F ractional

Differential
Calculus
Volume 8, Number 1 (2018), 165–176 doi:10.7153/fdc-2018-08-10

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR HADAMARD

FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH
NONLOCAL MULTI–POINT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

WAFAA B ENHAMIDA , J OHN R. G RAEF AND S AMIRA H AMANI

(Communicated by T. Aleroev)

Abstract. This paper is devoted to the study of the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a
boundary value problem for nonlinear Hadamard fractional differential equations with nonlo-
cal multi-point boundary conditions. The results are obtained by using a variety of fixed point
theorems. The paper concludes with some illustrative examples.

1. Introduction

The theory of fractional differential equations has received much attention over the
past years and has become an important field of investigation due to its extensive ap-
plications in numerous branches of physics, chemistry, aerodynamics, electrodynamics
of complex medium, polymer rheology, etc. Fractional differential equations also serve
as an excellent tool for the description of hereditary properties of various materials. As
a result, they are gaining much importance and attention in the literature. As recent
examples, we refer the reader to [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 19, 20, 24] and the references
contained therein.
Existence theory for real world problems that can be modeled by fractional dif-
ferential equations with multi-point boundary conditions have attracted the attention
of many researchers and is a rapidly growing area of investigation; for example, see,
Benchohra and Hamani [5], Cui, Yu, and Mao [13], El-Sayed and Bin-Taher [14], and
Houas and Dahmani [19].
The fractional derivative that Hadamard [17] introduced in 1892 is different from
the often studied Riemann-Liouville and Caputo derivatives in the sense that the ker-
nel of the integral in the definition of the Hadamard derivative contains a logarithmic
function with an arbitrary exponent. A detailed description of the Hadamard fractional
derivative and integral can be found in [8, 9, 10, 24].
Examples of physical phenomena modeled by Hadamard fractional derivatives are
not prevalent in the literature at this time. However, in the paper by Garra and Polito
Mathematics subject classification (2010): 26A33, 34A60.
Keywords and phrases: Fractional differential equation, Hadamard fractional derivative, Hadamard
fractional integral, multi-point conditions, fixed point, Banach space.

c  , Zagreb 165
Paper FDC-08-10
166 W. B ENHAMIDA , J. R. G RAEF AND S. H AMANI

[15], there is a nice discussion of how they are used to solve other mathematical prob-
lems such as ones involving Laguerre operators and the Lamb-Bateman integral equa-
tion.
In this paper, we investigate the boundary value problem

Dr y(t) = f (t, y(t)), for a.e. t ∈ J = [1, T ], 1 < r  2, (1)

n
y(1) = 0, D p y(T ) = ∑ λi D p y(μi ), 0 < p < 1, (2)
i=1

where Dr and D p are the Hadamard fractional derivatives of order r and p respec-
tively, f : [1, T ] × R → R is a given function, λi ∈ R, 1 < μi  T , i = 1, . . . , n , n  2 ,
and
n
(log T )r−p−1 = ∑ λi (log μi )r−p−1 . (3)
i=1

We are going to prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions to (1)–(2) using
Banach’s fixed point theorem, and then give two additional existence results, one based
on Schaefer’s fixed point theorem and the other on the Leray Schauder nonlinear alter-
native. Examples are given in Section 4 to demonstrate the applicability of our main
results.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we introduce notations, definitions, and preliminary facts that will
be used in the remainder of this paper.
Let C(J, R) be the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into R with
the norm
y∞ = sup{|y(t)| : 1  t  T }.
We begin by defining Hadamard fractional integrals and derivatives. In what fol-
lows, [r] denotes the integer part of r and log(·) = loge (·).

D EFINITION 2.1. ([21]) The Hadamard fractional integral of order r for a func-
tion h : [1, +∞) → R is defined as
 t
r 1 t r−1 h(s)
I h(t) = log ds, r > 0,
Γ(r) 1 s s

where Γ is the Gamma function.

D EFINITION 2.2. ([21]) For a function h given on the interval [1, +∞), the Hada-
mard fractional derivative of h of order r is defined by
 n  t 
r 1 d t n−r−1 h(s)
(D h)(t) = t log ds, n − 1 < r < n, n = [r] + 1.
Γ(n − r) dt 1 s s
 H ADAMARD FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 167

Lemmas of the following type are rather standard in the study of fractional differ-
ential equations.

