ID1160: Mechanics of Solid-I

(4 credit)

Anshul Faye
[email protected]
Room No. 106
 Grading Policy
Exams 50% (25 + 25)
Quizzes 40% (20 + 20)
Attendence (Random) 10%

Class timings
Monday, Wednesday 9:00 AM to 10:25 AM
Tutorial (2 in each fractal) 3:45 PM to 4:25 PM
On Thursday
 References
● Crandall, Dahl, and Lardner, and Sivakumar, An Introduction to the Mechanics of
Solids, McGrawHill
● Beer, Johnston, DeWolf, Mazurek and Sanghi, Mechanics of Materials, Tata
McGrawHill

(Pictures in the presentation are taken from above two books)

● Timoshenko and Young, Elements of Strength of Materials

● Popov, Engineering Mechanics of Solids, Prentice Hall
Stress
 Stress

}
Stress
Stress
Stress
Stress
Examples of simple state of stress
Axial Stress
Examples of simple state of stress
Axial Stress

Idealization
Examples of simple state of stress
Shear Stress
Examples of simple state of stress
Biaxial Stress
Axial Loading
Normal stress and strain under axial loading

Bar with length = 2L

Bar with C.S area = 2A

Strain
Stress - strain curve
 Tensile Test

Dog-bone specimen Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

Gage length
 Tensile Test

1 ksi ~ 6.9 MPa

Low carbon steel Aluminum alloy

 Tensile Test

Ductile material
(a) Necking (b) Rupture
Tensile Test
For Brittle material
Tensile Test
Tensile Test
Compression Test
 True stress and True strain

Now, true strain becomes

Replacing summation with integral yields,

 True stress and True strain

Engineering stress - strain True stress - strain

Allowable load/stress and Factor of Safety
Consideration of Factor of Safety is required for

● Uncertainties in material properties

● Uncertainties in type/magnitude/time of loading
● Uncertainties in method of analysis
● Type of failure
● Deterioration of material properties in future
● Importance of the component in the whole structure
 Hook’s Law

(After Robert Hooke)

(After Thomas Young)

(Unit is same as of stress)

Stress-strain curve for different steels
 Elastic and Proportional limit

1 ksi ~ 6.9 MPa

Low carbon steel Aluminum alloy

 Elastic vs. Plastic behaviour

Unloading Unloading and Reloading

 Plastic behaviour

Mild Steel

Bauschinger Effect
Repeated loading and fatigue

X
 Repeated loading and fatigue
● Most engineering components
experience repeated or fluctuating load
+
● For example,
➢ A beam supporting an industrial

crane can be loaded as many as two

million times in 25 years (about 300
loadings per working day)
➢ An automobile crankshaft is loaded

about half a billion times if the

automobile is driven 200,000 miles,
➢ An individual turbine blade can be

- loaded several hundred billion times

during its lifetime.

● Fatigue must be considered in design

of such structures
● Components under fatigue may fail well below the yield stress of
material during their service

Endurance limit
Deformation of members under axial load
Poisson’s Ratio
 Principle of superposition

= + + +

This principle can be applied, only when following conditions

are satisfied:
●
Each effect is linearly related to the load that produces it
●
The deformation resulting from any given load is small, and
does not affect the conditions of application of other loads
Multiaxial loading: Generalized Hook’s Law

●
This law is valid as long as
stress do not exceed the
proportional limit
●
Deformations are small
Dilatation and Bulk Modulus
Bulk Modulus
 Shear strain

●
Under the most general loading condition, shear stresses
does not affect the normal strains directaly as long as
deformations remain small

Hook’s law
for shear stress
 Shear strain

Generalized Hook’s law for a homogeneous isotropic

material under most general stress condition

(Valid only when all the stresses are below proportional limit)
Relation between E, υ and G
Relation between E, υ and G
Fiber reinforced composite
Saint-Vinant’s Principle
 Stress Concentration

Stress concentration factor

Stress Concentration
Torsion
●
Every cross-section remains
plane and undistorted
●
Deformations are in elastic
range
Circular shafts in torsion: Stresses
Circular shafts in torsion: Deformations
Circular shafts in torsion: Strains
Circular shafts in torsion: Stresses in elastic range
 (Shearing stress at outer diameter)

(Shearing stress at any radius ρ)

Units:

ρ or c - m
T - N.m

J - m4
Hence,
(For solid shaft) (For hollow shaft) τ - N/m2
Circular shafts in torsion: Angle of twist
Circular shafts in torsion: Angle of twist
 Stress concentration in circular shafts

Coupling of shafts
Torsion of non-circular shafts
 Straight bars with uniform rectangular C.S.

