Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
DIVISORIA HIGH SCHOOL
Divisoria, Santiago City

Contemporary Philippine Arts in the Regions

General View of the Arts

Arts are defined by history and historical process.

The aesthetic standards of art vary from one culture to another since an ideal beauty is a construct created and agreed upon
by people in society so much so that art activities grow out of social cultural order. There is no set of aesthetic principles which is
good for all people for all times. The western classical art which laid down the canons of beauty in relation to tradition differs among
non-western societies as regard their influences and their uniqueness of tradition.

 Art was derived from the Aryan root word “AR “which means to put together, while still another origin of the word art
came from Latin “Ars” which means ability or skills.

Hence, when we try to create dance steps to a given music or song we are trying to apply our skill and that when it comes out
beautifully because it has unity, balance, evolution, and hierarchy then it has aesthetic value. A work of arts is the product of the
imagination of the artist dependent on the following factors like the material/ medium, subject, theme, values, influence, period, belief,
inspiration, preparation, and others.

1. NATURE OF ART

Art existed since man learned to draw and before he could even start to talk as shown by the early paintings in prehistoric
period. The body of arts consisted of ideas, beliefs and the values of the past, present, and future.

Art is not nature; art is made by man.

Art’s greatest achievement is that it creates a permanent impression of the passing scene, unlike a plant when uprooted will
not always stay fresh for somehow it dies. The freshness of a living plant can be captured and preserved in the canvas of the artist.
Therefore, art never grows old as seen and interpreted by the artist.

3. 1 FUNCTION OF ARTS

A. Recording Appearances
An artist’s ability to reproduce the appearance of things in our world lies behind some of the earliest uses of art. Prehistoric people may
have made carvings and cave paintings of animals to ensure the fertility of the flock or for use in rituals aimed at guaranteeing a good
hunt. Female figures in prehistoric sculpture typically have exaggerated breasts and genitals and were probably used in fertility rites.
Other sculptures found at burial sites show the appearance of the person buried there. Although no written records exist from this
period, it seems clear that prehistoric people made images for use in rituals related to the most important events in their lives: birth,
death, and hunting—the means of the group’s survival.

B. Making Visible the Invisible

Art can also make visible things we normally cannot see. The extraordinary special effects in movies have their origins in the ability of
human beings to imagine and transform these imaginings into substantial form. Dreams and visions are dominant themes in some
styles of art—symbolism (symbolist movement) and surrealism, for example. Throughout history, people have made images of gods,
angels, and demons; of events from the distant past or the far-off future; and of what they wished the present would be but is not.
Imagination is at work in more practical forms of art as well.

C. Communicating
Art in all its forms can display wealth, power, and prestige. Because of the high value of art, it may seem affordable to only an elite
class of patrons and collectors. Some works of art, however, were created specifically to appeal to the general populace. For example,
art that adorned churches communicated religious beliefs to worshipers. Portraits of leaders or images of historic events sometimes
carried a political point of view. Before newspapers became widely available art also conveyed news of general interest.

D. Delighting
An important purpose of art is to delight. Some works of art are beautiful or charming in themselves. Others delight us through their
visual intricacy, by reminding us of patterns in nature, and in many other ways. Some art works even delight by frightening us with
terrifying sights, which are not really terrifying because we know they exist only in the work of art.
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E. Functional.
This is the classification of the art according to its usefulness.
The original function of the art was religious because it was used for iconic presentation in order to glorify a religious figure.
Another is the secular function and that is for commemorative purpose like portraiture.

F. Non-functional.
This is other classification of art which is “art for art” sake and functions to give pleasure in contemplation of beautiful and further leads
to contemplation where artwork comes before meaning and its usefulness.

Assessing a Work of Art

 Sincerity – Satisfies the question on whether the artist’s intension is perfectly honest or if he/she is striving for effect either
by sentimentality or sensation.
 Universality – Is the quality of an artwork that should answer the elements of truth in the artwork which is something
permanent and not just of the momentary value.
 Magnitude – Is a criterion that tells about the scope and significance of a work of art.
 Craftsmanship – Is perceived from the point of view of a master or a group of artist who represent a style that reflects
period and form of elements and technical skills.

METHODS OF PRESENTING THE ART SUBJECT

This tells how things were done and where the medium came from.

1. Realism – Subject are depicted in the way they would normally appear in reality.
2.
3. Abstraction – Subject are reorganized according to the artist creative expression. Abstract art moves away from showing
things as they really are.
4. Symbolism – Is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. It can be applied as an emblem or sign.
5. Fauvism – Fauves tried to paint picture of comfort, joy and pleasure. The Artist uses extremely bright colors.
6. Dadaism – The name “dada”. A French word meaning “hobby horse”. It is playful and highly experimental, nonsensical.
7. Futurism – Futurist artist wanted their works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial society.
8. Surrealism – The Artist shows what is inside a man’s mind as well the appearance of this out-side world.
9. Expressionism – It could be described as morbid, violent, chaotic and tragic.

Mediums of Arts

1. Painting – oil, oil pastel, crayon, tempera, water color, fresco, craypas.
2. Sculpture – wood, marble, terracotta, stone, gold, silver, bronze, and precious stone.
3. Architecture – stone, cement, steel, wood, coco lumber.
4. Literature – paper / pen, computer language / dialect.
5. Music - melody and lyrics / musical instrument / human voice.
6. Dance – song, sound, body language.
7. Theater – script, stage, performers / property of the set / music scoring, lights.
8. Cinema – celluloid or film and other equipment.
9. Digital Arts – art created through a computer and software.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS:

 What is your OWN definition of the word “Art”?
 Why is there a need to study CPAR?

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 UNIT II – VISUAL ARTS
1.PAINTING

PAINTING
 This is an art which brings expression to the experience of the past as is a representation art.
 It is also a form of visual art that shows the intrinsic values of man through the creative and imaginative use of lines,
color, value, medium, and others.
 the art or work of applying paint to surfaces

1. MEDIUMS OF PAINTING
 Oil, oil pastel, crayon, tempera, water color, fresco, craypas.

The distinctive character of the medium determines the way it can be worked on and turned into a work of art. The nature of
each medium determines how a work of art may be realized. Each medium responds to the kind of art work that must be produced.
Each medium has its own characteristics which determine the physical appearance of the finished work of art.

1. Watercolor
Watercolor as a medium is difficult to handle because it is difficult to produce warm and rich tones. While
changes may be made once the paint has been applied, such changes normally tend to make the color less luminous.

2. Fresco
Fresco (Italian for “fresh”), method, or art, of painting with watercolors on plaster, while the plaster is still
wet, or fresh. The colors dry into plaster and the picture becomes a part of the wall.

3. Tempera
Tempera Painting is a method of painting in which the pigment is carried in an egg, casein, gum, or glycerin
solution in water. The process of painting in tempera is the oldest method of painting known.

4. Pastel
This is a stick dried paste made of pigments ground with chalk and compounded with gum water. Its colors
are luminous and it is a very flexible medium.

5. Encaustic
It is painting in a medium that combines dry colors with heat-softened wax and resin. Oil paint may also be
mixed with wax, but only when the pigments are fused by heat is the medium called encaustic (Greek
enkaustikos,”burning in”). Encaustic painting is very durable, but until modern times the technique had been difficult
to use.

6. Oil
Oil Painting is an art of applying oil-based colors to a surface to create a picture or other design. Oil painting
developed in Europe in the late middle ages. It quickly found wide acceptance because—in contrast to older wax-
and water-based media, such as encaustic painting, fresco, tempera painting, and watercolor—it is easier to work
with and permits a greater variety of effects. Oil paint dries relatively slowly with little change in color. Rich effects
can be obtained with color and chiaroscuro (shading).

7. Acrylic
Acrylic Paint is any of a range of synthetic substitutes for oil paint used in oil painting. Acrylic paints are
used in a variety of painting techniques, from wash (a thin coating) to impasto (thick pigment). Mostly soluble in
water, they dry quicker than oil paint, are waterproof when dry, and remain slightly flexible, but they lack the
translucency of natural substances.

8. Crayon
Crayon, in art, a mixture of chalk and a binding medium, such as wax or oil, used in drawing on paper. The
two terms—crayon and chalk—are, however, often used interchangeably. Chalk occurs naturally in tones of black,
white, or red, and these are the traditional colors for chalk or crayon drawings. Crayon has been used as a drawing
medium throughout recorded history, beginning with Stone Age cave drawings ( see Cave Dwellers). In modern
times, Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first masters to use black and red crayon together.

9. Charcoal
These are carbonaceous materials obtained by heating wood or other organic substances in the absence of
air. Charcoal is used in representing broad masses of light and shadow. Like drawing pencils, soft charcoal produces
the darkest value

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 Tools in Painting
1) Easel - holds the painting
2) Palette – holds and mix paints
3) Spatula or Palette knife – used for mixing colors, applying and scraping colors
4) Brushes, sponges, finger, or spraying equipment.

Elements of Painting

1. Line – Length without width or an extension of a point.

2. Size – refers to the magnitude or bulk of an object.
3. Shape – refers to the physical form or figure, which could imply weigh or volume.
4. Color – Is the appearance or hue of an object with regard to the wavelength of light
reflected by it, and is usually determined visually by measurement of hue, and value,
and intensity or brightness of the reflected light. Therefore, color is a property of
light, when light goes out, color goes with it.

Properties of Color
1. HUE. The identification or name of the color, such as red, yellow or
blue. When we say the flower is yellow, we are naming its hue.
2. VALUE. The term of describing the relative lightness or darkness of a
color. White represents the highest value, black has the lowest.
3. INTENSITY. (Chroma) Simply means the brightness or dullness of a
color. It gives color strength. Two colors may be both blue but one is
more intense than the other.