L EMMA 2.3. ([21]) Let r  0 . Then the differential equation

Dr h(t) = 0 (4)

has as its solutions

n
h(t) = ∑ c j (logt)r− j ,
j=1

and moreover,
n
I r Dr h(t) = h(t) + ∑ c j (logt)r− j ,
j=1

where c j ∈ R, j = 1, . . . , n , n = [r] + 1 .

L EMMA 2.4. ([21]) If r > 0 , p > 0 , and 0 < a < ∞, then

  t r−1  Γ(r)  x r+p−1
I p log (x) = log
a Γ(r + p) a

and
  t r−1  Γ(r)  x r−p−1
D p log (x) = log .
a Γ(r − p) a
The following result will be used in Section 3.3.

T HEOREM 2.5. ([16]) (Nonlinear alternative for single valued maps) Let E be a
Banach space, C a closed, convex subset of E , and U be an open subset of C with
0 ∈ U . Suppose that N : U → C is a continuous, compact (that is, N(U) is a relatively
compact subset of C ) map. Then:

(i) Either N has a fixed point in U , or

(ii) There exists x ∈ ∂ U (the boundary of U in C ) and λ ∈ (0, 1) with x = λ N(x).

3. Main results

We start by defining what is meant by a solution of the problem (1)–(2).

D EFINITION 3.1. A function y ∈ C1 ([1, T ], R) is said to be a solution of (1)–(2)

if y satisfies the equation Dr y(t) = f (t, y(t)) on J and the boundary conditions (2).

For the existence of solutions to the problem (1)–(2), we need the following aux-
iliary lemma.
168 W. B ENHAMIDA , J. R. G RAEF AND S. H AMANI

L EMMA 3.2. Let h : [1, +∞) → R be a continuous function. A function y is a

solution of the fractional integral equation

(logt)r−1
y(t) =
Γ(r)[(log T )r−p−1 − ∑ni=1 λi (log μi )r−p−1 ]
 n  μi  μi r−p−1 ds
 T
T r−p−1 ds 
× ∑ λi log h(s) − log h(s)
i=1 1 s s 1 s s
 t 
1 t r−1 ds
+ log h(s) (5)
Γ(r) 1 s s

if and only if y is a solution of the fractional BVP

Dr y(t) = h(t), 1 < r  2, (6)

n
y(1) = 0, D p y(T ) = ∑ λi D p y(μi ), 0 < p  1. (7)
i=1

Proof. Assume y satisfies (6); then Lemma 2.3 implies that

y(t) = I r h(t) + c1(logt)r−1 + c2(logt)r−2 . (8)

The first condition in (7) implies that

c2 = 0.

To find c1 , differentiate (8) and apply Lemma 2.4 to obtain

Γ(r)
D p y(t) = D p I r h(t) + c1D p (logt)r−1 = I r−p h(t) + c1 (logt)r−p−1. (9)
Γ(r − p)

Setting t = T gives

Γ(r)
D p y(T ) = I r−p h(T ) + c1 (log T )r−p−1 . (10)
Γ(r − p)

Evaluating (9) at μi , multiplying by λi , and summing, we have

n n n
Γ(r)
∑ λi D py(μi ) = ∑ λi I r−ph(μi ) + c1 Γ(r − p) ∑ λi (log μi )r−p−1. (11)
i=1 i=1 i=1

Combining (10), (11), and the second condition in (7), we find that
n
Γ(r − p)( ∑ λi I r−p h(μi ) − I r−ph(T ))
i=1
c1 = n .
Γ(r)((log T )r−p−1 − ∑ λi (log μi )r−p−1 )
i=1
 H ADAMARD FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 169

Substituting the values of c1 and c2 into (8), we obtain the solution (5). A direct
substitution shows that y(t) in (5) satisfies (6)–(7). 
In the following, for the sake of convenience, we set
n
Ω = (log T )r−p−1 − ∑ λi (log μi )r−p−1 .
i=1

Note that Ω = 0 in view of (3). It is important to point out that, in view of (5), the
problem (1)–(2) has a solution if and only if the operator
 μi 
(logt)r−1  n μi r−p−1 ds
(Ny)(t) =
Γ(r)Ω i=1 ∑ λ i
1
log
s
f (s, y(s))
s
 T  
T r−p−1 ds
− log f (s, y(s))
1 s s
 t
1 t r−1 ds
+ log f (s, y(s)) (12)
Γ(r) 1 s s

has a fixed point.

