Autonomous Body to serve as a Think -tank for

Cold-chain and Agri-logistics matters.

Operationalised in 2012 by Ministry of
Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
 Pawanexh Kohli

Autonomous body of the Government of India

Objective to facilitate cold chain development

Impacts across all user segments

Guides cold-chain policy matters

Intervenes in capacity building

Recommends standards
 Pawanexh Kohli

Pioneer Excellence in the development of Cold-chain in

India
Take the Lead Role in promoting innovations in cold-
chain development
Enable an environment to bring experienced participation
in operations & investments
Function in PPP mode, distanced from direct government
involvement on day to day basis
Cold-chain justifies productivity, adds to socio-economic growth and
environmental sustainability.
Cold-chain, as a physical conduit, is the intervention that empowers the
producers to overcome perishability and to link across distance with
multiple markets.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Chairperson:
GC Secretary AC&FW

EC

Director:
CEO: Chief Advisor
Joint Secy (DAC)

Finance Advisor
Admin Cadre Technical Cadre

Nodal Officers for Cold-chain

Development (NOCDs)
by State Govts
 Pawanexh Kohli

• Groups (Grower Associations, Cooperatives,

Category G FPOs, NPOs, Students, etc)

Category C • All Companies, Investors and Researchers.

• Industry Bodies (Associations / Chambers),

Category I PSUs & Apex Institutes.

Category P • Patron Members.

• Resource Institutes: Educational Centres of

Category R Excellence, Regulatory Authorities.

Category A • Associate Member (Individuals).

Category F • Fellow of NCCD.

 Pawanexh Kohli

19 States have nominated NOCDs (Nodal Officers for

Cold-chain Development)
Capacity building for Government & Private industry
3 day Residential Training program at Chennai on
advanced technologies, energy efficiency.
5 day course at Cemafroid on cold-chain.
▪ Co-funded by Govt of France
 Pawanexh Kohli

Entrepreneur & skill building – ripening units

Pan-India through members of NCCD
4379 trainees, district level participation
Student chapter, academic institutes
Professional stakeholders
 Pawanexh Kohli

Vision
Reduce cost of Food Delivery across India.

How
o Promote Stakeholder participation in remedial measures.
o Fast track the movement of perishable cargoes.
o Reduce Risk to Inventory in-transit
o Provide technical viability to surface distribution of perishables.
o Improve monitoring & governance of perishable movement.

The first ‘Bhagidaari’ (inclusive) e-governance

intervention in cold-chain.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Developed Guidelines & Minimum

System Standards
Malda Mango to Delhi
24 tons: 1500 kms, weekly
BEE-Cool, a bee migration unit
Refurbished truck body with cooling
Racks to transport bee hives
ICAP for harmonising data (NeGP)
North South off-season connectivity

Definitions and concepts

Round tables, IC & JWGs
State Action Plans
 Pawanexh Kohli

Newsletters

International Journal on cold-

chain management planned
Agenda Sheet Pg-5
Pawanexh Kohli
 Pawanexh Kohli

New Concepts - Waste (stranded cold) energy recovery from LNG regasification, port gateways.
APO session recommends an NCCD in every SE Asian nation (2013).
Recognised with first Agribusiness Leadership Award (2014).
Invited to debate on Food Crisis at UK House of Lords (2015).
Expert witness to UK Policy Commission on cold economy (2015).
Chair on Food Loss and Waste at Global Summit in Hague (2015).
Certified as General Public Utility u/s 12AA of the IT Act (2015).
Study with inverse approach, linking consumption to cold-chain (2015).
NCCD exempted from service tax, in Union Budget (2016).

Temperature controlled Temperature controlled

first Zero CO2 emission Port. Port Gateway
• Recaptured energy
• Multiple options
• Gateway to India
LNG Port terminal
Other add-on uses:
• Non-fuel Electricity
• Non-fuel forklifts
• Non-fuel reefer trucks Heat
Exch-
• Cryo-desalination anger
Perishable Goods
Channelise Cryogenic Energy
 Pawanexh Kohli

Different strokes Hybridised solutions

Magnets, Sound Waste recovery
Peltier, VAM Energy reuses
Geothermal Clean options

"We've got the fuel. We've got the technology… It's what's in between that's the challenge.”
 Pawanexh Kohli

Admin
Organisational structuring. Roadmap developed with
Constitute technical Committees
private sector suggestions at
Web first NCCD conclave in 2012.

Open Communication lines with public

• Web site and ITC interface.
• Monthly reach out programmes.

Map Existing enabling Infrastructure – storage & fleet

Register existing asset base, record future builds.
Assess viability gaps & asset base assessment.