Classification of Colors
1. PRIMARY. Blue, Red and Yellow – they are known as primary hues,
because all other colors are produced by combining any of the two colors.
2. SECONDARY. Orange, green, and violet – by mixing equal parts of the primary hues.
3. INTERMEDIATE. Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green, and yellow-green – by mixing
equal amounts of primary secondary colors.
4. TERTIARY. Orange-yellow, violet-green, and orange-green – by combining equal mixture of any two secondary
colors.

Color Connotations:
1. White – purity and innocence
2. Red – means blood, courage and fortitude, danger, bravery, war,
passion.
3. Orange – assertiveness, deliciousness, and sweetness.
4. Green – the color of nature, promotes well-being. It implies happy and
restful association and natural abundance.
5. Yellow – color of light, symbolizes life, joy, sunshine, cheerfulness,
warmth, splendor and hospitality, also jealousy.
6. Blue – means heaven, sky, deep, calmness and peace, vastness and
infinity.
7. Purple – Imperial, regal, articulate, showy.
8. Gray – weight, solidity and neutrality.
9. Pink – love
10. Violet – suggests shadows, mourning, penance, royalty and power.
11. Yellow-green – jealousy and hatred.
12. Brown – humility and confidence.

5. Texture – refers to the coarseness or the smoothness of a material.

6. Value – refers to the intensity of lightness and darkness viewed from the source of illumination.
7. Subject – tells us who or what the artwork is about, though the finished work is the interpretation of the artist according to
how he/she interprets it.
8. Medium - means the materials used by the artist in creating his work, for example in painting where the artist would use oil
water color.

BRIEF HISTORY OF PAINTING

Even before written record was made available, man had already been engaged in painting as expressions of his yearning for
creativity and communication. This was evident on walls caves during the Paleolithic period. These paintings are crude pictures of
animals and primitive drawings consisting of few “stick figures”.

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 a. Egyptian Painting
It is associated with prehistoric times and was interpreted as an expression of concepts rather than a record of sensory
experience. The Egyptian’s love for beauty enabled them to create art in their everyday life.

Painting from Temple of Ramses III

The last of the great rulers of ancient Egypt, Ramses III reigned
from 1194 to 1163 bc. An astute military leader, he defended Egypt
against numerous foreign invasions. Paintings of his military feats
decorate the walls of his mortuary temple, near the ancient city of
Thebes, or present-day Luxor, though the painting shown here
depicts his queen.

b. Greek Painting
It established the classic tradition which is refinement in entasis or the entasis [éntəssiss]
correction of optical illusion. noun
Greek artists were the first to establish mimesis (imitation of nature) as bulge in architectural column: in
a guiding principle for art, even as Greek philosophers debated the intellectual architecture, a slight bulge in the shaft of
value of this approach. The repeated depiction of the nude human figure in a column, designed to counter the visual
impression of concavity that a perfectly
Greek art reflects Greek humanism—a belief that 'Man is the measure of all straight column would give
things,' in the words of Greek philosopher Protagoras.

Grande Odalisque

Grande Odalisque (1814), by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, is considered a neoclassical painting even

though the subject matter, a Turkish odalisque, is not typical of neoclassicism. Ingres’s work is generally
believed to be influenced by classical Greek art despite his choice of subject matter. He is best known for his
sensual treatment of the human figure using delicately shaded contours and a rhythmic flow.

c. Roman Painting

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 It depicted casual and relaxed figures reflecting ideal beauty of the leisurely, educated, and well-bred life.
Roman Art and Architecture are the art and architecture of ancient Rome and its empire, which at its height extended from
the British Isles to the Caspian Sea. The earliest Roman art is generally associated with the overthrow of the Etruscan kings and the
establishment of the Republic in 509 BC. The end of Roman art and the beginning of medieval art is usually said to occur with the
conversion of the emperor Constantine the Great to Christianity and the transfer of the capital of the empire from Rome to
Constantinople (present-day İstanbul) in AD 330.

Roman Mosaic, Piazza Armerina

Splendid mosaic floors, which date from the 4th century AD, decorate the ancient Roman
villa of Casale at Piazza Armerina in Sicily. Tourists are drawn especially to a mosaic
showing female gymnasts in two-piece outfits that bring to mind modern bikinis.

d. Early Christian Painting

This is characterized by the tendency towards spiritualization and by progressive abandonment of the imitation of nature. The
paintings are in bright and contrasting colors.

e. Byzantine Painting
This style of painting is based upon intellectual Greek concepts rather
than upon purely emotional apprehension.
Byzantine Art and Architecture, the art of the Byzantine, or Eastern
Roman, Empire. It originated chiefly in Constantinople (present-day İstanbul),
the ancient Greek town of Byzantium, which the Roman emperor Constantine
the Great chose in AD330 as his new capital and named for himself. The
Byzantine Empire continued for almost 1000 years after the collapse of the
Western Empire in 476.

f. Romanesque Painting
Romanesque Art and Architecture, arts and architecture of western
Europe from about AD 1000 to the rise of the Gothic style (see Gothic Art and
Architecture), in most regions by the latter half of the 12th century, in certain
regions somewhat later.

g. Gothic Painting
Gothic Art and Architecture, religious and secular buildings,
sculpture, stained glass, and illuminated manuscripts and other decorative
arts produced in Europe during the latter part of the Middle Ages (5th century
to 15th century). Gothic art began to be produced in France about 1140,
spreading to the rest of Europe during the following century.
Madonna with the Long Neck
h. Renaissance Painting
Italian painter Parmigianino’s works clearly illustrate the
Renaissance Art and Architecture, painting, sculpture, architecture,
Mannerist style. Madonna with the Long Neck, one of
and allied arts produced in Europe in the historical period called the
Parmigianino’s best known works, features a crowded group
Renaissance. Broadly considered, the period covers the 200 years between
of elegant, elongated figures in strangely exaggerated poses.
1400 and 1600, although specialists disagree on exact dates. The word
The work was painted from 1534 to 1540 and is in the
renaissance literally means “rebirth” and is the French translation of the
collection of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy.
Italian rinascita.

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 i. Mannerism Painting
Mannerism, style in art and architecture of the 16th century, characterized by the distortion of elements such as proportion
and space. In general, Mannerist artists and architects took the classical or idealized forms developed by Italian Renaissance artists of
the early 16th century, but exaggerated or used these forms in unconventional ways in order to heighten tension, power, emotion, or
elegance.

j. Baroque Painting
Originated from the Italian word “barucco” which is a philosophical term meaning “opposing” or “contradicting”. This painting
portrays emotion, variety, movement, drama, grandeur, richness and tension.

k. Rococo Painting
Baroque Art and Architecture, the style dominating the art and architecture of Europe and certain European colonies in the
Americas throughout the 1600s, and in some places, until 1750. A number of its characteristics continue in the art and architecture of
the first half of the 18th century, although this period is generally termed rococo (see Rococo Style).

l. Neo-Classicism
Neoclassical Art and Architecture, art produced in Europe and North America from about 1750 through the early 1800s,
marked by the emulation of Greco-Roman forms. More than just an antique revival, neoclassicism was linked to contemporary political
events

m. Romanticism
Romanticism, in art, European and American movement extending from about 1800 to 1850. Romanticism cannot be
identified with a single style, technique, or attitude, but romantic painting is generally characterized by a highly imaginative and
subjective approach, emotional intensity, and a dreamlike or visionary quality. Whereas classical and neoclassical art is calm and
restrained in feeling and clear and complete in expression, romantic art characteristically strives to express by suggestion states of
feeling too intense, mystical, or elusive to be clearly defined.

n. Impressionism
Impressionism (art), a movement in painting that originated in France in the late 19th century. Impressionist painters were
considered radical in their time because they broke many of the rules of picture-making set by earlier generations.

o. Modern Painting
20th century painting and the “isms” of art (subject to the individual expression of the artist)

1. Symbolism
Is the practice where art production represents ideas by means of symbols, thus giving meaning to objects,
events, and condition.

2. Iconography and Iconology

Refers to the study of the meaning and interpretation of symbols and allegories.

3. Fauvism
Is described as using brilliant primary colors in favor of color illumination on subjects like pictures of
comfort, joy, and leisure.

4. Cubism
Is a form of abstraction where in objects are first reduced to cubes and then flattened into two dimensional
shapes.

5. Expressionism
Is an art derived from cubism which is a development of decorative, individualistic, and personal
expressiveness.

6. Surrealism
It is the opposite of abstraction, a modern art that attempts to portray the subconscious mind through
unconventional means.

2. PHILIPPINE PAINTING

In the Philippines, painting is compared to that of its counterpart in the pacific region. By nature, Filipinos are imaginative and
creative but whatever artifacts available were eventually lost of oblivion because of two major factors: the first is the primitive art were
made to last for a very short life span (“ephemeral”) maybe because of the medium used like leaves and bark of trees which could not
withstand the exigencies of the weather; and the second is that the coming of the Spanish colonizers left them with no choice but
accept the culture of the Spaniards.

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 Ethnic Art
This means native or indigenous Philippine design. This kind of art is influenced by Southeast Asian neighbors. The ethnic art
has curvilinear and linear patterns or design.

2.1 Folk Art

It means people’s art as well as handicrafts. This is basically made by the hands of common people where the material are
crafted together that the process itself is also an art form.

Three Folk Art Motif

1. The Serpent-Demon of Art of the Middle of the Naga. The Naga design is said to be Sanskrit in origin and it means
serpent-demon and Indian language, the term is used for cobra and other families of snakes.
2. The Sarimanok. This is a cultural symbol of Mindanao. Is was influenced by Indonesia and Malaysia and originated from
the middle east.
3. Burak (Borak). This is also a Muslim folk art and is described as a horse with a human figure.

