DNA

FINGERPRINTING.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

1. Introduction to DNA fingerprinting.

2. Stages involved.
3. Principle of DNA fingerprinting.
4. Importance of DNA fingerprinting.
5. Diagram
6. DNA profiling process.
7. Applications of DNA fingerprinting.
8. Advantages and disadvantages of DNA fingerprinting.
9. Uses of DNA fingerprinting.
10. Benefits and limits of DNA fingerprinting.
11. Conclusion.
12. Bibliography.
 INTRODUCTION OF DNA FINGERPRINTING.

1980- American researchers discovered non-coding regions of DNA.

1984- Proffesor Alec Jeffery;s developed the process of DNA profiling.

19867- First conviction based on DNA evidence.

 DNA PROFILING.

 A process or technique of analysis.

 Revealing unique patterns of an individual’s DNA
 Involving non-coding regions.
 STAGES INVOLVED.

 Cells broken down to release DNA.

 DNA strands cut into fragments.
 Fragments separated.
 Patterns of fragments analyzed.
 1. DNA EXTRACTION.

EXTRACT DNA FROM A SAMPLE.

A sample collected from the tissue of a living or dead organism is treated with

Chemicals and enzymes to extract the DNA, which is separated and purified.

2. DNA CUTTING.

CUT UP DNA.

The DNA is cut up into fragments using restriction enzymes.

Yielding thousands of fragments of all different sizes.

3. FRAGMENT SEPERATION.

The samples containing the fragments are pipetted into individual well

in a gel.

ELECTROPHORESIS.

 Fragments separated by length.

 DNA (negatively charged).
 Moves towards positive terminal.
 Shorter fragments move faster.

4 .DNA TRANSFER.

 DNA split into single strands using alkaline solution

 DNA fragments transferred from gel to filter paper or nylon membrane.
(This is called southern blotting.)
 Gel, with filter paper attached, is removed & separated.
 PRINCIPLE OF DNA FINGERPRINTING.

 Base pairing of AT (AU) & GC is the basic principle of the process.

 Specificity of enzyme activity is the second CRUCIAL principle of
understanding fingerprinting. This refers to the cutting of DNA by specific
RESTICTRION ENZYMES at UNIQUE palindrome sequences.
 The recognition that a CHANGE in a SINGLE BASE PAIR (mutation)
can either make a restriction enzyme-site where one did not exist previously
or it can REMOVE or ELIMINATE a restriction enzyme site from a gene.
An analogy would be to ‘mulate’ your phone number by one letter; callers
would get a different person.
 IMPORTANCE OF DNA FINGERPRINTING.

1. LINEAGE.

DNA fingerprinting can be used to figure out if two people are related with aids

Tremendulously is maternity or paternity tests to show that a person is a mother

Or father to specific child. DNA fingerprinting can also be used to trace

heritage back for generations. This means that not only can you figure out who

Your mother father are, but also siblings, aunt, uncle, grandparents, great
grandparents, and even further back.

DNA fingerprinting has been able to show relations to people today with bone

Remnants of people that have been dead for centuries.

2. LAW ENFORCEMENT.

DNA fingerprinting has aided in law enforcement since discovery. Forensic

terms can analyze DNA found at a crime scene, whether it be blood, hair,
semen, or skin particles, and compare it with DNA samples found in DNA
database to found out who committed a crime. DNA fingerprinting can also be
used to identify a victim even a victim is disfigured beyond recognition and
dental records cannot be established.

DNA fingerprinting has been used to prove suspects guilty of a crime and has
set innocent people free when ear lier evidence has proven them guilty.
DNA fingerprinting is not perfect and there is still much controversy over
whether it can be used in a court of law, but regardless, it remains an essential
part of our criminal justice system.

3. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION.

DNA fingerprinting has also been thought of as a future method of

identification. The way it would is that a sample of DNA could be analyzed on
spot and compared to a database of specific DNA belonging to authorized
personnel. While DNA is a ultimate bar code, it would be too expensive and
impractical to use DNA fingerprinting for personal identification such as
picture ID and social security numbers (although both can be faked) are
available.
 DNA PROFILING PROCESS.

