{

fl

I'C' Engirw
18.12 I
ll

Ignition Accelerators the delay period-

which, when added to a.fuel' will reduce
Igaition accelerators are substances in c'I' engines' The two chemical
Thus igaitior, ,"a""" or "limjnuTioi, lirl-i"t"""tion ethyl-nitraie and amyl-nitrate in
r""oriri"rr-JJ-u, igiU""".""J;;;;tt
""""t"r^ior, are
dopes commo.rty
;#;";#; g*tniit" and 7'7 gmsAitre respectivelv'
"7s; {
Thesechemicaldopesincreaset|rg.p'"flu-"reactionandreducetheflashpoint.These
temperatures' These
chemicals increase th;;;";^;;;;;
d,;*l #iuv ""l"igition at lower No* emission
"f
pr."ur" u, they are very expensive and increases
dopesare unfortunateffiffi;Jil
drasticallY as theY contain N2'

18.9 Combustion Chambers for G'l' Engines

and cliffilutt than S'I' engine'
The design of c.I. engine combustion chamber is more important takes place inside the combustion
urra borrrl*rg
This is because, trr" *i*irr! of !ue],. "rrup*ili* iltia"-ir'" cimbustion chamber' high turbulence
chamber. As the ""r;;;i;; g";ti"T""t
of air must f" "r"ut"f,irrr"ij"
"ri*"ri"
tf." ifti* it o"ly po"ible if the inlet air is provided a
"o*bottio"'
swirling motion' for burning fuel' The swirling
of providing swirl to the air used
There are mainly three methods effect of
air creates tdgtr turuir#"* p""*a*
u"it* t":i"?"J u"a 54t."t* otr"et "oupo*tiott' The
this is to reduce d";;;;;;; and provide better thermal efficiencv'
l.InductionSwirl.Thisisprovidedduringthesuctionstrokeastheairentryismade a tangential port
taneential ot rot"ing u#;;;;k" u
i;tutio"^t *ouuit"ttt' Figur-e 1s'13 (a) shows swirl bv masking one
met-hod for producin*H#.;;;"
iq:ii6;;;;;;;';itod. part oi'roclucing
of
ttr" p"tiphutv of the valve and
side of t6e inlet ""1"? il;h;i
ii, i. lip o*er
(c)^a*itt"'d";ily;irl"a
tf'"*' L" ""t"tf'oJ of p*ducing air swirl by casting a
in desired direction. Figure 18.13
one side of the inlet valve'

lln
QD (c)
(o) rig.(i}.rr.
2.CompressionSwirlorSquishSwirl.Inthismethorl,airfromperipheryisforcedtolhe
is know' as compresslorr
centre cavity of the piston during
.o"tp'"tt;t'-tl'ott"' Therefore' this
in the piston ca"itv when the
sq'ishing and f";;;t;;;;; tangentiauv
swirl. The
"i;].;;;"d
piston reaches to TDC'
are shown in Fig' 18'14'
A few arrangement of squish swirl