2.2 Tattoo Art – Ancient Art

The Philippines is rich in folk culture and the mountain tribes of northern Luzon have the most unique and colorful artistic
tradition.
The art of tattooing was prevalent among the mountain tribes. For women the tattoo on their legs, arms, and breast was to
enhance their beauty.

The Spanish conquistadors dubbed us as "Las Islas de los Pintados" – Islands of the Painted Ones – because our ancestors
were tattooed from head to foot in bands and symbols that commemorated their triumphs and conquests. They believed that un-inked
skin was akin to walking around naked, and both men and women would be unable to move on to the afterlife without their unique
body art.

Sadly, traditional tattoos in the Philippines have nearly vanished after hundreds of years of colonization. The Catholic Church
condemned the ancient practice of the mambabatok (hand-tapped tattoo artists), and headhunting became outlawed, so warriors could
no longer be marked with sacred symbols of victory. (http://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/993/katribu-tatu/)

PHILIPPINE PAINTERS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

History has played a great part in Philippine painting and the coming if the Spaniards made an impact in the pictorial art
especially with the propagation of Christianity.
Artist Paintings / Art Works Info
1. Jose Dans 1840 “Heaven, Earth and Hell” From Paete, Laguna
No formal Schooling
2. Damian Domingo 19th “The Holy Family” Established art school
Century (Sagrada Familia) Religious and portrait painter, Manila
3. Antonio Malantic Julia Francia Binondo Manila
4. Jose Maria Asuncion Qord Miniaturismo Artist who gave prominence on details.

5. Juan Luna Spolarium – a mural size classic – romantic middle

19th century painter where subjects are taken from
episodes of Roman Empire an means “spoils of war.”
- Won first gold medal in the National Exposition
of Fine Arts in Madrid in 1884 and took 6
months to finish.
- Propagandist painter of the “Blood Compact” –
won silver medal at the Universal Exposition in
St. Louis Missouri U.S.A. in 1904.
6. Felix Resureccion - Virgenes Cristianas Espuestas Al Populacho
Hidalgo Cristianas Al
- Propagandist painter
- Barca de Aqueronte
7. Fernando Amorsolo Specialized on Philippine rural settings. He perfected
contrasting hues for harmony and this color scheme
was later called Amorsolo color.
- Planting Rice
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 Artist Paintings / Art Works Info
- Making of the Philippine Flag
- Fruit Gatherer
- Dalagang Bukid
- Sunday Morning Going to Town

8. Hernando R. Ocampo He is a national artist. His works were purely Filipino “Calvary” Crucifixion was used for
expressionist and tell of the modern Filipino. suffering of the workers.
9. Cesar Legazpi Uses gadgets in elements of painting like texture,
volume, and color were those of the machines and
the human figures looked like zombies.
10. Victor C. Edades “the Builder” Had proletarian overtones but to present
beauty in the massive figure of the
working men, and he used bold rough
masses deep brown ochre (fine yellow or
reddish brown clay) and black in his
paintings in contrast to that of Amorsolo’s
bright colors.
National Artist
11. Jose de Joya Abstract

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Student’s Name: Grade & Sec.: Date:

PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE REGIONS

Student’s Copy
FILL THE TABLE BELOW
Look for Ten Contemporary Philippine Artists (or Painters) found in the Philippines today with emphasis on the artists
found in Region 2. Fill the table with the following details: (Use an extra sheet of paper of necessary)
Info (birthdate, address / origin,
Artist’s / Painter’s Name Art Work
accomplishments)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

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Student’s Name: Grade & Sec.: Date:

PHILIPPINE CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE REGIONS

Teacher’s Copy
FILL THE TABLE BELOW
Look for Ten Contemporary Philippine Artists (or Painters) found in the Philippines today with emphasis on the artists
found in Region 2. Fill the table with the following details: (Use an extra sheet of paper of necessary)
Info (birthdate, address / origin,
Artist’s / Painter’s Name Art Work
accomplishments)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

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 UNIT II –VISUAL ARTS
2.SCULPTURE

1.1 Sculpture
Sculpture has its origin in prehistoric times. An example of this is the Menhirs which is a free-standing megalith found along
the coastline of Africa and Europe.

 Sculpture is a visual three-dimensional art. (Latin sculpere, “to carve”)

1.2 Mediums and Technique

1. Wood – hardwood like narra, molave, kamagong, and bamboo.
2. Stone – example is the adobe which is hard and enduring. This is the common medium in sculpture.
3. Marble – hard limestone which has smooth and veined texture suggesting elegance and used for ornaments and
statuary associated with classical sculpture.
4. Semi – precious stones – Usually used for jewelry.
5. Ceramics – made of special clay and is applied to the art of pottery making.
6. Terracotta – figures formed out of baked clay fired at low temperature and done manually.
7. Metal – a strong material that is heated and hammered into shape.
8. Clay - modeling substance.

Types/Kinds of Sculpture
1. Freestanding sculpture. Sculptured artwork standing alone, and not attached to a wall, floor, or other structure for
support.

2. Relief sculpture. A relief sculpture is a sculpture which either emerges from a base or wall, or sinks into it. Types of
relief sculptures:
2.1 Bas (low)
2.2 Sunken
 Bas – is a relief that barely extends past the bas. These are common as wall decorations on Greek or Roman
Buildings.
 Sunken – is an image that is carved into the surface, rather than out of it.

3. Bust - representation of the upper part of the human figure, depicting a person's head and neck, as well as a variable
portion of the chest.

1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF SCULPTURE

a. Prehistoric Sculpture (23,000 bc)

Sculpture is regarded as the oldest art. The earliest being the carved drawings on rocks of caves. It is believed that these
carvings were manifestations of spiritual ritual and manner of worship.

The first recorded primitive sculpture was the fertility statue which gave emphasis on the female sexual attributes in the
form of wide hips and opulent breast. The justification behind was that primitive men believed that the fertility figure would remind
them of their primary duty to mankind and that is to propagate the specie for fear of extinction. It was also meant to symbolize respect
for womanhood for bringing into this word future human beings.

b. Egyptian Sculpture
The most popular piece of sculpture and site of tourism destination in Egypt is the Sphinx. This is in the form of a gigantic
figure with the human head (symbolic of the Pharaoh – the mighty rule of Egypt) and the body of the crouching lion symbolic of the
grandeur of Egypt.

c. Mesopotamian Sculpture
This comes in the form of free-standing figures based on primitive composure and formality and used incised herring bone.
The craftsmen worked and applied the technique on gold, silver, and other semi – precious stones.

d. Greek Sculpture
Greek sculpture is synonymous with the golden age of Athens. Among the earliest works in sculpture were individual figures,
life-size or larger and were dedicated to honor their gods.

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 e. Roman Sculpture
Roman portraiture set the early standard of excellence for the western tradition influenced by the Etruscan style of naturalism.
There are two classes of roman sculpture and these are portraiture and historical relief.

f. Early Christian Sculpture

Sarcophagi sculpture dominated the early Christian sculpture derived from sarcophagus which was term used to indicate
certain type of limestone for coffin making. Later on Sarcophagic sculpture emerged to refer to sepulchral chest.

g. Renaissance Sculpture
This sculpture had some classical influences as seen in the pulpits of the cathedrals of Pisa and Siena. Donatello was one of
the greatest sculptor of the renaissance. He impressed in this works living people out of stone by suggesting weigh, balance, and
psychological depth characterized by natural pose and authority with the weight of the body descending through one leg like in his
artwork of “St. Mark”. Another work of Donatello was “David” which was an articulation on the body in the nude. This was made of
bronze and appeared natural, poised, and full of vigor.

h. Baroque Sculpture
This is a restless and dynamic style with diagonals and floating curved lines, as well as, a striking treatment of light and shade
in an engraving called chiaroscuro. The baroque sculptor of the time was Gianlorenzo Bernini. Among his works are “Daphne and
Apollo” and “Ecstasy of St. Theresa’.

i. Modern Sculpture
Much of the sculpture produced in the 20th century differs radically in form and content from that made in the past. In some
instances, it explores the same directions as painting, and movements in both media share the same names: cubism, futurism,
constructivism, Dada and surrealism, to mention only a few. Among the dominating influences on European sculptors early in the 20th
century were ancient art and African and Oceanian sculpture.

1.4 BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE SCULPTURE

Early Philippine sculpture before the coming of the Spaniard had a striking similarity with the early Egyptian sculpture
characterized by frontal nudity. The difference lies in the symbolism behind the figure. In the Philippines, particularly among the
Ifugaos, the “bulol” means fertility is considered as an Ifugao granary god. “Bulol“ is a wooden sculpture in woman form to assure
bountiful harvests for the natives. It is then understood that early scriptures were manifested to represent the spiritual needs and
aspiration of the people. Indeed, the original function of sculpture was religious especially in relation in ceremonies and beliefs. The
Spanish colonization in the country did not deter from this practice. It even worked to their advantage.