Map
Build Platform to
create enabling
Pilot environment.

Market Research & Case Studies

 Pawanexh Kohli

Share
Knowledge Repository national & international.
Industry participation to undertake pilot projects

Promote Integrate sharing, promote collaborative base with govt knowledge houses & commercial
organisations.

Develop skill resources, promote HRD with other govt bodies.

Sponsor excellence awards.

Commercial collaboration to promote technologies & curriculum.

Collaborate and coordinate national & international efforts.
testing, capacity building, norms

Collaborate
Technology, Standards,
Laboratories, Guidelines
Skill / HRD, Innovation
Policy Investments, Growth

Policy recommendations to GoI

 Pawanexh Kohli

Additionally NCCD was assigned as NLA of MIDH:

First Action Plan as NLA in 2013-14 (Nov-2013)
Mandate: as National Level Agency of MIDH
To update technical standards and adherence protocols as necessary when
improved technologies & efficiencies are introduced/understood/approved.
Guide policy and standards for development of integrated cold-chain in the
country, for perishable fruits, vegetables and other allied agricultural
commodities to link with markets.
MoU on knowledge sharing with Cemafroid of France (as part of
Indo-France JWG) – organization similar to NCCD since 1956.
Represent India at ‘Institut International du Froid’ - independent
intergovernmental science and technology based body (from 1908)
to promote knowledge in all fields of refrigeration. Addresses key
issues that include food safety, health, energy saving and energy
efficiency, global warming and ozone depletion.
 Pawanexh Kohli

All India Cold Storage Survey Implemented by NHB

Capacity created = 32.95 mMT (6586 nos)
(survey data upto June 2014)
Closed permanently = 1219 nos
(includes 254 units not located on site)
Operating Capacity = 26.85 mMT (5367 nos)
Demand Driven Study Implemented by NCCD
Inverse approach to infrastructure requirement
Guiding Rationalising of support programs
System Standards for cold-chain infrastructure.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Stakeholder Members:
Think tank to Govt on the subject of cold-chain and
agribusiness. Engage with its members to translate
industry needs into policy recommendation. Groups (Self Help Associations)
Manned by technocrats (industry leaders) and • Farmer Groups, Consumer Groups,
functions through member stakeholder consultation. Cooperatives, students
Provides an enabling environment and facilitates Resource (Academic Institutes)
private investment in cold-chain sector.
Assist in developing and promoting future ready, • Research, Academic &Training centres
energy efficient technologies and its adaption.
Associates (Individuals)
Capacity building and training activities to reduce the
gap in skilled human resources. • Individual associate members
Awareness on best practices, indigenised for specific
requirements and conditions. Bodies (Industry or Government)
Revisit & guide policies, approve new technologies, • Industry Chambers, PSU, Apex Bodies
efficiencies when developed/understood.
Research and Monitor impact of policies and Company (Commercial)
recommend any changes, if needed. • Food sector, equipment sector, Investors,
Consultants, Logistics, etc.
Design assistance patterns, Capacity building,
Fellow (Individuals)
Institutional Workshops and Conclaves, Field
Studies, Appraisals, Redressals, Policy guidance. • Senior Individuals as Fellows of NCCD
 Thank You

… follows Intermission – the need for a study

 Pawanexh Kohli

Horticulture Production
Million Metric Tons
180 x 2.9
• 23 million 160
hectares (off
16% of arable 140

land) 120

100 x 3.1
80
• Contributes
38% to Gross 60
Net Value of
40
Agriculture
20

0
1991- 2001- 2004- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2104- 2015-
92 02 05 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16e
Fruits 28.632 43.001 50.867 65.587 68.465 71.516 74.878 76.424 81.285 88.977 86.602 89.018
Vegetables 58.532 88.622 101.25 128.45 129.08 134.1 146.55 156.33 162.19 162.9 169.48 168.51
Plantation Crops 7.498 9.697 9.835 11.3 11.336 11.947 12.007 12.993 16.984 16.301 15.575 15.48
Others 1.9 4.464 4.985 5.9 5.837 5.908 6.986 7.414 8.39 9.177 9.331 9.484

Others: includes Spices, Loose Flowers, Nuts, Mushroom, Aromatic/medicinal and Honey .
Source: Horticulture Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Analysis
 Pawanexh Kohli

Trends - Annual Average WPI Inflation

WPI Inflation trends (40 years): (from 1970 to 2012)

Despite producers showing Fruits Production

robust response by increasing Vegetables
Plantation Crops 155.0
9.9
supply, yet inflationary pressure 10.2 Others
exists. 9.2

