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LT 22

Magnetostrictive sensors use three effects: the magnetostrictive effect, Villari effect, and Wiedemann effect. Magnetostrictive sensors can sense position very sensitively within a few millimeters using ultrasonic waves generated and detected through these effects. They are useful for industrial applications over large distances due to their insensitivity to electrical noise and ability to provide entirely linear position sensing. Optical sensors provide advantages like non-contact sensing and insensitivity to stray magnetic and electrostatic fields, making them suitable for sensitive applications.

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37 views19 pages

LT 22

Magnetostrictive sensors use three effects: the magnetostrictive effect, Villari effect, and Wiedemann effect. Magnetostrictive sensors can sense position very sensitively within a few millimeters using ultrasonic waves generated and detected through these effects. They are useful for industrial applications over large distances due to their insensitivity to electrical noise and ability to provide entirely linear position sensing. Optical sensors provide advantages like non-contact sensing and insensitivity to stray magnetic and electrostatic fields, making them suitable for sensitive applications.

Uploaded by

Rahul Negi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Magnetostrictive sensors

Theory of Magnetostrictive sensors

 Magnetostrictive effect
 Villari effect
 Wiedemann effect
Magnetostrictive effect

This bi-directional effect between the magnetic and mechanical states


of a magnetostrictive material is a transduction capability that is used
for both actuation and sensing.
Villari effect

 Reverse of Magnetostrictive

Applying stress to a Changes its magnetic


magnetostrictive material properties
Wiedemann effect

The twisting of a magnetostrictive sample when an axial field is


applied to the sample and a current passes through the
magnetostrictive sample itself to create the interaction that causes
the twisting effect.
The operation
Magnetostrictive position sensor
Magnetostrictive position sensor
 Local magnetostriction through the Wiedemann effect is generated at the
location of the magnet.

 This causes a shock wave (ultrasonic wave)

 The wave propagates along the cylinder

 At the other end, the wave interacts with another magnetostrictive sensor

 The pickup sensor generates a voltage due to the Villari effect (change in
strain).

 The time it takes for the wave to propagate (from its generation to its
pickup) is a measure of the distance from the magnet

 The sensor then senses the location of the magnet.


Magnetostrictive position sensor

Very useful for the following reasons:


Extremely sensitive (can sense position within a few
mm).

Immune to electrical noise

The position sensed is entirely linear

Can sense over large distances (many meters)

Used for industrial applications


Magnetostrictive coefficients
M aterial Saturation magnetostriction (m/m)
Nickel 
49Co,49Fe,2V 
Iron 
50Ni,50Fe 
87Fe,13Al 
95Ni,5Fe 
Cobalt 
CoFe2O4 

Magnetostriction - uses
Aapplications for magnetostrictive devices
 ultrasonic cleaners,
 positioners for adaptive optics,
 active vibration or noise control systems,
 medical and industrial ultrasonic, pumps, and sonar.
 magnetostrictive linear motors, reaction mass actuators,
 Underwater sonar, chemical and material processing.
Direct micropositioning

 Magnetorestrictive actuators may be used for direct


micropositioning
 A few microns only
 Excellent for microdevices
Optical Sensors
Advantage of optical sensor for position and displacement application:

 The absence of a loading effect


 Relatively long operating distances.
 Noncontact sensors
 They are insensitive to stray magnetic fields and electrostatic interferences,
which makes them quite suitable for many sensitive applications
An optical position sensor usually requires at least three essential
components: a light source, a photodetector, and light guidance
devices
Optical Bridge
A concept of a bridge circuit, like a classical Wheatstone bridge, is
employed in optical sensors.

 A four-quadrant photodetector consists of four light detectors


connected in a bridge-like circuit.

 These detectors have the ability to measure extremely small


changes in the position of a light beam

 Also used for centering, nulling and detecting and measuring


position displacements.
Position Calculations
Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging
• BASIC PRINCIPLES :  piezo rasters or scans in x/y direction across sample surface
 cantilever deflects in response to a topographical feature
 computer adjusts the z-piezo distance to keep
the cantilever deflection constant and equal to the setpoint value
“feedback loop” : system continuously changes in response to an
experimental output (cantilever deflection)
ERROR SIGNAL = actual signal- set point
(*used to produce 2D topographical image in contact mode)
AFM : high resolution images

ZNO NRs

HOPG
Proximity Detector with Polarized Light
Reflection: Polarization of Light:
Proximity detector with two polarizing filters positioned at 90° angle with respect to one another.
(a)Polarized light returns from the metallic object within the same plane of polarization;
(b) Nonmetallic object depolarizes light, thus allowing it to pass through the polarizing filter.
Fiber-Optic Sensors
Optical liquid level detector utilizing a change in the refractive index:

It utilizes the difference between refractive indices of air (or gaseous


phase of a material) and the measured liquid.

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