The carvings brought to the Philippines by early Arab and Russian missionaries were of beveled type as the slanting type
called Okkil. In 1380, the beginnings of sculpture started with the Islamization of Sulu as seen in the carvings found in Koran cases,
trunks, canes, saddles, and jewelry boxes. The first Muslim mosque was built in Sulu thereby Islamic art is prominent here. Though
“Okkil” literally means “to carve”, it is not confined to carving alone but also to design.

a. Modern Period Sculptures

- Includes the integration of architecture of the Art Deco Style of the Metropolitan theatre at Liwasang Bonifacio which
was completed by Juan Arellano in 1931.
- Woodcarvings comes in ornamental form in the houses of the Maranao like that of the “torogan” which features the
“panolong” an extended beam carved with the Sarimanok or the Naga design.
- Paete, Laguna has gained the reputation of being the home of best wood sculpture.
- Jewelry making with the use of ancient beads can be traced up to 2000 years ago.

b. Bladed Weapons of the Philippines

- Were introduced to us from contacts with Borneo, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
- Blades were ornamented with gold, silver, ivory, and brass, those that are found in Lanao and Sulu. There is also the
headhunter’s steel ax or Northern Luzon, a highly specialized weapon.

c. Ceramics
- Was derived from the Greek word keramos meaning potter; it was also derived from a Sanskrit word, meaning “to
burn”.
- There are different products classified under ceramics. These are: pottery, glass, household glasses, optical glasses,
window glasses, artificial stones, structural ceramics, refractories, abrasives, cement, tiles and plastics etc.

d. Boat Building
- The experts in boat making are called “Tukang”.
- The inhabitants of Sibutu islands have been known as Sulu’s best boat makers.
- The fast and light boat is known as “Kumpit.”

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 e. Woodcraft
- The Paeteños of Laguna enjoy the reputation of “buen ebanistas” or good carvers since Spanish time.
- This woodcraft comes in the form of figurines, table centerpieces, stylized head of the Madonna, mermaids, cartoon
characters, relief panels and hand carved furnitures.

1.5 Sculptors and their Contributions

SOME NOTED FILIPINO SCULPTORS
1. Napoleon Abueva (born January 26, 1930)
“Allegorical Harpon” and “Kaganapan Rice Planters” are among his works
National Artist (Sculpture)

2. Juan Arellano, 1930 - 1960

Worked on Art Deco Style.

3. Eduardo Castrillo, NCR Born: October 31, 1942, Santa Ana, Manila
Died: May 18, 2016, Alabang, Muntinlupa
“Pieta” and “Last Supper”
A major sculptor of the early 70s
He worked on metals with strong figurative style and worked on larger scale.

4. Victor Edades, Dagupan, Pangasinan; Born: December 23, 1895, Dagupan

Died: March 7, 1985
Father of modern Philippine painting, a modernist and contemporary sculptor, architect (Fresco style)
National Artist, Painting

5. Jose Rizal, Calamba, Laguna 1861-1896

Best portrait of a Jesuit priest, Father Guerrico and is described as having a strong characterization of the priest.

6. Luis “Junyee” Yee Jr., Los Baños, Laguna

Noted for using indigenous materials in his works and these are organic materials from everywhere like banana pulp,
coconut shells, dried kapok pods, acacia barks which are utilized for their texture, color, and tones.

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 UNIT II –VISUAL ARTS
3.ARCHITECTURE

a. Definition
Architecture - The art and science of designing and building structures, or large group of structures in
keeping with aesthetic and functional criteria (Zulueta 2007.)
It has three qualities: function, permanence, & aesthetics.

Kinds of Architecture according to its functions:

1. Interior Design – creation or design of the interior of a house to suit the personality, needs, lifestyle
of persons living in it;

2. Landscaping – design and development of landscape and garden to capture the needs of the
environment;

3. Fine Arts – purely aesthetic art as distinguished from useful art;

4. Urban planning – concerned with the physical form of the city.

b. Materials and Style

 Building Material - any one of various substances out of which buildings are constructed.

1. Cement - any material that hardens and becomes 5. Wood, hard, tough substance that forms the trunks of
strongly adhesive after application in plastic form. The trees and that has been used for thousands of years as a
term cement is often used interchangeably with glue material of construction.
and adhesive (see Adhesive);
6. Mud is usually considered a primitive building material
2. Concrete (construction), artificial engineering
material made from a mixture of portland cement, 7. Stone, the hard solid nonmetallic substance that rocks
water, fine and coarse aggregates, and a small are made of. Use: building material.
amount of air. It is the most widely used construction
material in the world. 8. Steel - strong alloy of iron and carbon
3. Glass, an amorphous substance made primarily of
silica fused at high temperatures with borates or
9. Bricks - hard block used for construction: a rectangular
phosphates.
block of clay or a similar material that is baked until it is
hard and is used for building houses, walls, and other
4. Stucco (material), in building construction, material large permanent structures
used as a rough wall coating, usually for exterior
walls.

c. Principles of Construction

1. Post-and-Lintel. It makes use of posts or two vertical supports spanned by a lintel or horizontal beam. This is considered the
oldest of the construction system.

2. Arch. This consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks arranged in a semi-circle. Keystone is the set stone at top
center which locks the pieces to together.

3. Dome. A roof that is hemispherical in form resembles a half of a ping pong ball. It is built in a framework formed by a series
or arches rising from consecutive points in the base.

4. Truss. This is a system which applies to most of the bridges, assembly plants, theaters, shopping malls, gymnasium that
necessitates wide spaces but with very few interior supports.

5. Cantilever. Used to support walls and floors ideally made of steel and Ferro concrete.

6. Skeleton construction. It requires the use of strong foundation which will fit to the great weight of the floor, roof, and the
partitions and usually made of concrete and steel.
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d. Historical Background of Architecture

Egyptian Architecture (3000-1000 BC)

The urban culture of Egypt also developed very early. Its political history
was more stable, however, with strong continuity in the development and
conservation of tradition. Also, granite, sandstone, and limestone were available in
abundance. These circumstances, in a cultural system conferring enormous power
on rulers and priests, made possible the erection, over a long period, of the most
awesome of the world’s ancient monuments.

 Examples:
1. Pyramid of Giza
2. Pharaohs of Alexandria – 400 ft. high light house that guided the
sailors.

Mesopotamian Architecture
The most distinguishing characteristic of the Mesopotamian, Babylonians,
Chaldeans, and Assyrians is the ziggurat. This tower is built at successive levels with
one hump leading from one platform to the next.
The Assyrian city of Khorsabad, built of clay and brick in the reign of
Sargon II (reigned 722-705 BC), was excavated as early as 1842, and much of its
general plan is known. It became the basis for the study of Mesopotamian
architecture, because the far older cities of Babylon and Ur were not discovered and
excavated until the late 19th and 20th centuries.

 Examples:
1. Hanging Gardens of Babylon – was built in loving memory of the wife
of King Nebuchadnezzar. The condominiums built in modern times that
have hanging gardens on its level and its rooftop.

Greek Architecture (600-100 BC)

The Greek temple emerged as the archetypal shrine of all time. The
Greeks put their walls inside to protect the cellar and their columns on the
outside, where they could articulate exterior space. Perhaps for the first time, the
overriding concern is for the building seen as a beautiful object externally, while
at the same time containing precious and sacred inner space. Greek architects
have been praised for not crushing the viewer with over monumentality; yet they
found it appropriate to build temples on basically the same theme ranging in size
from the tiny Temple of Nike Apteros (427-424 BC) of about 6 by 9 m (about 20
by 30 ft) on the Athens Acropolis to the gigantic Temple of Zeus (500? BC) at
Agrigento in Sicily, which covered more than 1 hectare (more than 2 acres).

Greek Architecture Style. This is relatively small rectangular plan of

marble with entablature of pediment, cornice, frieze and architrave.

By the end of the 7th century BC, two major architectural

styles, or orders, emerged that dominated Greek architecture for
centuries: Doric and Ionic.

1. The Doric order developed on the Greek mainland and

in southern Italy and Sicily.
2. Ionic order developed a little later than the Doric
order, in Ionia and on some of the Greek islands.
3. Corinth, emerged late in the 5th century BC.

 Examples:
1. Parthenon Temple – was built in honor of Athena
Parthenos, the patron goddess of Athens, 2,500 years
ago.

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 2. Artemis Temple – it was built in honor of Artemis, the goddess of wild animals.

Roman Architecture
Roman architecture was based on Greek Architecture with notable
changes. Structures like civic buildings, baths, law courts, amphitheaters,
aqueduct, and bridges are as visible as the temples.

Roman Architectural Style. Roman architecture continued the

development now referred to as classical, but with quite different results. Rome
became a powerful, well-organized empire that planted its constructions
throughout the Mediterranean world, northward into Britain, and eastward into
Asia Minor. Romans built great engineering works—roads, canals, bridges, and
aqueducts. Their masonry was more varied; they used bricks and concrete freely,
as well as stone, marble, and mosaic.

Use of the arch and vault introduced curved forms; curved walls produced
a semicircular space, or apse, for terminating an axis. Cylindrical and spherical spaces became elements of design, well suited to the
grandiose rooms appropriate to the Roman imperial scale.

 Examples:
1. Segovia Aqueduct – the arch, which was made of wedge-shaped stones and the columns are taller and thinner.

2. Pantheon, Rome – the cement dome, wall decoration, pavement of marble and porphyry, and the diameter of rotunda
are 142 feet.

3. Coliseum in Rome – a building the size of a modern foot ball stadium is where gladiators fought.

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Early Christian Architecture (400 - 700 A.D)
Under Emperor Constantine I, another innovation of architecture began, and churches were built for public worship.
Early Christian Architectural Style. This style has roman basilica plan
of center aisle, once or two side aisles, and apse, as well as plain buttressed
façade, sometimes with small round window and compound arches. The
campanile or bell tower is disengaged from façade with square covered
ceilings and the interior is marble and mosaics. It also has variation of roman
orders, such as basket capitals.
 Examples:
1. Roman Basilica – has a clerestory from the windows aisles
between columns.
2. Santo Spirito, Florence – built on 1436, the flooring of the
church was made like a cross, and there are many big columns
with an arch between two columns.