Food, is now the prime driver with

Inflation %
8.5
perishables contributing highest.
88.6
This may indicate that demand for 81.0
7.9
perishable products continues to 58.5
outstrip supply.
43.0
Actually, a lack of efficient supply 28.6 6.6
5.9
systems indicated - continues to
feed inflation in food items. 5.9
1971-72 to 1981-82 1982-83 to 1993-94 1995-96 to 2004-05 2005-06 to 2011-12
All Commodity 10.2 7.9 5.9 6.6
Primary Food 8.5 9.2 5.9 9.9
Continual demand for food distribution and
F&V 9.0 10.6 7.5 9.2
cold chain is foreseen over coming decades.
Milk 7.1 9.0 5.7 10.1
Eggs, Meat, Fish 11.0 9.4 6.4 11.8

Source: RBI, Office of Economic Adviser, MoCI, Govt of India

 Pawanexh Kohli

As per NSEL Report (2010)

Commodity trading,
Cold-chain collateral=manager
requirement 61.13 mMT
Existing cold-chain capacity = 24.29 mMT
Infrastructure gap = 36.83 mMT
Broad based Industry Chambers
As per ASSOCHAM Report (2012)
Existing capacity = 30.11 mMT
Additional requirement
Refrigeration Equipment Providers = 36.83 mMT
As per Emerson Climate Report (2013)
Existing capacity = 30.11 mMT
GovtInfrastructure
Relation Managers
gap & Knowledge Bankers
= 31.02 mMT
As perYES Bank Report (2014)
Added
Similar Coldput
reports Stores
forthrequired = 30.98
by CII, FICCI PHDCCI,mMT EXIM Bank,
Each
Consultants and reportothers…
many snowballed from previous,
accepted w/o demand
by decision baseline
makers!
 Pawanexh Kohli
7129
35000 12% Cold Storage Created 32868 8000
Segments
30000 7000
Storage
Transport 6000
25000
5000
(‘000) tons

20000
88%

numbers
4000
15000
Cold Storage number 3000
10000
Installed size ('000 tons) 2000
5000 83 1000
43
0 0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1979 1986 2004 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2015
1955-1986 In the Last Decade

Incomplete solution: all previous efforts were focused on cold storage requirement.
The other components necessary for handling fruits and vegetables were not considered
– such as Modern Pack-houses and transport requirements for fresh produce.
As a result, major Infrastructure created in form of refrigerated Storage, which did not
bring impetus to better post-harvest handling of fresh produce, but helped develop
marketing of certain processed foods and fresh imports coming in cold-chain.
 Pawanexh Kohli

World’s largest footprint in cold stores

134 million mtrs3 in refrigerated storage (33 mill tons)
▪ USA has 115 and China 70 million cub. metres of
Population had grown
refrigerated space.

Food loss remained high in the supply

chain Production grew faster
FAO HLPE of 2014 reported 126 kg FLW per capita per
annum
Industry reports indicated 30-40% production lost
Food Losses increased
Urbanisation high, population keen for
high value foods
Imports of fresh produce grew 15 to 30 times in 10
years Value Loss to nation
Market grows for health conscious viz price conscious

Farmers socio-economic growth partial

Production levels high, productivity going waste Sustainability impacted
Farmers market access and range limited
 Pawanexh Kohli

Feb 1999 JNL Srivastava Committee reported on Cold Storage – assessed a

(Report) gap of 39 lakh tons and existing capacity of 103 lakh tons (3443 cold
stores). Recommended central support for developing cold stores.

May 2012 Dr. S. Chaudhuri Committee reported that push to build cold storage
(Report) in fruits and vegetables was not successful due to large deficiencies
in the logistics system in between the farm to the final consumer.

Sept 2012 NCCD Committee on Supply Chain and Logistics recommended

(NCCD-CSCL) baseline survey of infrastructure to assess usable components across
segments, and as a precursor to a need based evaluation.
May 2013 NCCD reported that pack-house and transport are key missing links
(National Horticulture and that future cold-chain development should holistically address
Conference) the total activity chain, especially at farm-gate.

April 2014 CCEA approved new guidelines and norms, rationalised to address
(MIDH launch) all relevant links in cold-chain, designed to develop and strengthen
supply chain oriented, cold-chain logistics.

