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MAN-102, Tutorial Sheet-1: Linear Algebra: (Vector Spring

My thesis on the functioning of vector spaces and the vast numerous permutations possible in the linearity complex.

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SHIVAM MAAN
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97 views

MAN-102, Tutorial Sheet-1: Linear Algebra: (Vector Spring

My thesis on the functioning of vector spaces and the vast numerous permutations possible in the linearity complex.

Uploaded by

SHIVAM MAAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAN-102, Tutorial Sheet-1: Linear Algebra

(Vector Spaces and subspaces)


Spring Semester- 2018-19

1. Define an addition on R2 by the rule (a1, a2) + (b1, b2) = (a1 + b1, 0). Show that additive
identity does not exist in R2 w.r.t. above rule.
2. Define an addition on R3 by the rule (a1, a2, a3) + (b1, b2, b3) = (a1b1, a2b2, a3b3). Show that
we have an additive identity for this operation in R3 but inverse may not exist for some
elements.

3. Let P3 be the set of all real polynomials of degree ≤ 3 and let R be the field of real numbers.
Define operations of addition ⊕ and the scalar multiplication ⊗ as follows:
(a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) ⊕ (b0 + b1 x + b2 x2 ) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 )x + (a2 + b2 )x2
α ⊗ (a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 ) = αa0 + αa1 x + αa2 x2
Then show that (P3 , ⊕, ⊗) is a real vector space.

2. Let R+ be the set of all positive real numbers. Define operations of addition ⊕ and the scalar
multiplication ⊗ as follows: u ⊕ v = uv for all u, v ∈ R+ and α ⊗ u = uα for all u ∈ R+ and α ∈ R
(here R is the field of scalars). Prove that (R+, ⊕, ⊗) is a real vector space.
3. Show that the set of all n × n complex Hermitian matrices is a vector space over the field of real
numbers under usual addition and scalar multiplication.

6. Let V = R2. Define operations of addition ⊕ and the scalar multiplication ⊗ as follows: (a1, a2) ⊕
(b1, b2) = (a1 + b2, a2 + b1) and α ⊗ (a1, a2) = (αa1, αa2), α ∈ R (here R is the field of real numbers).
Does (V, ⊕, ⊗) form a real vector space? Give reasons for your assertion.

7. Let V = Cn×n be the vector space of matrices over C and F = C. Then show that the set of all Hermitian
matrices is not a subspace of V if addition and scalar multiplication are defined in the usual way.
8. Let V = C[0, 1] be the set of all real valued function defined and continuous on the closed interval
[0, 1]. Prove that V is a real vector space with respect to pointwise addition and multiplication.
Further, determine that which of the following subsets of V are subspaces

(a) {f ∈ V : f (1/2) = 0}
(b) {f ∈ V : f (3/4) = 1}
(c) {f ∈ V : f (0) = f (1)}
(d) {f ∈ V : f (x) = 0 only at a finite number of points}

9. Determine whether each of the following set S form a subspace of R4, if addition and multiplication
rules are defined in the usual way.

(a) S = {(a, b, c, d) : a = c + d}.


(b) S = {(a, b, c, d) : b = c − d and a = c + d}.
(c) S = {(a, b, c, d) : c = d}.

1
(d) S = {(−a + c, a − b, b + c, a + b) : a, b, c ∈ R}.
(e) S = {(a, b, c, d) : a = 1}.
(f) S = {(a, b, c, d) : a ≤ b}.
(g) S = {(a, b, c, d) : a = b = c = d}.
(h) S = {(a, b, c, d) : a is an integer}.
(i) S = {(a, b, c, d) : a2 − b2 = 0}.
10. Which of the following set of vectors α = (a1, a2, ..., an) in Rn are subspaces of Rn(n ≥ 3)?
(a) all α such that a1 ≥ 0;
(b) all α such that a1 + 3a2 = a3;
(c) all α such that a2 = a21;
(d) all α such that a1a2 = 0;
(e) all α such that a2 is rational.
11. Which of the following subsets of P should be subspaces. Where, P is the real vector space
of all polynomials w.r.t. usual vector addition and scalar multiplication rules.
(a) {p ∈ P : deg. p ≤ 4}
(b) {p ∈ P : deg. p = 4}
(c) {p ∈ P : deg. p ≥ 4}
(d) {p ∈ P : p(1) = 0}
(e) {p ∈ P : p(2) = 1}

(f) {p ∈ P : p′ (1) = 0}
12. Which of the following subsets of M2×2 are subspaces. Note that, Mm×n is the vector space over
real field of all matrices of order m×n under usual definitions of addition and scalar multiplication
of matrices.
(a) All diagonal matrices.
(b) All upper triangular matrices.
(c) All symmetric matrices.
(d) All invertible matrices.
(e) All matrices which commute with a given matrix T .
(f) All matrices with zero determinant.
13. Let W1 and W2 be subspaces of a vector space V such that W1 ∪ W2 is also a subspace. Show
that W1 ⊆ W2 or W2 ⊆ W1 .
14. Let W1 and W2 be subspaces of a vector space V such that W1 + W2 = V and W1 ∩ W2 = {0}.
Show that for each vector u in V there are unique vectors u1 ∈ W1 and u2 ∈ W2 such that
u = u1 + u2 .

Answers

8. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes (d) Yes


9. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes (e) No (f) No (g) Yes (h) No (i) No
10. (a) No (b) Yes (c) No (d) No
11. (a) Yes (b) No (c) No (d) Yes (e) No (f) Yes
12. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) No (e) Yes (f) No

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