Byzantine Architecture (200 - 1453 A.D)

Byzantine architecture has its early prototypes in San Vitale
(526-547) in Ravenna and in Saint Sergius and Saint Bacchus (527) in
Constantinople, both domed churches on an octagonal plan with
surrounding aisles. But it was Justinian’s great church at
Constantinople, Hagia Sophia, or the Church of the Holy Wisdom (532-
537) that demonstrated how to place a vast dome over a square plan.
The solution was to place the dome on pendentives, or spherical
triangles, that make a circle out of the square by rounding its corners.

This type is highly used in the churches in Russia, for

Mohammed Mosque and Jewish synagogues.
Byzantine Architecture Design. The design is of god Greek
cross plan, wall surfaced in patterned brick in a meander, fret, or
chevron. The great dome on pedantries is buttressed by half domes with plain exterior, clustered colonnettes and carved basket
capitals. Interior is colored, richly grained marble with mosaic in upper vaults.

 Examples:
1. The Taj Mahal of Agra – was built in memory of the loving wife of the emperor of India, Mumtaz-I-Mahal. It is often
visited because of its gleaming dome during the rising of the sun and in the light of the moon.

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 2. Borobodur Temple – this pyramid-like temple is located in Java. It is called the Forgotten Temple for it was once covered
by trees and vines in the jungle.

Romanesque Architecture (1000 – 2000)

This kind of architecture is the extension of the early Christian architecture. It has
many heavy walls with small opening and a heavy stone, roof arched or vaulted inside.
Romanesque Architecture Style. This is described as made up of Latin cross plan of
local stone, as well as the use round arch and buttressed barrel vaulting and groin vaulting.
The two towers are engaged to façade and large transepts tower with the dome
often over apse. It has recessed doorways ornamented with sculpture and large rose windows
on upper levels.

 Examples:
1. The Cathedral of Notre Dame
2. The Palais Benedictine – the house of spirits, acts as the arts museum,
warehouse, distillery, and tourist attraction.

Gothic Architecture (5th to 15th

century BC)

As the Gothic developed from

the Romanesque, the buildings became
larger and taller because of the pointed
arch.
Gothic Architectural Style. It is
a Latin cross plan, usually a native stone
and uses soaring pointed arch and
ribbed vaulting with flying buttress. It
has high façade towers with gargoyles

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stained-glass rose and lanced windows, while the pinnacles are with crockets and finials. There are also tall recessed doorways
decorated with elongated sculptured figures.

 Examples:
1. Cathedral of Notre Dame – the famous cathedral is also Gothic style because of its pointed arch with gargoyles. These
gargoyles have passageways that carry the rainwater from the inside to the outside.
2. The Magic Kingdom – this castle is Walt Disney in Florida

Renaissance Architecture (1400 – 1600)

Renaissance Architecture Style. It has rectangular plane with combined post-and-lintel form and arch form and there is
balance fenestration or arrangements of doors and windows of three stories. It has entablature with two-story columns and triangular
and circular pedimentation, decorative balustrades, pilasters, keystones, and quoins, as well as Greek and Roman ornamentation.
 Example:
1. St. Peter’s Cathedral - located in Vatican City that has a famous dome that seems to rise towards the sky.

2. House of Louvre – located in Paris, France. It was built by the king of France to protect himself. Then a few years later,
another king of France added more buildings and turned it into a palace.

Baroque Architecture (1600 – 1750)

Baroque architecture is characterized primarily as a period of elaborated sculptural ornamentation. Its framework remained
close of the renaissance.
Baroque Architecture Style. This style is circular planes and ornamentation, Baroque facades that are frequently added to
existing buildings.
It has playful in-and-out movement of curved steps and balustrade. It has overly dramatic and exuberant light and dark
patterns the broken pediments over doors and windows. It has also elaborate console brackets, crests, cartouches, clacks, and
fountains.

Examples:
1. Blenheim Palace
Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England, was designed in 1705 by British architects Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas
Hawksmoor. It is an important example of baroque architecture in England. The gardens were designed by British landscape
architect Capability Brown.

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 2. Palace in Würzburg, Germany
South German architect Johann Balthasar Neumann designed the Residenz, a baroque palace in Würzburg, Germany, for
the prince bishops of Würzburg. Completed in 1746, the palace features a large staircase hall that dominates its center.
Paintings by 18th-century Italian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo grace the stairwell ceiling. The Residenz is open to
tourists, and its south wing houses the Martin von Wagner Museum.

Modern Architecture

Three characteristics:
1. Skeleton construction – was made possible by the development of steel and renaissance concrete.
2. Cantilever Construction – the term “Cantilever” refers to any member unit of an architectural design projects beyond its
support. This principle is mostly seen bridges.
3. Geodesic Domes – is inspired by the geometry of conjoined hexagon. These dome structure are built of modules. Units are
triangle of tube hole struts in frame. This kind of architecture is seen in theaters, shown rooms, markets, factories, and
offices.

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Philippine Architecture

The early styles of shelters were formed using branches of trees that first made simple structures. As they discovered the
weaknesses of this kind they kept on developing until such time that strong buildings were made and developed through different
colonial periods.
The early Philippine architecture can be classified into ethnic and folk architecture.

Ethnic architecture – is varied and dependent on its immediate environment and geographical location. The examples of
these are: lean-to (Palawan); bale (Ifugao); twin house (Cagayan Valley); house on stilts (Subanon of Zamboanga); and the
torogan (Sumatran type of houses of the Maranaos).

There are different forms and types of Philippine architecture that we see today. These are the dwelling units (multi-unit /
multi-door) seen in the metropolis and classified into two-storey residential units for low middle class housing for rent; and townhouse
(developed from a warehouse and intended for the above middle income bracket).

Filipino homes today evolved from the nipa hut called bahay kubo which can be still seen in the country side. It is erected by
a combination of light materials like the nipa, palm leaves, wood, and bamboo. There are two factors that influenced its design. These
are the climate and the availability of the materials used. The parts of this nature residence are the living room, a small room, kitchen,
and the washroom or “batalan”. However, in most cases, the bahay kubo is a one room affair.

First Philippine Architects

1. Felix Roxas Sr.
- First Filipino Architect.
2. Juan Hervas
- Consulting architect for the City of Manila in 1887
3. Tomas Arguelles
- 1860-1952 inspector of roads and public works for Manila Street Car Co. and Manila Railroad Co.
4. Arcadio Arellano
- Built a house for Gregorio Araneta on Calle Hidalgo and others. His major innovation was the old grand stairway with
a sunny zaguan with a vast iron grille gate.
5. Leandro V. Locsin
- Architect of the circular Church of the Holy Sacrifice in UP in 1955.
6. Tomas Mapua
- Founder of Mapua Institute and designed the PGH Nurses’ Home.
7. Juan Nakpil
- Art deco and modernistic in his architecture style.
8. Luna de San Pedro
- Chief Architect of Manila from 1920-1924 who designed the Legarda Elementary School which is an example of
French Renaissance style.
9. Fr. Roque Ruaño, O. P.
- Designed the main building of UST.
10. Juan Arellano
- The first great Romantic Filipino Architect.

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 Figure 1. San Ignacio Church by Roxas Fig. 5 Pier Severn Area in Manila by Mapua

Figure 2. Ayuntamiento de Manila by Herva Figure 6. Quezon Hall by Nakpil

Figure 7. Legarda Elem School Façade by Luna de San Pedro

Fig. 3 Bahay-Nakpil Bautista by A. Arellano

Fig. 4 Church of Bel-Air Makati by Locsin Figure 8. University of Sto. Tomas by Ruaňo

Figure 9. Metropolitan Theatre by J. Arellano

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Six Contemporary Filipino Architects You Should Know
(theculturetrip.com)

1. Leandro Locsin
Leandro Locsin (1928-1994) was in some ways a quintessential Renaissance man.
Locsin was determined to reconfigure western architectural mores for a Filipino audience. His most substantial
contribution to Filipino architecture is the Cultural Center of the Philippines, a collection of five buildings that
demonstrate the architect’s drive to find a vernacular form of modernist architecture.

2. Ildefonso P Santos
The father of Philippine landscape architecture, Ildefonso Paez Santos, or IP Santos as he was known, created
some of the best-loved urban spaces in the Philippines. Landscape architecture, which deals with parks, plazas and
green spaces, was a little-considered element of urban planning in the first half of the 20th century. However, Santos
changed that, carrying out pioneering work that, after four decades in the profession, led him to become National
Artist for Architecture in 2006.

3. Pablo Antonio
One of the first exponents of modernist architecture in the Philippines, Pablo Antonio (1901-1975) is revered as a
pioneer and the foremost architect of his time. This success was perhaps unexpected for a boy who was orphaned at
12 and dropped out of his first architecture degree. It was during his studies at the University of London that
Antonio began to shine, completing a five-year program in only three years. He went on to revolutionize popular
architecture in the Philippines, eschewing the fashionable neo-classical style for his own version of art deco.

4. Juan Nakpil
The son of veterans of the Philippine Revolution, Juan Nakpil (1899–1986) was committed to the belief that
architecture built in the Philippines should reflect its culture and people. In his early career, Nakpil spent time
studying in the United States and France, absorbing the lessons of international architecture. When he returned to
Manila in the mid-1920s, Nakpil applied his new-found knowledge to Filipino structures. He worked on the
restoration of the home of national hero Jose Rizal and, like Locsin, took inspiration from traditional stilt houses,
remaking them in cantilevered concrete on a mammoth scale. His own holiday home was designed along these lines,
combining traditional nipa roofing made out of natural materials with a poured concrete base.

