.
In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one language, its
machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a string of
binary digits (bits) 0 and 1.
The symbol 0 stands for the absence of an electric pulse and the 1 stands
for the presence of an electric pulse. Since a computer can recognize
electric signals, it understands machine language.

b) Assembly Language
Assembly language was developed to overcome some of the many
inconveniences of machine language. This is another low-level but very
important language in which operation codes and operands are given in the
form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s.

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 These alphanumeric symbols are known as mnemonic codes and can
combine in a maximum of five-letter combinations e.g. ADD for addition,
SUB for subtraction, START, LABEL etc. Because of this feature, assembly
language is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language.’
This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it
because there is only a little English support in this language. Mostly
assembly language is used to help in compiler orientations. The instructions
of the assembly language are converted to machine codes by a language
translator and then they are executed by the computer.

2. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
High-level computer languages use formats that are like English. The purpose of
developing high-level languages was to enable people to write programs easily, in
their own native language environment (English).
High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words
and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in
the high-level language is translated into many machine language instructions that
the computer can understand.
Many languages have been developed for achieving a variety of different tasks.
Some are specialized, and others are quite general.

These languages, categorized according to their use, are:

a) Algebraic Formula-Type Processing

These languages are oriented towards the computational procedures for
solving mathematical and statistical problems.
Examples include:
 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
 FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
 PL/I (Programming Language, Version 1)
 ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
 APL (A Programming Language)

b) Business Data Processing

These languages are best able to maintain data processing procedures and
problems involved in handling files. Some examples include:
 COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
 RPG (Report Program Generator)

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c) String and List Processing
These are used for string manipulation, including search patterns and
inserting and deleting characters. Examples are:
 LISP (List Processing)
 Prolog (Program in Logic)

d) Object-Oriented Programming Language

In OOP, the computer program is divided into objects. Examples are:
 C++
 Java

e) Visual Programming Language

These programming languages are designed for building Windows-based
applications. Examples are:
 Visual Basic
 Visual Java
 Visual C

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