May 2014 All States advised that physical storage capacity should not be the
(NOCD Conclave) sole measure of development and to focus on enabling throughput
to markets so as to enhance revenue options for farmers.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Task Force on Cold-chain Projects, MoFPI (TFCP) 2014

TFCP stated that NSEL 2010 report “was not aligned with infrastructure
needs of a market linked supply chain”.
TFCP reported that “it emerged that the gap of cold storage capacity earlier
assessed at 29 million tons, may not be required”.
TFCP proposed that, in view of consensus, for time being additional capacity of
7.5 million tonnes should be aimed over next five years.
It is understood, that this capacity does not solely refer to cold stores but
includes other critical links so as to achieve end-to-end connectivity from farm-
gate to consumer through cold-chain.
After considering the report by TFCP, the direction after PMO meeting
(13-Dec-2014)
“cold chain management should be considered as part of the second green
revolution and the implementing agencies (NHB, NHM & MOPFI) should
change their approach and address it “end-to-end” connecting farm gate to
consumer in a seamless manner.”
In this background, a commitment to create 2.5 mill tons of cold-chain capacity
by each of 3 implementing agencies (NHM, NHB, MOFPI) in next 3 years was
made by then Secy MoFPI.
AICIC (2015) study was commissioned
by DACFW and executed through NCCD
and NABCONS (Nabard Consultancy).

राष्ट्रीय कोल्ड-चे न विकास कें द्र

 Pawanexh Kohli

Date Remarks
23-05-2014 NCCD proposed market linked assessment of cold-chain infrastructure
15-09-2014 1st meeting of TFCP, informed of study under process
31-10-2014 Awarded study to NABCONS, after approval of Secy (DACFW)
09-06-2015 EC of NCCD updated on draft report from NABCONS. EC directed to
expedite and release in public domain within one month
11-06-2015 Draft report forwarded to MoFPI, DAC, NHB, APEDA, ICAR with request
to arrange comments and suggestions before 26-06-2015
24-06-2014 All State Nodal Officers sent summary of draft report
30-06-2015 Reminders sent to provide comments, if any, before 6-7-2015
28-07-2015 MoFPI (and GoI agencies) provided revised table (with cold store
capacity reduced basis inputs from DAC) for finalising.
30-07-2015 First comments from MoFPI, stating requirement is under-estimated.
31-07-2015 MoFPI comments forwarded to NABCONs for consideration. Tentative
explanation provided by NCCD vide email on 03-08-2015
05-08-2015 Meeting held with JS-MoFPI & NABCONs to clarify upon the findings.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Date Remarks
12-08-2015 Letter from Secy (MoFPI) confirming that earlier observations were
clarified & directed that the final document suitably reflect the scope
of the study. Meeting with Secy was held on 14-08, earlier edition
discarded, and edition dated 14-08-2015 finalised for print and release
03-09-2015 The Study report accepted and released into public domain
-In following 6 months-
Study shared with all State Govts. for follow-up
for developing their action plans for 2016-17.

PHD and CII have held special conferences and

sessions to highlight the findings and concept.

Report asked for placing in library of 7 institutes.

Amity Univ recommends study as compulsory
reading for UG/PG students and researchers .

08.10.2015 Letter from MoFPI to Niti Aayog, with comments suggesting that the
capacity requirement and gaps are grossly underestimated
12.10.2015 Point wise response given amplifying on the realistic evaluations.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Demand Driven Study (consumption linked)

Study executed with NABCONS support

Infrastructure studied as a tool to deliver food.

Domain specific segmentation of components.
Requirements assessed for purpose of connectivity.
Logistics chain evaluated, working backwards from
consumption – an Inverse approach.

…Gainful Productivity the target…

Income security for farmers as the outcome
Focus on reducing Loss in the farm-to-consumer supply chain
Infrastructure assessment on realistic consumption patterns, not notional needs
TOR finalized with GoI implementing agencies
 31

Pawanexh Kohli

When harvested produce escapes its end use !

How does our food escape ?

• By perishing before it can reach gainful use !
• Because markets are too inaccessible !

Why are markets inaccessible ?

• Because food is perishable and needs post-harvest care !
• Because Post-harvest care is not market linked !
• Because such Care requires working tools !
• Because such Tools require skills to use !
• Because some stakeholders do not care !
 Pawanexh Kohli

OBJECTIVE
Reduce Loss incurred on perishable produce

WHY
WHY
Improve value realisation, Optimise the Nation’s Give producers & consumers
Income security to farmers Resource Utilisation Stabilised Prices

HOW
Maximise the reach of Supply chain technology Optimise would-be-
produce to markets as an intervention waste from perishables