5. Francisco Mañosa
Francisco ‘Bobby’ Mañosa has been challenging architectural convention in his native country for five decades.
He displayed an artistic temperament from an early age and remained a keen painter throughout his life. Along with
his three brothers, Mañosa eventually chose to pursue architecture, and before long became the ‘outspoken champion
of indigenous architecture’, popularizing the idea of Philippine architecture for Filipinos.
Mañosa’s distinctive style, known as Contemporary Tropical Filipino Architecture, is a heady mixture of seemingly
incongruous elements. Coconut lumber, rattan, shell, thatch and even indigenous textiles are juxtaposed with
hypermodern materials: metal, glass, concrete. The Coconut Palace at the Cultural Center of the Philippines complex
typifies Manosa’s style.

6. Carlos A. Santos-Viola
An urbane young man who enjoyed lawn tennis and playing the saxophone, Carlos Santos-Viola was also a gifted
architect. He was a devout Catholic throughout his life, and many of his best known designs were executed for
the Iglesia Ni Cristo, a Filipino religious group. Santos-Viola created churches for the group all over the archipelago,
designed in a style quite distinct from that of his contemporaries. Instead of the monumentalism of Leandro Locsin
or the art deco simplicity of Pablo Antonio, Santos-Viola chose to incorporate Gothic and Baroque elements into his
modern churches.
The Central Temple he built for the Iglesia Ni Cristo shows these revivalist flourishes working in harmony with
Santos-Viola’s passion for geometric shapes and, perhaps more than anything else, functionality. The desire for
functionality informed almost all of Santos-Viola’s work, and he was fond of asserting that, ‘the structure must not
only look good but must also be made well.’

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 UNIT III –PERFORMING ARTS
1.MUSIC

1. MUSIC

 Music – It is an art that deals with sound.

- is also organized into patterns that can please the early or communicate a feeling or a mood.
- an artful arrangement of sounds across time.

2. How Music Began

It seems likely that everyday activities, such as the movements in repetitive work and in walking, were rhythmically regular
enough to invite some sort of embellishment. Related breathing rhythms, chanting, or other accompaniment, such as the tapping of
a walking stick while walking or the transformation of a work tool into an instrument while working, may have been early forms of
music. In fact, whether sacred Native American corn-gathering songs or melodies heard in elevators or supermarkets, music still
accompanies our ceremonial and everyday activities.

Scholars can only speculate about when music began or which cultures had music first. From ancient times people have
told stories of its origins. The so-called music of the spheres was thought by Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras in
the 6th century BC—and by later classical and medieval philosophers of the Western world—to be a perfectly harmonious music,
inaudible on Earth, produced by the movement of the stars and planets. In many non-Western cultures ancient thinkers understood
music as part of a system of cosmological, philosophical, or scientific thought. For instance, the musical scale of ancient China,
derived through arithmetic from a basic note, reflected the ancient Chinese conception of the organization of the universe. Each
degree of the scale was closely related to the cardinal points (north, south, east, west), the elements, the seasons, the planets, the
months of the year, colors, materials, numbers, parts of the human body, animals, smells, and so forth. The Chinese found in
nature eight different sources of musical sound: metal, stone, silk, bamboo, calabash, terra cotta, skin, and wood.

Many of the elaborate melody patterns of India, called ragas, are believed to have magical or curative powers. Ragas are
traditionally played at specific hours or during specific seasons; it is believed that to depart from this timetable would be harmful to
the performer and audience. In some tribal societies, music appears to serve as a special form of communication with supernatural
beings, and the prominent use of music in modern Christian and Jewish services may be a remnant of such a purpose. Music has
always held an important role in religious rituals.

Traditional Lowland Filipino Music

1. Diuna – work, nuptial song; 12. Ombayi – funeral songs sung by guests;
2. Talingdao – similar to the pandanggo; 13. Sambitani – feast songs accompanied by shouting,
3. Soliranin – sad, monotonous song sung on hot chapping, and the kudyapi;
days; 14. Tagumpay – victory songs (also dipaginin);
4. Indolanin – rustic song, street song; 15. Hiliraw – sweet chorus song, recreational songs;
5. Dolanin – merry song of love, nuptial song; 16. Tagulaylay – song of grief brought by war or love;
6. Hila – hila – bangca song with questions and 17. Tadek – love dance;
answers; 18. Paujalay – wedding dance;
7. Manigpasin – similar to munera, sequidillas, 19. Dandansoy – dance of wine – gatherers;
manchegas; 20. Mahinhin – courtship dance;
8. Oyayi – cradle song; 21. Hele - hele - lullaby;
9. Halohoo - andante song; 22. Danza – modern love song with markedly bolero-
10. Umbay – sentimental songs sung by orphans, or by like or show tango beat;
the sick; 23. Kumintang – and the Kundiman are treated
11. Umiguing – song of dressmakers; separately and in more detail.

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3. ELEMENTS OF MUSIC

The following constitute elements of music: Rhythm, Melody, Dynamics, Harmony, Form, Style, and Beat.

1. Rhythm – refers to the swing, the beat, the rocking of dance motion.

2. Melody – the organized succession of musical tones of given pitches and durations. Melodies are distinguished from one
another by several traits.

3. Dynamics – is the interplay of softness or loudness. Like language, another arrangement of sounds, music is a uniquely
human form of communication with well-developed rules of construction much like grammar.

4. Harmony (music), the combination of notes (or pitches) that sound simultaneously. The term harmony is used both in the
general sense of a succession of simultaneously sounded pitches and for a single instance of pitches sounding together.

5. Form, the orderly arrangement of musical elements in time. Because music takes place in time, its form unfolds in time.
Repetition and contrast are the two fundamental characteristics of musical form.

6. Style – may be understood as the peculiarity or influence of the period e.g., Classicism, Romanticism, and others in which
a piece of music was composed.

7. Beat – is a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time. When you clap your hands or tap your
foot to music, you are responding to its beat.

4. MEDIUMS IN MUSIC

a. Melody and Lyrics

b. Musical instruments
c. Human Voice

5. PROPERTIES OF MUSICAL SOUND

- We distinguish music from other sounds by recognizing the four main properties of musical sounds: pitch,
dynamics (loudness or softness), tone color, and duration.

a. Pitch is the relative highness or lowness that we hear in a sound.

-The pitch of a sound is determined by the frequency of its vibrations.
-The faster the vibrations, the higher the pitch; the slower the vibrations, the lower the pitch.

b. Dynamics: Degrees of loudness or softness in music are called dynamics our second property of sound.
-Loudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the sound. The harder a guitar string is plucked (the
farther it moves from the fingerboard), the louder its sound. When instruments are played more loudly or more softly, or
when there is a change in how many instruments are heard, a dynamic change results; such a change may be made either
suddenly or gradually.

c. Tone Color: We can tell a trumpet from a flute even when each of them is playing the same tone at the same dynamic
level. The quality that distinguishes them our third property of musical sound is called tone
color, or timbre (pronounced tam-ber). Tone color is described by words like bright, dark, brilliant, mellow, and rich.

d. Duration: the length of time a musical sound lasts.

How to Appreciate Music

Music like any art, has well-designated principles of structural arrangement. Good form consists of artistic balances –
repetition and contrast – to achieve unity and variety. Unity is essential for clarity and variety to avoid monotony. This is true of the
simplest song to the grandest, most elaborate symphony.

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 A phrase is the structural unit of the song. A phrase in a song is like a line of poetry. Phrases usually come in pairs -
antecedent and consequent similar to question and answer of a dialogue.

Longer songs frequently consist of parts or short songs in contrasting moods.

To appreciate a composition, observe carefully the form, for such study will repay a person added interest and pleasure.
Observe also these same principles of structure in instrumental music.

Ear training is the foundation of listening to music. This includes ear training to hear these notes distinctly and accurately
and developing comprehension to recognize melodies, rhythmic and harmonic relationship of sounds, as well as the power of
retention to increasing large portions of musical composition.

Some pointers:

1. Listen to a song or series of chords. Discover the key note.

2. Follow the melody as it is repeated using different voices or instruments.
3. Recognize the pattern of rhythm.
4. Discover how the singer or player presents the meaning with greatest clarity, effect, and beauty.
5. Effective use of singing voice means: developing pure vowel sounds, clear enunciation as in speech, consonants, must not
obstruct the tone of vowels, flexible lips and tongue, an open throat, relaxed muscles, good posture, an even steady
support of tone, the maintenance of pleasant quality through chest, nasal and head tones.
6. Appreciation includes recognition of the knowledge of style and background of the music and its correct “interpretation”
such as that classical music need not be sung or played “romantically”.
7. Musical pleasure evolves from intelligence and knowledge of musical vocabulary such as:

Absolute Music – instrumental music Prelude – a musical number preceding a

which does not suggest or tell a story song
(program music); Rondo – an instrumental composition in
Ad libitum – “ad lib” to be performed with which the principal theme occurs several
freedom of interpretation; times with intervening contrasting themes
Arpeggio – harp-like playing notes played Scherzo – a joke, hence a piece of playful
in quick succession; or humorously played music
Cantabile – a flowing or song-like Semplice – simply
manner; Sestet – a group of six performers
Dolce – sweetly Sonata – an instrumental composition
Encore – again, repeated by request usually in four movements
Ensemble – combination of performers Sostenuto – sustained
Expressivo – expressively Staccato – detached, disconnected
Fugue (fūg) – an orderly contrapuntal Syneopation – displacement of accent,
treatment of a theme for three or more strong beats where weak ones are
parts expected
Legato – smooth and sustained Theme – a brief melodic idea out of which
Maestoso – majestically a musical work grows
Medley – succession of melodies Unison – singing same notes
Opus – work of music Vivace - vaciously
Postlude – instrumental conclusion of a
song

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 UNIT III –PERFORMING ARTS
2.Dance

Dance
Dance, patterned and rhythmic bodily movements, usually performed to music that serves as a form of communication or
expression. Human beings express themselves naturally through movement. Dance is the transformation of ordinary functional and
expressive movement into extraordinary movement for extraordinary purposes.