From mathematical
theory of elasticity a/b c1 c2
Maximum shear 1.0 0.208 0.1406
1.2 0.219 0.1661
●

stress occurs along 1.5 0.231 0.1958

2.0 0.246 0.229
the center line of the 2.5 0.258 0.249
3.0 0.267 0.263
wider face 4.0 0.282 0.281
5.0 0.291 0.291
10.0 0.312 0.312
Angle of Twist Infinity 0.333 0.333
●
Thin-walled Hollow Shafts
Pure Bending
 Pure Bending

P P
L
PL PL

P P

Source: Google Images

Assumption, Beam are slender, i.e. Lateral dimensions are very

small compared to the length dimension of the beam
Curvature
Symmetric members in pure bending: Deformations
Symmetric members in pure bending: Deformations

Assume that, deformation within

the planes are sufficiently small

Strain is linearly proportional to the distance from the neural axis

Above derivation strictly applied to the plane of symmetry, however we

assume that the longitudinal strain at all points in the c.s. of the beam
is given by the same equation
As plane sections remain plane
(From Hook’s Law)
Equilibrium requirement
 Stress-strain relations

First moment of C.S. area

●
First moment of cross-sectional area about the neutral surface must be zero.
●
The neutral surface must pass through the centroid of the cross-sectional area

●
Symmetry of the cross-section about xy-plane will ensure
 Second moment of C.S. area
or
Moment of Inertia of the area about the neutral axis

Mb Mb

+ ve Moment
Mb Mb

- ve Moment
Anticlastic curvature
 Members made of Composite Materials

b b/n

=
Stress Concentration
Eccentric Axial Loading in a plane of symmetry

Walkway lights Bench Press

Eccentric Axial Loading in a plane of symmetry

From Equilibrium
+ =

+ =
Unsymmetric bending analysis

(Moment in plane
of symmetry)

(Moment not in plane of symmetry)

Principal axes of inertia
The neutral axis of the
cross-section coincides
with the axis of the
couple M representing
the forces acting on
that section if, and
only if, the couple
vector M is directed
along one of the
principal centroidal
axes of the cross
section.
+
 This equation can be used to compute streses
in the unsymmetric section, if
● y- and z- axes are principle centroidal axes

of the cross-section
● Conditions for applicability of principal of

superposition is met

To find N.A.
 Bending in Curved Members

Radius of curvature and the dimensions of the beam cross section

are of same order

Assumptions
●
Transverse plane sections through C remain plane
●
Deformation within the planes are sufficiently small
●
Length at the upper surface decreases
●
Length at the bottom surface increases
●
Length at the neutral surface remain constant

Deformation of JK

Normal strain in JK

Normal strain does not vary linearly with y

Normal stress from Hook’s Law

(An arc of hyperbola)

From Equilibrium,

(Distance of N.A. from center C)

(Distance of centroid of the

C.S. from center C)
Change in curvature of neutral surface
 Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram

Positive shear force and

Bending Moment

Statically
determinate beam

Statically
indeterminate beam
 Example

Relationship between
SF and BM
Application of Singularity Functions to Determine SF and BM
Example
Bending with transverse shear loads
Horizontal shear stresses in beams
● Shear stress varies along D1’D2’ varies
● Maximum at D1’ and D2’
●
Minimum at center

For beam with a narrow variation of the stress

along width decreases
Shear stresses in common beam types

For a narrow rectangular beam above formula can

be used to calculate stress at any point in the width

(when constant variation

(At y=0)
is assumed)
 Shear stresses in common beam types

●
Discontinuities in the curve reflect the difference in value of t between
the web and flanges
●
In the web shear stress varies only slightly across the section bb’, which is
not the case for the flanges
●
In practice one usually assumes that the entire shear load is carried by
the web
Distribution of stresses in a narrow rectangular beam

●
Shear stress depends only upon the
distance of the point from the neutral
axis
●
It does depend upon the distance from
the point of application of the load

●
Plane section does not remain plane
●
However, distance between two points,
which are at same distance from the
neutral axis does not change
●
Thus normal stresses and strains are
unaffected by the shear
 Distribution of stresses in a narrow rectangular beam

Using the theory of bending, we can write

These statements are only valid

when,

(a) Shear load is distributed in a

parabolic manner at the free end
(b) Boundary condition allow the
required type deformation of the
cross-section

Meeting these condition are highly

unlikely
 From the Saint-Venant’s Principle it follows,
Correct distribution of shear stresses and bending stresses are given
by the equations given in earlier slides everywhere in the beam, except
close to the point of application of load and the supports.

●
Use principle of superposition
●
Shear at a given y varies with the
●
Results are not valid in the distance from the free end
immidiate vicinity of the point of
●
Equations for bending and shear
application of the load stresses discussed are not valid
●
For small value of span-depth ratio,
error the these formule are very small
Shear stresses in thin-walled members
Unsymmetric loading in thin-walled members
Is it possible to apply load P such that the beam bends without
twist?

Shear Center