The AICIC (2015) findings provide direction for developing cold-chains that
are linked to consumption, aimed at “seamless farm to consumer” logistics.
 Pawanexh Kohli
Primary Products Sample Cities
Category Selected Major
Produce/ Products Considered Zone Cluster of Cities Consumption
(Temp. Range)
Centres/ Cities
1. Apple 7. Tomato North Delhi 1. Delhi
2. Grapes 8. Cauliflower
Chill 3. Orange 9. Okra South Bangalore, 2. Bangalore
(00C to 100C) 4. Strawberry 10. Carrot Chennai & 3. Hyderabad
5. Kiwi 11. Cabbage Hyderabad 4. Chennai
6. Potato East Kolkata, North-24 5. Kolkata
Mild-Chill 12. Mango 14. Papaya Pragana
(100C to 200C) 13. Banana West Mumbai, Thane, 6. Mumbai
Frozen 15. Processed Products Ahmedabad, Pune, 7. Ahmedabad
(below -180C) 16. Meats (Livestock, Dairy, Fish) Jaipur, Surat 8. Jaipur
17. Ice-Cream North- East North Eastern 9. Guwahati
Normal 18. Onion States
(20oC to 30oC) Other processed items
TOR finalised after discussions with stakeholder agencies (Sep-2014) under chairmanship of Addnl Secretary
(DAC&FW) and published in the TFCP Report (Annexure-II).
The assessment of primary information was thereafter applied to the total urban population of India for a wider
basket of food items, provided more than 300 kms distance in the case of fresh horticulture produce.
Assessment also extended to projecting requirements in 2020. However, cold-chain has a multiplier effect on
markets, hence current consumption based needs would be more relevant than notional projections .
 Multi-product
Multi Temperature
Multi Chamber
Pawanexh Kohli
Multi-technology
-------
Tons per batch precooling + small cold room VOLUMETRIC
Supply Side THROUGHPUT
is a common metric.

Right sizing Capacity and Investments

Handling size
weekly/annum

Load capacity per trip

Daily tons per unit

Storage space
per annum

Daily tons per unit

 Pawanexh Kohli

Integrated Cold-chain: Demand-time-volume Matrix "Solution Finder"

A. Target Population : 10,00,000 number F. Per capita consumption : 0.85 kg/ca pi ta /month of ta rget popul a ti on
B. Product to Handle : Banana na me G. Size of Reefer vehicle : 10 metri c tons ca rri ed per tra ns port uni t
C. Product category : Mild-chill ca tegory H. Distance from market : 1200 kms from ori gi n to des ti na ti on
D. Source (Origin) : Pack-house type of ori gi n I. Avg Speed of transport : 450 a vg kms tra vel l ed per da y
E. Holding at market : Yes 1 i f "Yes ", gi ve da ys J. Reverse Logistics (Y/N) : No Yes i f getti ng return ha ul a ge
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Solution finder:
Monthly Load : 850 Tons per month Daily market demand : 28 tons per da y - Ba na na s uppl y requi red
Transit time : 2.7 da ys or 64 hrs Number of Vehicles : 3 Tra ns port uni ts needed da i l y
Total Tonmiles : 14913 roundtri p us ed Total Vehicles needed : 16 Tota l tra ns port uni ts for round tri p
Market Share : 100% percent of popul a ti on Buffer Space needed : 57 tons s pa ce a t front-end s tora ge
090212

Developed by NCCD-Px
To fulfill your target market demand, you need:

850 16 57
28
2.7 days
Production / Source Reefer Vehicles are is travel time space in MT tons of space
monthly output (tons) needed to fulfil the demand from load point at cold store hub to for daily merchandising
equi va l ent to 2 pa ckhous es ma i nta i n requi red 1 da y buffer

Recommendations: Developed by Pawanexh Kohli

- Ensure transport and destination is capable of keeping 10-16°C range of temperature.
- You have selected a Mild-chill Product, hence it may be better to opt for insulation of 40 to 100mm PUF material.
- Always ensure that dispatch point has prepared the product at correct loading temperature. Avoid delays while loading.
- You may benefit economically and reduce the tonmiles by opting to carry other cargo on return trip.
- Your daily demand is less than 50MT, try and hold a minimum one day surplus in front-end cold storage hub.
- Space of 57 MT at Cold store (Hub), is indicative: dependant on packaging, type of product and last mile distances.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Nationwide Requirement (2015)

70,080 units

9,36,251 MT
61,826 units

9,131 chambers
341,64,411 MT

~1,90,000 MT

For unit definitions, refer to “NCCD. 2015. AICIC Study

 Pawanexh Kohli

Total Requirement All India All India Gap % share of Gap

Type of Infrastructure
(A) Created (B) (A-B) to Required
Modern Pack-house 70080 units 249 units 69831 units 99%
Reefer Transport 61826 units 9000 units 52826 units 85%
Ripening Chamber 9131 units 812 units 8319 units 91%
Cold Storage (Bulk) 34164411 MT
31823700 MT 3276962 MT 10%
Cold Storage (Hub) 936251 MT
Not considering the cold storage capacity found non-functional or missing.
There may be Capacity off records in case of transport, reefers, ripening rooms