Fig. 18.14.
 _ Lr ._ _ :_jqes
.l g.13
i'' c'omrbusrion swirl' This is created due to partial
rii:ll'r'r i--- :id''ced swirl' combustion therefore known
1rr
This method ir {-pr" as
'il1'4 :i:5 nn this method, "."J-ffi ""*nustion chamber as shown in
l,tii:4'*ll-:dh- and the fuel is injected of"pistoir
"p;;;J";ovement during compression forces the air
Lrrirrilrr'l'*nlrr*.;Ed ruel during
in trre pr""o*u'.,.iron irru-n".. When the
combustion of
delay period trurn. tupialy i" p;;;;dustion
n'**$ r'Ltrr i:roes the gases at u chamber as A : F mixture is
vetociiyiri flr"'-"1" Jomuu.tion chamber.
'r''v- :ui4+ tcuaperature and provides "9rytrigh
b?tter combustion. This creates a
l:.: :,:nabustion chambers used in C.I. engines are classified
as
- Jpen combustion chambers. 2. pre-combustion chambers.
I lulbulent combustion chambers. 4. special combustion chambers.
1& J" - Open Combustion Chambers
*-r' : Een c':mbustion
chamber is one that is-open to the cylinder.
rrir$li-"rr($i:: -* is compressed and In this arrangement, all the
at the time of fu"l in;e"u#,
trrr :' r' 5er:fare- this in a single
type of chambu, i. ui.o
'l'iirr*r: ; -:-ered at a considerably
"iflrr" "1"il#;liil
r.tro*our'Jt".lifr""tiorr;G;;;;-tili.
high pr";;;";^l; th"
"lmll\r-:r:-r--; ,f fuel and air a"p""a.'u"t'i;;iy o" spray "".",
ol".na" .'"m.ient distribution and penetration.
characteristrcs and air mofion.
rr*;:r-tou-' desigas of open combustion chambers
are shown.ingis. ra.ri. ;;;;"".
r ::-:itr, u-'ed in this case with flat cvlinder
llllo'rLrllrrri
rruaa. u* rrro*r, in Figure. the figure
shapes of
uu r'::;r,l,rqm J=pth combustio' chamber 1g.18 (o) is
mr: squish d",lllr, engrnes running at row
Itt111111111'*'4
in this type is ,,"ty poi..-Figure :r^"gj+.r""g"'"up""ity
18.1b (b) sho"ws u rr"#rprr"1t";i
Tlhr *rru;:i r-u this isiettet trtl"'-pr"-".rr. Figure 1g:;l;iis.a cylindrical ""j' in piston.
;rucated "ut" type cavity (in
ilr." ir." previous two. This is userlthe
''ltiitlrtttrttr..r'
'i cone) which p"o,ria". mrlh bettJr suuisn
liL*,^" i'Lr: L:a"'r vehicles. The 'can
dlsireJ;;ilir be u"hi"r,"J by varyrng the clepth diameter in
***ui:- ::-=" The Fig. 18.ls (d) showsio."id;l;h;;;;;:ffi.;rovides and
';; verypowerful squish and
filllnriv'rrr,.$:ei*'ercontbustionandreducesdelayperiodu.buti"ririxingisprovidecl"
J]

jI
i

i
i
1

' (&) (c) @)

Fig. 18.15. Open combr.rstion chambem (Cavity piston).
in
rirl nx.E€ ::ses' the shape of
cylinder head g1o'r,{es a cavity to create favourable
lltlfirr,.' nrr*t and better conditions for
burning as shown in i-ig. 1S.16.
I:,r[=- ^:thopencombustionchambersareverysensitivetospray-characteristicsandmixing
ffi;;;'-', E,;..;'I".';.i:H
and high pr"...,ru ,." *ir" h".i"uli" "u"itl"
"fr'"ili,:""ti"" r* *".r.i'g
*#\#;;;;"'"ll,1i:t,imm;f
r ;: f i. # Tr"l::lJf,l":*:,*",u,Tj*jy::"T_$j:i"direcry heLps
iL*
ilnn:,',
gf ._:-
.
"*""results in
:-: but ffi
#il:IJii! j".e*t;
;u Trr;i::l;.
to"=r-g"MEFor"to*". power.
#";1,jaff t"l,f"l;*
18.14 l.C. Engines

These types are used with large capacity. and.low speed engines. The_lower speed delay. angles
u"u.r"iutirr"iy short even with fuels of poor-ignition quality. Therefore less_cos_tly fuel with long
J"iuv *uy Ue used with tlris type of-combustion chamber. A small engine with higher RfM;-PqItfg9
i""fJ ignition quality (is delay period is reduced). Therefore, small engine-with higher RPM
"iftigtr
;;;t6;;;;b;rtio'n t"quit". the fuels_of lrigh igntign quality and large, low speed
"hi*U"r
;;gfi" irsing open combustion chamber can use fuel of lower ignition quality.
j

(a) (D) (c) @\

Fig. 18.16. Open combustion charnber (Cavitv in cvlintler heatl)'

The advantages and disadvantages ofopen combustion system are listed below :
Aduantages
1. It is simPle in construction'
2. Heat losses are less therefore the thermal 11 is higher'
3. Starting of the engine is easy as heat losses are less-
4. Less costly fuel with long delay period crn be used parricutrady ul tr:w speed ensines-
5. It gives higher mechanical effi'ciency'
Disaduantages
1. The excess air required is large'
2. Higher injection p"urr.,ru with multihole nozzle is required. As the holes are too smatrl"
th&e is possibility of clogging the holes'
3. Higher maintenance cost'
18.9.2 Precombustion Chambers
These chambers are divided into two parts, one b-etween the
piston and -cylinder head and the
,q'.-.ffng.tug9 i. pio"ia"a to connect these two chambers' The upward
other in the cylinder fr"^a.
movement of the pisto"rif;;;;;h"'uit to"Ro*into the small pre-combustion chamber importing a
directional *orr"munt io tft"-ui" (swirl)' This swirl is maximum at about 15" before TDC' i'e' close
to the time of fuel injection.
created in the
The fuel is injected into the pre-combustion chamber. The high pless-ure
initial combustion forces the burning fuel into the main combustion
nre-combustion .fru*U"r auring
whlre it rapidly with the rest of the air. The orifice passage
fi;j'f,;;;;-irigrr ""to"ity combines -is
conlrecting the pre and main combustion charnber designecl to distribute the unburned and
utilization of the air can be achieved'
;;;t"lt;"rrrud r.r"l til;tt main chamber so that efficient
 18.15