The word “dance” comes from the Greek word Danson which means to stretch. All dancing is made up of stretching and
relaxing. The term “sayaw” must have been derived from the word “saya” which means happy. A person who is very happy in the
rhythmic movement has an outward position of his feeling.

Elements of Dance

1. Dancer - it is the most important element of dance.

2. Theme – is one of the important elements of the dance. It is the content or the main ingredient of the dance. It tells us
what a dance is trying to tell or convey. It has something to do with the message of the dance.

3. Design – refers to the planned organization or pattern of movement in time and space. Pattern in time, as provided by
rhythm, groups the unaccented beats of movements into measure. Pattern in space is created by floor pattern (the path
traced by the dancers traveling feet) and planes (the levels on which he moves)

4. Movement – is the action of dancers as they use their bodies to create organized patterns (April, 1969). Body movement
can be divided into steps, gesture of arms and hands, and facial expression. Steps cover leaps, turns and runs, dance may
use gesture which express specific motions or ideas in sign language.

5. Technique – this is skill in executing movements. A technically proficient dancer has complete control over the muscles of
his body.

6. Music – plays an important role in the dance to which it is closely related. It is something melodic and harmonies are
usually used as an accompaniment. Music motivates the movements of the dancers. Most of the time music serves as
background music that further captivates the spectators.

7. Costume or Properties – the visual elements of costumes and properties also contribute to dance. The type of dance
performed and the costumes worms at any stage of history relate closely to the custom, beliefs, and environment of the
people.

8. Choreography – composing dances: the planning of movements for dancing. Dance during the ancient times were
disorganized. The people danced impulsively; dances were usually associated with intense excitement. The people then did
not think of forms and arrangement, or how to go about doing the dance.

9. Choreographer - it is the person who creates the dance.

10. Scenery – the setting or background establishing the place of action on any dance is important to make the dance more
realistic and beautiful.

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Classifications of Dance

Primitive Dance
The search for magical mastery over nature through loss of self is the distinctive characteristics of primitive dance. The
ecstatic state was reached by the repetition of monotonous movements in powerful rhythm – the rhythmic beat to every
movement, usually accompanied by drums; the hard stamping of the feet upon the ground with bent knees; and the continuous
prolonged repetition of the basic movements.

Ritual Dance
The distinction between primitive dance and ritual dance is that the latter is conscious dance, organized volitionally in its
design, purpose, and meaning.

Folk Dance
Folk dance developed from the racial or regional memories of older motifs in communal dance and reflected social and
recreational expression. Folk dance is basically repetitious and limited in scope. It achieved its own line of development in its
transformation to social dance in Europe during the renaissance.

Social Dance
developed first as social diversion among the aristocracy of France and Italy.

Types of Dance

1. Ballet - serves as a backbone for much other style of dances, as many other dance genres are based on ballet.

2. Jazz - is a fun dance style that relies heavily on originality and improvisation.

3. Tap Dancing - is an exciting form of dance in which dancers wear special shoes equipped with metal taps.

4. Hip-Hop - is a dance style, usually danced to hip-hop music, which evolved from the hip-hop culture.

5. Modern - is a dance style that rejects many of the strict rules of classical ballet, focusing instead on the expression of
inner feelings.

6. Swing - is a lively dance style which couples swing, spin and jump together.

7. Contra Dance - is a form of American folk dance in which the dancers form two parallel lines and perform a sequence of
dance movements with different partners down the length of the line.

8. Country and Western - includes several dance forms, usually danced to country-western music.

9. Belly Dance - is a unique form of dance characterized by sharp, rolling movements of the hips and abdomen.

10. Latin Dance - is a fast-paced characterized by sexy hip movements.

11. Folk Dance - refers to a variety of dances developed by groups or communities, as opposed to being made up by a
choreographer.

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 CONTEMPORARY PERFORMANCE
3.DRAMA AND THEATER
(LITERATURE)

Drama and Dramatic Arts.

Drama is a type of literature usually written to be performed. People often make a distinction between drama, which
concerns the written text, or script, for the performance, and theater, which concerns the performance of this script.

Drama and Theater

Theater is executed according to its elements in dance, drama in mask, music and sounds, and costume and props.

Drama is a prose or poetical composition presenting a story of human life through the performance of actors and
actresses.

Steps in Play Production

1. Choosing the Script

The use of a script distinguishes formal dramatics from creative dramatics and supplies the structure – plot,
theme, characters, and dialogue – that will be followed; hence the first important consideration in this activity is the choice
of a script.

2. Director
Presents how rehearsals are conducted and train cast in acting skills. Some directors are permissive and allow the
cast to individually interpret their roles. Others plan and dictate what is to be done and supervise every detail.

Below are some of the director’s most important duties:

a. Choosing the cast members

b. Teaching stage business
c. Scheduling rehearsals
d. Discussing characterization
e. Planning out and determining with the help of artists – couturier, choreographer, architect, music and light experts –
the costumes, scenery, set, props, lights, music, dance
f. Drawing up committees to compose the stage crew.

Casting. The first thing the directors do is casting by means of tryouts or auditions. A person’s appearance, size, voice, and
diction are the factors to be considered. These parts are called roles and the group of people who play the role are referred to as
cast.

Rehearsals. The first rehearsal is a reading of the whole play done either by the director or by the cast reading their own
parts.

Stage Business. In a play, actors and actresses move around, talk, sit, laugh, make phone calls. These things that the players
do on stage are called business. The walking that they do onstage is called a cross.

Characterization. This is one of the director’s biggest jobs. The actors may be asked to interpret their lines after discussions
have been held over the attitudes, feelings, reactions, or behavior of the persons in the play which they are impersonating.

Scenery. Scenery means the background or backdrop for the whole play. The traditional play used large pieces of canvas with
painted scenes that suggest the locale of the play.

Properties or Props. For props, short for properties, like cut-outs for trees, the art department of the school can be a great
help. The props, include the commonly used items like sofa, chairs, tables, china, baskets, and the like, borrowed or made.

All costumes should be presented to the director for approval a week before dress rehearsal to give time for some changes or
adjustments to be made.

Curtain Call. This is the prolonged applause which a performer acknowledges by appearing on the stage after the end of a
play or scene.

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Men behind the Scenes

Stage Manager. This important job should be handled by a student noted for sense of responsibility as well having time to
spare. His job is to oversee everything: He attends all rehearsals and makes notes on the performance of the cast, the lightning
effects, costumes, sound, and so on.

Music and Sound Effects Man. The musical director holds a script and follows it carefully during rehearsals and
performance. He is in charge of synchronizing artificial or technical sounds in time and harmony with the action and speech of the
actors.

Prompters. There are at least two prompters. They sit off-stage behind the wings, one on each side. Each holds a script and
follows it carefully during rehearsals and performance. If a player forgets a line, the one nearest to the player whispers it to him.

Prop and Scenery Committee. A committee of four or five drama students is responsible for arranging the set and / or
scenery on the stage and of striking it – i.e., removing it – when no longer needed.

Lights Committee. Each of a committee of four or five students, with one as the chairman who directs each of the members,
is in charge of a set of lights, whether spotlights, from the projection room, floodlights, footlights, or house lights.

Wardrobe Mistress. All costumes worn in the play are the responsibility of the wardrobe mistress. She is in charge of
checking the costumes before and after rehearsals and performances.

Dress Rehearsals
Dress rehearsal is needed at least two times. In the first one, scenery should be finished and in place. At the second,
costumes should be worn but hung up carefully and properties checked.

The Performance
During performance all participants should remain backstage and not mingle with the audience, unless specified. Food and
other refreshments should not be allowed.

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 UNIT III
4.CINEMA / FILMS

CINEMA
The history of cinema has been dominated by the discovery and testing of the paradoxes inherent in the medium itself.
Film uses machines to record images of life; it combines still photographs to give the illusion of continuous motion; it seems to
present life itself, but it also offers impossible unreality approached only in dreams.

 Motion Picture - a series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion.

Motion pictures—also called movies, films, or the cinema—are one of the most popular forms of entertainment, enabling
people to immerse themselves in an imaginary world for a short period of time. But movies can also teach people about history,
science, human behavior, and many other subjects.

The motion picture developed in the 1890’s form the union of the still PHOTOGRAPHY, which records physical reality, with
the persistence of “vision toy”, which have developed since then. These are:

a. Fictional narrative film/ Feature films – tells stories about the people with whom an audience can identify. They
typically last at least one and one-half hours and tell a fictional story or a story based on real events but portrayed by
actors.
b. Documentary / Non-fictional film – focuses on the real world and reveals some sort of truth about it.
Documentaries do not often appear in theaters, but they are seen regularly on cable and broadcast television.
c. Animated film – follows the same format as features, but use images created by artists. These films create the
illusion of movement from a series of two-dimensional drawings, three-dimensional objects, or computer-generated
images.
d. Experimental film – is a sequence of images, literal or abstract, which do not necessarily form a narrative. An
experimental film can be animated, live action, computer generated, or a combination of all three.

 Silent Movies (1903-1928) – a motion picture created before soundtrack technology became available in the late
1920s, or one created subsequently without dialogue. No silent movies had spoken dialogue, but some had musical
accompaniment.

Before 1905, motion pictures were usually shown in vaudeville houses as one act on the bill. After 1905 a growing number
of small, storefront theaters called Nickelodeons, accommodating less than 200 patrons, began to show motion picture exclusively.
By 1908 an estimated 10 million Americans were paying their nickels and dimes to see such films. Young speculators such as
William Fox and Marcus Loew saw their theaters, which initially cost $1,600.00 each, grow into enterprises. Called the drama of the
people, the early motion pictures attracted primarily working-class and immigrant audiences who found the Nickelodeon a pleasant
family diversion.