The gap is large in case of pre-cooling/pack-houses, reefer transport and ripening units.
Currently majority of infrastructure is in form of bulk cold stores. Currently, 75% capacity
utilization on average is achieved.
Uneven distribution, Produce from one State finds storage capacity in neighboring States.
Mission is to develop integrated and synergistic infrastructure components, so that
farmers and consumers will gain from supply chain.
Since this report, an additional 1+ million tons in cold stores has been created.
Estimated 4.8 mill ton storage may have shut down due to ageing, viability, etc.
 Pawanexh Kohli

All India Requirement

# Component Numbers
Holding Size Annual Handling
Remarks
MT capacity MT
Preconditioning 16 tons a day for transit.
Integrated Includes a pre-cooler and staging cold room
1 70080 11,21,280 13,45,53,600
Pack-house with dispatch area for trucks. Can have
processing units depending on crop

Reefer Basis trip times. Reefer requirement can be

2 62000 6,20,000 3,22,40,000
Vehicles scale 3 times basis various factors.

Cold Storage Cold store (Bulk) at average size of 5000 tons

3 6833 341,64,411 3,41,64,411
(Bulk) with average holding of 8 months.

Cold Storage Cold store (Hub) at average size of 2500 tons

4 375 9,36,251 3,79,18,166
(Hub) with holding period of 7 - 15 days.

Ripening Ripening Units of average throughput of

5 9131 91,306 68,47,950 10 tons per day every 4 chambers
Chamber
POS retail, small vehicles for last-mile
6 Last mile - - - delivery & street carts form this segment.
Totals 148,419 369,33,248 2457,24,127 * Cumulative total
 Pawanexh Kohli

State Urban % Share Packhouse CS Bulk CS Hub Onion Ripening

Population Population (No) (MT) (MT) Storage Chamber
(2014-15) (MT) (MT)
Andhra Pradesh 18428602 4.46 3124 489195 41730 551273 4070
Arunachal 354419 0.09 60 6705 803 -- 78
Assam 4774459 1.15 809 61185 10811 -- 1054
Bihar 13008947 3.15 2205 5094524 29458 155936 2873
Chhattisgarh 6670958 1.61 1131 357519 15106 -- 1473
Delhi 17718674 4.29 3003 -- 40122 -- 3913
Goa 1002786 0.24 170 -- 2271 -- 221
Gujarat 28523771 6.90 4835 2076936 64590 305066 6299
Haryana 9998498 2.42 1695 217754 22641 305686 2208
HP 722662 0.17 122 304511 1636 -- 160
J&K 3807726 0.92 645 899220 8622 -- 841
Jharkhand 8710072 2.11 1476 5228 19723 -- 1923
Karnataka 25886395 6.26 4388 151695 58618 809817 5717
Kerala 19831340 4.80 3361 968 44906 -- 4379
MP 21658925 5.24 3671 1146677 49045 1130550 4783
Maharashtra 54543414 13.19 9245 34200 123509 3063522 12045
* Pack house estimations are for the states, however will be based at production centres
 Pawanexh Kohli

State Urban % Share Packhouse CS Bulk CS Hub Onion Ripening

Population Population (No) (MT) (MT) Storage Chamber
(2014-15) (MT) (MT)
Manipur 943761 0.23 160 2925 2137 -- 208
Meghalaya 651738 0.16 110 17228 1476 -- 144
Mizoram 623469 0.15 106 7508 1412 -- 138
Nagaland 676818 0.16 115 7142 1533 -- 149
Odisha 7583316 1.83 1285 288328 17172 -- 1675
Punjab 11227754 2.72 1903 1467249 25424 -- 2479
Rajasthan 18558887 4.49 3146 11370 42025 337343 4098
Sikkim 210234 0.05 36 2145 476 -- 46
Tamil Nadu 37817826 9.15 6410 109005 85635 -- 8351
Telangana 12806317 3.10 2171 248130 28999 442517 2828
Tripura 1161198 0.28 197 5925 2629 -- 256
Uttar Pradesh 48414644 11.71 8206 10565506 109631 72945 10691
Uttarakhand 3410752 0.82 578 10567797 7723 273893 753
West Bengal 31729218 7.67 5378 7888623 71848 -- 7007
UT & Others 340 -- 4539 -- 443
All-India 413461936 70080 42035195 936249 7448545 91305
 Pawanexh Kohli