lllrr 'filltil iru:i!a;:xlnt. the pre-ccmbusf,ion chamber ccntains nearly 25 to 30o/o of the total air
flr n;ffii"Is: .rea connecting the two-chambers is normally kept below 2b7c ifr-
"lfllhrd,
"'lllLlurrrrl "vii"a*
Tl'ry"lrr,--tr::rj:ln chamber runs hot and helps for easy evaporation of fuel"f in;*.t"*d- una
;ilurLlr* [i+"*-J :eiod. The fuel is kept away frorn
'rlu the main air body until ccrnbusfiot starlts so
,*.'rllllrtu ru,nie
llllllllllilflnllrrIu:
ri:r'essure rise in the cylinder il ;;;ilJ-Til" r.'"" ali#;iil;,##Jilff,ni;
rfl",:*ier ald the combustion in the III stage tends to be rapid and complet* arr* to
'illllllil lllilrrr'"rll *rn:: :ilhe burningfuel into the cylinder. Various shapes of pre-coilrLu.ti*"
'''ilililrnilur-- .l l-; 1i.17. "hunrbur.

302 Air
e

70% Air

\u,/ c )

Fig. 18,17. Pre.combusiion chambers.

au.,* l Jrantages and disadvantages of this combustion chamber are listed below.
: -.:o ges
injection pressure can be used so single hole nozzle can be used.
tr-on'
It
can use wide range of fuels.
Smooth conrbustion results in quieter engine.
4 Knocking tendency is totally removed due to short or practically no delay.
i" The air and fuel spray patterns are not important in this case.
i The engine can be operated at high RPM.
lle heat loss frorn pre-combustion chamber is large as it attains the teruperature of 200"C.
::n be reduced b-y providing ineulation. The surfice temperature of the'pre-combustion is
{ I'L :: !15ucr
highelthan
Lu4u the
LIe temperature of the
LcilrPeraLure ol air but
cornpressed alT
LIIe cornpresged Dtlt nluclf
much belorv the COfnbUstiOn
belo14' the cornbustion
'i.i rE:rtu_re. Thus it serves as a Thermal Regeneralor receiving heat during combuslicn anct
rr::lng heat to the air during cornpression.
-,::ad.uattages
1. Tjre fuel consumption is high.
2. Heat loss from the pre-combustion is higher.
3. The cylinder requires special type of materials.
1' Starting is difficult orving to higher heat losses through the throat cluring starting
process.
5' Tlie heat loss through the throat passage during the engine running is 10 to l5% of the
output therefore, the thermal efficiency is low.
18.9.3 Turbulent Combustion Chambers
These chambers are also irnown as s'lvirl chainbers as very high swirl is createcl. '-fhe
ft:rrngement of these chambers is exactly same as pre-combustion chambers except 90 to 95f7 of g
1A.j6 l.C. Engines

the totai air is pushed in the pre-combustion chamber. When the fuel is injected into the swirling
mass of air, ccmbustion is initiated and the resulting high pressure forces the unburned and
partially burncd firel into the cylinder.
The charnber and passage way are shaped and designed to give high swirling motion in the
chamber. The temperature of the chamber remains sufficiently hot ancl reduces the delay period.
The injection pressure and pattern of injection are not ver! important like pre-combustion chamber
and engine can be operated at high RPM without late burning.
A few configuration of turbulent combustion chambers are shown in Fig. 18.18.

90-95%
Air

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 18.18. Tirrbulent Combustion Charnbers.