 Sounds in Films

The era of the talking film began in the late 1927 with the enormous success Warner Brothers’ The Jazz Singer. The first
totally sound film, LIGHTS OF NEW YORK, followed in 1928. Although experimentation with synchronizing sound and picture was as
old as the cinema itself, the feasibility of sound film was widely publicized only after Warner Brothers purchased the Vitaphone
system and synchronized the picture with a separate phonographic disk, rather than using the more accurate method of recording a
sound track on the film itself.

The conversion to synchronize sound caused serious problem for the film industry. Sound recording was difficult; cameras
had to shoot from inside glass booths; studios had to build special soundproof stages; theaters required expensive new equipment;
writers had to be hired who had an ear for dialogue; and actors had had to be found whose voices could deliver it. Many of the
earliest talkies were ugly and static, the visual images serving merely as an accompaniment to endless dialogue, sound effects, and
musical numbers. Serious film critics mourned the passing of the motion picture, which no longer seemed to contain either motion
or picture.

The most effective early sound films were those that played most adventurously with the union of picture and sound but
Walt Disney in his cartoons combined surprising sights with inventive sounds, carefully orchestrating the animated motion and
musical rhythm. By 1930 the US film industry had conquered both the technical and artistic problems involved in the film and sound
harmoniously, and the European industry was quick to follow.

Hollywood attempted to counter the effects of television with a series of technological gimmicks in the early 1950’s:

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 a. 3D
b. Cinema
c. Cinemascope

The industry converted almost exclusively to color filming during the decade, aided by the cheapness and flexibility of the
new Eastman color monopack, which came to challenge the monopoly of Technicolor.

Many other nation of Asia, Africa, and Latin America have begun to produce films, primarily for their own regions but
occasionally for the international market in 1980’s film form the People’s Republic of China, began to circulate throughout the West.
Other East Asian film includes those Japan, India, Indonesia, those from Hong Kong, most of them of the Kung Fu variety.

Constructivism, Film Noir and Documentary

 Constructivism is one of several idealists, abstract art movements that arose in European and Russian between 1913
and 1920. It was based on the idea that is an absolute entity whose origins lie in the mind and whose forms are unrelated
to objects of the visible world. The constructivist developed a concept of art, including painting and sculpture, literature,
and theater based on total acceptance of technological, scientific society, and on the possibility of an ideal world based on
the perfect functionalism of the machine.

 Film Noir - an American motion-picture style popular in the 1940s and 1950s, typically featuring shadowy lighting,
fatalistic pessimism, incidents of treachery, and the sense of a corrupt and violent society. The name, pronounced film no-
WHA and taken from the French for “black film,” was coined by French critics to describe movies of the period that shared
such themes and techniques.

 Documentary - the greatest myth surrounding the documentary film is that it depicts absolute truth. A more precise term
would be the non-fiction film, for the vast majority of “docu” films are not actually unbiased recordings. Merely selecting a
subject to be registered by the camera involves an interpretation of life. Documentaries are often carefully scripted and
structured, and despite their reliance on non-professional actors, spontaneous dialogue, and concealed cameras, they
express a distinct but subtle point of view.

A Short History of Philippine Cinema

Motion pictures were invented around 1877 but they came to our country at the twilight years of Hispanic times and the
dawn of America era – with “Espectaculo Cientifico de Pertierra”,a curiosity produced by Señor Pertierra along Escolta Avenue. Leif
man and Peritz introduced movie cameras and Herbert Wydham, a cameraman took “video shots” of the Mayor then, Albert Yearsly
and Mr. Gross opened the Majestic and Zorilla theaters to show a full-length film with sound, but this hardly audible since this was
barely “talkies” age.

Nepumuceno directed the bright stars (Atang dela Rama, among them) in a film version of Zarsuela de Hermogenes Ilagan
anf Leon Ignacio sometime in the 20’s. The appeal of the cinema was immediate and widespread. Manilans of pre-war days
boarded the tranvias railway (coaches’ runway along the main streets) and flocked to cinema houses in Escolta and Avenida, Rizal
for regular entertainment.

Films from Hollywood also dominated these early pre-war theaters. Stars such as Clark Gable, Shirley Temple, Beth Davis,
Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Gloria Swampson influenced the lifestyles and the dreams of the Filipinos in the city, Vicente
Salumbides along with Nepomuceno (the latter came to be called “Father of Filipino films”) churned out talkies (films with sound)
until the Japanese war years. Studios – notably sampaguita (Vera Perez), Premier (Santiago) andLVN (Doña Susana de Leon) and
Excelsior – took care of a stable of contract stars. “Ang Maya” was produced by Excelsior, a company founded by Don Ramon
Araneta in 1938. Other films popularized songs as “Bituing Marikit” and “Madaling Araw”.

These movie giants then have stayed on the scene – some through the bleak war years when films though censored by
the Japanese, enjoyed great following. Pugo and Togo and Dolphy were phenomenal comedians, sometimes subtly satirizing the
Japanese military. Other popular stars from the 1940’s and 50’s included Carlos Padilla, Mila del Sol, Angel Esmeralda, Carmen
Rosales, and Rogelio dela Rosa.

After the war, other young stars enjoyed mass appeal and these were Gloria Romero, Delia Razon, Jaime dela Rosa, Rosa
Rosal, Armando Goyena, Nida Blanca, Fernando Poe Sr., and Rudy Concepcion.

Pretty and demure starlets such as Susan Roces and Amalia Fuentes eventually rose to stardom. In the 60’s Nora Aunor
and Vilma Santos enjoyed rivalries until Sharon Cuneta introduced the concept of super and mega stardom capitalizing on musical
talents.

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 During the Martial Law years, films became shining examples of Filipino directing talent in the hands of Lino Brocka and
Ishmael Bernal with the production of “Himala”, “Ganito Kami Noon”, “Insiang”, and “Maynila: sa Kuko ng Liwanag”.

More recently the following directors have proven their great worth as film luminaries: Jose Javier Reyes, Artemio
Marquez, Peque Gallaga, Jose Mari Avellana, carlo Caparas, Raymond Red, Ed Palmas, Romy Suzara, Laurice Guillen, and Carlos
Siguion Reyna.

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 5.DIGITAL ARTS

Digital Technology
It is a system representation of natural phenomenon made by measuring dynamic qualities of the technology in discrete
moments in time. The digital approach to recording the behavior of natural events differs from that of analog technology mainly in
consideration of time. While analog technology is time continuously observed, digital technology is time sampled.

Computer Animation and Video Technology

Computerized Animation

The commercials and cartoons produced today for television broadcasting are often made on computer graphic systems
with extended capabilities. While the individual images maybe created by a system similar to the computer graphics system just
described, the animation is dependent on larger computers with more memory and more memory and more capabilities. The key to
generating the animation is to create a start “key frame” and an end “key frame”.
By telling the computer rate at which the beginning and ending images should progress, the computer will do all of the
calculations, and produce the intermediate images to go smoothly from start to finish. Short animated sequences of this nature (up
to 30 seconds) can be scored on digitals discs, from which they are transferred to tape and sequenced with pad and future
segments.

Video Special Effects

To achieve a high visual impact during a television show, it is necessary to manipulate images in a way that will make
them appear more interesting. Because video signals can be digitized and put into a buffer (a color-information storage device) in
pixel form, it is “possible to read out these in a non-linear form”. The original image may have been rectangular, but with the
proper software it can be read out a trapezoid, circle, or some other shapes. Similarly, the image may be zoomed, tumbled, overlaid
with other images, or made to disappear into the horizon.
These effects can be done in real time by a “joystick” and a series of function keys that select the type of effect desired. In
many cameras these digital video effects is recorded, and the tape is used over and over for opening a new show or for creating a
promotional insert. It is also possible to web these effects during live programming to enhance the appearance of the home
viewer’s image.

Video Technology

Modern video technology now encompasses a wide range of imaging. Display techniques make it possible to convert
optical images into electrical signals and vice versa. These video signals span both distance and time, and can be used to create an
accurate optical reproduction of the original color image on a television screen.

The imaging process depends on a number of photo-sensitive devices that convert light into electrical signals. These
include vacuum-type camera tubes that are scanned by an electron beam, flying spot scanners that read photographic film and
translate it into video images, and CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES (CDDs), which are solid-state light sensors in a chip form. On the
receiving side, the televised image can be re-created by a direct-view or projection CATHODE RAY TUBE, by a LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY, by large-valve projectors, which employ a fixed light source and special optical system to project video images.

Video technology also includes complex analog and digital signal processing at the source, to mix images or ovate special
effects. A similar, although much simpler, video-signal processing can take place in the monitor or home receiver, to display
multiple images on the screen or to extract data from the video signal that provides useful information, including TELETEXT and
VIDEOTEXT.

The distance factor is overcome by sending video images in real time form one location to another over a variety of
transmission system including electromagnetic propagation (radio waves) and hard-wire connections (cables). The time domain is
overcome by video-recording devices that can capture images on magnetic tape, magnetic discs, or optical discs, and play them
back at any time.

References:
Bascara, Linda R. Humanities and the Digital Arts. 2006. Rex bookstore, Inc.
Lamucho, Victoria, Ph. D., et al (2003) A humane experience: Introduction to humanities
Sanchez, Custodia, Ph. D., et al (2002) Introduction to the humanities, (Revised edition)

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Zulueta, Francisco M. (2007), The Humanities, (Revised edition)

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