A. Ripening Chamber:
Based on consumption demand of mango, banana
and papaya, adjusted to ripening cycle (4 days )
B. Integrated Pack house:
Consumption data from urban centres (city)
considered as demand.
For each demand centre, a source / production
point at a distance of greater than 300 km is
considered for cold-chain intervention.
Unit Size: 16 MT throughput per day, working only
in season of respective crop type.
 Pawanexh Kohli

C. Reefer unit:
Carrying capacity of 10 MT assumed.
Maximum distance per day is 450 km (with an
average speed of 30 km/ hr for 15 hr in a day).
Direct round trip has been considered to evaluate
reefer vehicle requirement.
D. Cold storage (hub):
Consumption demand and holding cycle of each
product considered for estimation (Fruits &
Vegetables: 7 days, Frozen Products: 15 days)
 Pawanexh Kohli

E. Cold storage (bulk):

Assessed on basis of production for crops with 6 to 8
months holding cycle.
Consumption across 9 cities for selected products
calculated using 10 years NSSO household data.
Regional consumption patterns assessed to apply
to 414 mill urban population.
Adjusted for consumption and holding periods
and to apply to larger basket of food items.

Contd… Frequently Asked Questions

 Pawanexh Kohli

Only Horticulture produce is considered and

report is underestimated.
All relevant produce and products that benefit
from using cold-chain have been covered.
Consumption demand for total 9 long term
holding crops, 33 perishable items, milk products,
meat products and frozen peas are included.
To allow for omissions, extra holding time in cold
storage (hubs) were used.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Milk distribution is not covered.

The report clearly mentions that Milk in liquid form has
unique distribution system, and not included for this
study.
Almost 30-35000 milk tankers are reported in use for
liquid distribution and is well established.
A daily (or twice daily) collection system makes this a
fast moving item with high throughputs.
Aseptically packaged milk is not using cold-chain
except after opening the packet at consumer end.
However, consumption of Milk by-products is
considered (ice cream, butter, etc.)
 Pawanexh Kohli

Future potential is not explained.

The report was focused to be demand driven on
the basis of current consumption of foods.
Estimate for 2020 have been projected.
However, consumption demographics are
changing to various micro-factors and cold-chain
will also impact such demand.
Large gaps exist in integrated cold-chain
development and potential is self-evident.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Almost 15 million tons of meats and fish is not

addressed for storage needs.
The report explains the supply chain of foods.
Meat products (livestock, poultry, fish) is supplied
in regularly - daily frequency of operations.
15 million tons translates into daily delivery of
41000 tons only.
This volume through cold store hubs is already
factored by allowing for higher holding time of 15
days.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Food processing equipment such as IQF lines and

Blast freezers are not reported.
The report focuses on cold-chain as a service that
handles product to-market linkage.
Food processing units are covered under
manufacturing aspect of food processing and not cold-
chain.
The output from such equipment is covered under
consumption and cold-chain requirements.
Further, there was no data available on current
production of food processing from such lines.
 Pawanexh Kohli

NSEL reported a higher need for 61 mMT.

This study actually reports the need to create a
much higher handling capacity, of 240 million MT
in cold-chain.
The NSEL report was limited to estimating cold
store capacity with purpose of seasonal price
arbitrage.
AICIC report is more comprehensive and realistic
as it is demand driven and supply chain oriented.
AICIC projects holistic infrastructure requirements
to develop market linked integration in cold-chain.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Report seems overly ambitious.

This study is not based on notional estimations but
bears out as per realistic consumption data.
Household data from NSSO surveys for 10 years were
used to assess the demand.
The infrastructure has been evaluated thereafter on
basis of domain specific assessments.
Time and distance matrices have been applied where
relevant and as per holding life of produce.
The report caters to an annual throughput of
approximately 50 million tons to market, in cold-chain.
 Pawanexh Kohli

