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Heat Thermal Contact Thermal Equilibrium

The document discusses temperature and thermodynamics. It defines temperature as the property that determines whether objects are in thermal equilibrium. The Zeroth Law states that if objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Thermometers are used to measure temperature by properties that change with temperature, like the expansion of mercury. The Celsius and Kelvin scales define temperature standards based on the freezing and boiling points of water. The Kelvin scale sets absolute zero at -273.15°C. Materials expand as temperature increases due to increased molecular vibration.

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150 views

Heat Thermal Contact Thermal Equilibrium

The document discusses temperature and thermodynamics. It defines temperature as the property that determines whether objects are in thermal equilibrium. The Zeroth Law states that if objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Thermometers are used to measure temperature by properties that change with temperature, like the expansion of mercury. The Celsius and Kelvin scales define temperature standards based on the freezing and boiling points of water. The Kelvin scale sets absolute zero at -273.15°C. Materials expand as temperature increases due to increased molecular vibration.

Uploaded by

fariaien
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1: TEMPERATURE (CHAPTER 19)

TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


The process by which energy is exchanged between objects because of temperature
differences is called heat

Objects are in thermal contact if energy can be exchanged between them

Thermal equilibrium exists when two objects are in thermal contact with each other
and there is no net exchange of energy between them

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics


(Definition) If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third
object C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

– Object C could be the thermometer

• Allows a definition of temperature

Temperature is the property that determines whether or not an object is in thermal


equilibrium with other objects

Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other are at the same temperature

Exercise 1
State the definition of Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic
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THERMOMETERS AND THE CELSIUS TEMPERATURE SCALE
Used to measure the temperature of an object or a system
Make use of physical properties that change with temperature
Many physical properties can be used
1. Volume of a liquid
2. Length of a solid
3. Pressure of a gas held at constant volume
4. Volume of a gas held at constant pressure
5. Electric resistance of a conductor
6. Color of a very hot object

A mercury thermometer is an example of a common thermometer


The level of the mercury rises due to thermal expansion
Temperature can be defined by the height of the mercury column

Thermometers can be calibrated by placing them in thermal contact with an


environment that remains at constant temperature
– Environment could be mixture of ice and water in thermal equilibrium
– Also commonly used is water and steam in thermal equilibrium

• Temperature of an ice-water mixture is defined as 0° C


– This is the ice point or the freezing point of water
• Temperature of a water-steam mixture is defined as 100° C
– This is the steam point or the boiling point of water
• Distance between these points is divided into 100 segments or degrees
THE CONSTANT-VOLUME GAS THERMOMETER AND THE ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE SCALE
• Temperature readings are nearly independent of the gas
– As long as the gas pressure is low
– The temperature needs to be well above the temperature at which the gas
liquefies
• Pressure varies with temperature when maintaining a constant volume

Pressure-Temperature Graph
• All gases extrapolate to the same temperature at zero pressure
• This temperature is absolute zero
• When the pressure of a gas goes to zero, its temperature is –273.15° C
– This temperature is called absolute zero
• This is the zero point of the Kelvin scale
– –273.15° C = 0 K
• To convert: TC = Tk – 273.15
– The size of the degree in the Kelvin scale is the same as the size of a Celsius
degree
• Some representative Kelvin temperatures
• Note, this scale is logarithmic
• Absolute zero has never been reached

Fahrenheit Scales
• Most common temperature scale used in the US
• Temperature of the ice point is 32° F
• Temperature of the steam point is 212° F
• 180 divisions between the points
Converting Among Temperature Scales

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑘 − 273.15

9
𝑇𝐹 = 𝑇 + 32
5 𝑐

5
∆𝑇𝑐 = ∆𝑇𝑘 = ∆𝑇𝐹
9

THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS


• The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence of the change in the average
separation between its constituent atoms or molecules
• At ordinary temperatures, molecules vibrate with a small amplitude
• As temperature increases, the amplitude increases
– This causes the object as a whole to expand

Linear Expansion

• α, the coefficient of linear expansion, depends on the material


– See table 19.1
Area Expansion
• Two dimensions expand according to

– γ is the coefficient of area expansion

Volume Expansion
• Three dimensions expand

– For liquids, the coefficient of volume expansion is given in the table


Exercise 2
A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30.000 m when the temperature is
0.0°C. What is its length when the temperature is 40.0°C?

Exercise 3
A steel cup of 250 cm3 capacity is completely filled with turpentine at 20oC. How
much turpentine, if any, will spill out of the cup if the temperature of both the cup and
the turpentine is increased to 60oC? (The coefficient of volume expansion of
turpentine, VTurpentine is 9.0 x 10-4 /oC; the coefficient of linear expansion of steel, αSteel
is 23 x 10-6 /oC)

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