The advantages and disadvantages of such combustion chambers are listed below'
Advantages
1. A wide range offuels can be used.
2. Low A: F ratio can be used as air is heavily swirled.
3. The engine can be operated at high RPM.
4. Injection pressure and pattern are not very important. Therefore, design and selection
of nozzle is easY.
5. Low rate of pressure rise and smooth running of the engine.
Disadvantages
1. The starting of the engine is difficult as heat losses are high.
2. Mechanical effrciencY is low. {
3. Because of high heat losses, bsfc is higher.
18.9.4 Special Combustion Chambers
A few very special types of combustion chambers are developed and used on a particular
automobiles.
1. Lanova or Air-cell Combustion Chamber. The Fig. 18.19 shows the arrangement of this
chamber. This chamber consists of a small pre-combustion chamber into which the fuel is sprayed
fr.om a single hole nozzle. The walls of the chamber run hot so that the injected fuel evaporates
and starts iurning instantaneously. And a high force created forces the burning fuel into the main
combustion chamber with a very high velocity. The burning of fuel forms tu'o vortices as shown in
figure which further improves the mixing and burning.
'Iire air-cell (pre-combustion chamber) has two parts as major and minor n'hich are separated
from each other ancl ftorn the nain combustion chamber by narrow orifices. The first burning starts
i1 the lrinor cell ancl pushes the burning air in the main charnber. As the pressure in the minor
 18.17

mftffirse d discharging thegases, the major cell starts pushing the burning gases into the
chamber. This step motion of the gases creates high swirling motion in the main
:ilrrrr,rler ald reduces delay period.

Main
combustion
chamber

,Main
Fuel air-ceIl

Fig. 18.19. Lanova air-cell Combustion Chamber

This design was very popular in America sometime before. This is not suitable for variable
i engine as conbustion induced swirl, has no relationship to the speed of the engine. The
: ieges claimed are listed below.
1. The rate of pressure rise is low as mixing of air and fuel is minitnised after starting
the conrbustion.
2. Easy starting can be obtained by cutting off the cell from the main space by a valve
which increases the compression ratio.
3. High porver output is possible without excessive high pressure in the main combustion
chamber.
4. A very good mixing offuel and air takes place in the Ill-period, and avoids late burning
and ensures complete combustion.
5. The engine runs srnoothly as the maximum pressure in the main charnber io fairly low.
Ite only disadvantage is low thermal efftciency and high 6sfc.
;3." 1I. Combustion Chamber. A German Dr. Meurer developed a M-process engine after
i:s ofresearch which ran rvithout conventional diesel noise.
a special type of open combustion chamber iraving a combustion ca'l'ity in the pistcn as
Fig. 18.18. In this design, the fuel rvas directly injected on the surface ofthe carity in the
 !.C. Engines
18.18

direction of ihe air-swirl, As the cavity- rernains very ho+',

th.e ftrel evapcrafe: quiekly and mixed with swirling air
alrd cernbusticn takes place near horncgeneolus A : F
rnixture. Tirus, the r*te of energy release is eqr-ral to the
rate of fuel evaporation.
'Ihe rraain arJvantage clairned for this charnber' Cornbustion
therrnal deposi'tion, which occrltrs in atonrized fuel chamber
;;;;;il, is p;reo:eeted because; the hot surface- pm'rides an
excelleni ***urt of erraporatio,* withou"t af{bc$ng fuel
nroleenlnr stnuct"lrre" A' feotr' 6'lu;antages are listord helow
(1) Low rate of pl€ss{lrq rise i'.*) Low Feak pres-sule, (3) Fig. 18.20. M-cornbus'uion ehamber.
eUlnty to operate on a wide range of liquiri fuels (4) Nc 1

conrbqrstion ncise. I

-tr; is cokl starting difficulty

The rnain disadvantage as vaporization of fuel depends upgn- ihg ,

orrrfanc f.emnerature ;f .lt'u*tf"". So*t* white stroke-, diesel .odour and high l

ift;;#;; .*i*;;uy *oo. "omlrortion

dr:ring starting and idling eonehtion of the etrgine.
't"-';i;;'i;.;i;h""rs tlee. pressure crank aigle diagraqr5 fgr drfferent types of combushon
chambers used i.a dielfi it;." *i.o u"- i"*" fr"om the figure that thefir+ p-:-k -piessure is
"GJ;=.
ilrffi.r:J;;;';";;;;tiori"iiu"rb"r u"a lu,'""t for pre-c-oinbusti"rn chamber. (ap"r;o) with
that engiraes run
ffi#;t1o1 i., lowest r"" "1"-"pii .""rtustion chamber ind this is the reason such
vcry smoothlY.
bar

Ignition

Ignition Injeetion

TDC :

(a) Open chamber (b) Pre-cc,mbttstion chambcr

Ignition
Ignition

Injection Injection

TDC TDC
(c) $wirl chamber (d) Air-cell chamber