 Variable Number Of Tandem Repeats(VNTRs).

 Amplified Length Polymorphisms(AFLPs).
 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms.(RELP).
DIAGRAM
 APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTIN.

1. Paternity and maternity.

Because a person inherits his or her VNTRs from his or her parents, VNTR
patterns can be used to establish paternity and maternity. The patterns are so
specific that a parental VNTR pattern can be reconstructed even if only the
child VNTR patterns are known (the more children produced, the more
reliable the reconstruction). Parent-child VNTR patterns analysis has been
used to solve standard father-identification cases as well as more
complicated cases of confirming legal nationality and, in instances of
adoption, biological parenthood.

2. Criminal identification and forensics.

DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or other genetic evidence left at a
scene of a crime can be compared, though VNTR patterns, with the DNA of
a criminal suspect to determine guilt or innocence. VNTR patterns are also
useful in establishing the identity of a homicide victim, either from DNA
found as evidence or from the body itself.

3. Personal identification.
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of genetic bar code to
identify individuals has been discussed, but this is not likely to happen.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING.

Advantages.
 DNA profiling is an ideal method for confirming as identity with absolute
certainty.
 It’s easy and painless to obtain a specimen for testing.
 A thorough, scientific test can be conducted in as little as 48 hours.
 DNA testing is affordable and reliable.

Disadvantages.
 To be conclusive, a DNA test should be run on multiple samples, at least
twice. DNA people diagnostics collects four sample and the lab runs every
test twice to avoid false readings. In fact, your samples are sent to the only
lab in the country to actually run each test twice through two separate DNA
analyzers, virtually eliminating the chance for error. The lab also tests up to
29 makers to produce the highest possible probability indicators.
 Misuse of results can lead to privacy concerns. DNA people diagnostics
guarantees complete confidentially. Personal information will not be
released to anyone other than the tested parties and their named
representatives without a written order.
 USES OF DNA FINGERPRINTIG.

Medical researchers forensic biologists, genealogists and anthropologists all use

DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals or to determine the relation b/w
individuals or groups of individual.

Information gained from DNA fingerprinting can answer question concerning the
structure and migration of human populations, establish paternity and place a
suspect at the scene of a crime.
BENEFITS AND LIMITS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING.

Benefits of DNA fingerprinting.

The most important benefit of DNA fingerprinting is that there is a strong

similarities shown b/w genetic fingerprints of parents and children.

This is a benefit because a child’s genetic fingerprinting is made up of half the

father’s genetic information and half of mother’s information. This means that the
bands on both of their parents, making it possible to establish paternity and
maternity tests.

Limits of DNA fingerprinting.

One of the main problem with the process of DNA fingerprinting is that the sample
can be easily ruined. The tiniest pieces of genetic junk can be contaminate DNA
samples, causing them to be useless. Although DNA fingerprinting requires a good
sample to work with, this problem can be solved by using the newer technique
called PCR. PCR can be extremely small samples of DNA and produce a much
faster result. But this also means the DNA samples that PCR uses are even more
likely to be contaminated because of their size, as it is harder to find a small
sample with hardly any contamination. Another limitation of fingerprinting is that
the procedure is so complex and hard to read the DNA patterns, that sometimes the
juror finds the evidence almost invisible.
 CONCLUSION.

With a beginning as a mere forensic tool, the world of DNA fingerprinting has
gone a long way in revealing the genetic identify of living beings. With massive
evolution in concepts and techniques it has been given a lot to various fields
cutting across the spectrum. In plants it has not only helped in identifying species
but also in defining a new realm in plant genomics, plant breeding and in
biotechnology, DNA fingerprinting promises a very powerful tool in our future
endeavors.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

 www.google.com
 www.google.wikipedia.com
 www. Google DNA fingerprinting.com
 www.meritnation.com
 Toppers learning.com