The Statewise cold store gap totals to 9 million

tons, but national level gap is only 3 million tons.
Cold store capacity can cater to production in
adjoining regions. State boundaries do not restrict the
cachement of cold stores.
Development may have regional variation due to
availability of electricity, roads etc., but overall
national need will not vary much.
Simplistic interpretation of Statewise data will not be
relevant as will neglect other dynamics of this domain.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Report is restricted to urban consumption, on assessing that produce

within 24 hrs of production areas can be serviced without cold-chain.
Pack-house numbers are for a unit size of 16 tons a day. In actual practice,
modular units of larger sizes could be created.
Every pack-house should create conjoined small food processing units
which has not been assessed in this study.
Ripening unit numbers could change with increased awareness of safely
ripened fruits and affluence, which increases demand for fruits.
Reefer units are assessed for a assumed size of 10 tons. Various micro
factors would change actual numbers. Last mile transport not factored.
Cold store (Hubs) would handle multiples in size as throughputs. In
efficient supply chains, far lower holding periods can be expected.
Food processing factories may use refrigeration at production stage or for
captive storage. This is exclusive to their subsequent need for cold-chain.
Conceptual level ambiguity requires clarity in definitions to harmonise
understanding. A National Cold-chain Policy is a necessary next step.
 54

Pawanexh Kohli
Post Harvest supply lines

Harvest Cachement
Local Consumers / Mandi
50 ton / day harvest
25 ton / day
Existing
Cold-chain Multilayered chain

Pack House

<1 ton / day 5 ton / day 15 ton / day Ready to retail produce - cold-chain

Reefer Cold Storage - Market access

Food
Non-Food
Processing
Compost
Preserves
Farm Feed Export
Juices Retail Ripening Unit
Bio-gas
Mixes Gateway
Dyes
Jams
Jellies
IQF Distant Consumer
Each end point brings gainful end-use
 Pawanexh Kohli

Normally manned by Women

Modern Pack • 15 MT per day
Assorting, Cleaning, Packaging,
House Starts cold
• Supplies & normal
cold chain
& normal chain
preconditioning, stage, dispatch

Rural Youth as reefer drivers

Long Haul • 10-15 MT loads
Return trips assured, promote
Transport • 2-6
2-3 days TAT
round trips
reverse trade and commerce

Distribution Hub • 1000 MT capacity Close to market Hubs that

deconsolidate for retailers.
(Cold store) • Close to market storage
Generate demand information
for advance planning of
Retail • 1-4 MT loads farmers.
distribution • Daily Delivery service
Last mile buffer and serves on
demand supply to consumer
Retail / • Temperature controlled outlets outlets. Street carts provide
Merchandising • Vending carts, cabinets livelihood to urban poor.
 Pawanexh Kohli

• 15 MT per day
Modern Pack 7 units at Rs. 90 lakh each =
• Supplies cold & normal chain
House 630 lakhs

Long Haul • 10-15 MT loads

• 2-3 days TAT 20 units at Rs. 30 lakh each =
Transport 600 lakhs

Distribution Hub • 1000 MT capacity At Rs. 10,000 per ton = 100 lakhs
• 10% or 100 MT for Horti
(Cold store)
Component Units Cost % of cost
• 2-4 MT loads
Retail Packhouses 7 630 47%
• Daily Delivery
distribution Reefers units 20 600 45%
Cold Store (MT) 1000 100 8%
• Temperature controlled outlets TOTAL COST 1330 lakhs
Retail /
• Vending carts, cabinets
Merchandising
 Pawanexh Kohli

Type of Infrastructure Beneficiaries

FPOs, Cooperatives, Traders, Retailers, Logistics Service
Modern Pack-house
Providers, Mega Food Park promoters, agri-produce exporters
Cold Storage (Bulk)
Traders, Wholesalers, Logistics Service Providers
Cold Storage (Hub)
Rural Youth, Logistics Service Providers, Pack-house and cold
Reefer Transport
storage owners
Ripening Chamber Retailers, Cold store Hubs, Logistics Service Providers

Approach prospective beneficiaries with concept to

promote ‘end-to-end’ seamless connectivity from farm
to wholesale.
Empower existing asset owners with ability to extend
into other aspects of agri-business value chain.
 Pawanexh Kohli

Capacity building on
• Develop implementing agencies
need assessment
• Implementing agencies to promote
Program awareness
awareness, projectise needs

Fast track applications • Speed up assistance process

Feedback on activities • Harmonise database and feedback

Expansion and scale

• Modernisation and upgradation
up of existing
Application based • Management and handling protocols
research for indigenous crops
 Pawanexh Kohli

Industry, PSUs, Government, Investors, Entrepreneurs, Farming

Associations & Knowledge Houses - All Working Together!
Training, HRD and
R&D Committee.
2
Committee for Application of
non-Conventional Energy
Technical Specification, Sources in Cold Chain
Standards, Test
Laboratory & Product 1 3 Infrastructure.

Certification Committee.

Executive
Committee
Liaison with other NLAs
and States 6 Committee for Supply
4 Chain & Logistics.

NCCD Members, other

5 cold chain sectors
 Defining - Rationalising - Harmonising
Making India’s Cold-chains Smarter

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