In the following subsections we prove existence, as well as existence and unique-
ness, results for the boundary value problem (1)–(2) by using a variety of fixed point
theorems.

3.1. Existence and uniqueness result via Banach’s fixed point theorem
T HEOREM 3.3. Assume that:

(H1) There exists a constant k > 0 such that

| f (t, x) − f (t, y)|  k|x − y| for a.e. t ∈ J and x, y ∈ R.

If
(log T )r−1 k  n (log μi )r−p (log T )r−p  k
Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi |
r− p
+
r− p
+
Γ(r + 1)
(log T )r < 1,
i=1

then the BVP (1)–(2) has a unique solution on [1, T ].

Proof. We transform the problem (1)–(2) into a fixed point problem using the
operator N defined in (12). In order to apply Banach’s contraction mapping principle,
we need to show that N is a contraction.
Let x , y ∈ C1 ([1, T ], R); then for each t ∈ J , we have
 μi 
(log T )r−1  n μi r−p−1 ds
|(Nx)(t) − (Ny)(t)| 
Γ(r)|Ω| i=1 ∑ |λ i |
1
log
s
| f (s, x(s)) − f (s, y(s))|
s
 T  
T r−p−1 ds
+ log | f (s, x(s)) − f (s, y(s))|
1 s s
170 W. B ENHAMIDA , J. R. G RAEF AND S. H AMANI

 t
1 t r−1 ds
+ log | f (s, x(s)) − f (s, y(s))|
Γ(r) 1 s s
r−1  n  μi  
(log T ) kx − y∞ μi r−p−1 ds

Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi | 1 log s s
i=1
 T     
T r−p−1 ds kx − y∞ t t r−1 ds
+ log + log
1 s s Γ(r) 1 s s
(log T )r−1 kx − y∞  n (log μi )r−p (log T )r−p 

Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi | r − p + r − p
i=1
kx − y∞
+ (log T )r
Γ(r + 1)
 (log T )r−1 k  n (log μi )r−p (log T )r−p 

Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi |
r− p
+
r− p
i=1
k 
+ (log T )r x − y∞.
Γ(r + 1)

Thus,
 (log T )r−1 k  n
(log μi )r−p (log T )r−p 
N(yn ) − N(y)∞ 
Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi| r− p
+
r− p
i=1
k 
+ (log T )r x − y∞.
Γ(r + 1)

This shows that N is a contraction. Therefore, by the Banach contraction mapping

principle, N has a fixed point that is the unique solution of our boundary value prob-
lem. 

3.2. Existence result via Schaefer’s fixed point theorem

Our main result in this subsection is the following.

T HEOREM 3.4. Assume that:

(H2) The function f : [1, T ] × R → R is continuous.

(H3) There exists a constant M > 0 such that

| f (t, u))|  M for a.e. t ∈ J and each u ∈ R.

Then the BVP (1)–(2) has at least one solution on [1, T ].

Proof. We shall use Schaefer’s fixed point theorem to prove that N defined by (6)
has a fixed point. The proof will be given in several steps.
 H ADAMARD FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 171

Step 1: N is continuous.
Let {yn } be a sequence such that yn → y in C1 (J, R). Then, for each t ∈ J ,
 μi 
(logt)r−1  n μi r−p−1 ds
|(Nyn )(t) − (Ny)(t)| 
Γ(r)|Ω| i=1 ∑ |λi |
1
log
s
| f (s, yn (s)) − f (s, y(s))|
s
 T  
T r−p−1 ds
+ log | f (s, yn (s)) − f (s, y(s))|
1 s s
 t
1 t r−1 ds
+ log | f (s, yn (s)) − f (s, y(s))|
Γ(r) 1 s s
 (log T )r−1  n (log μi ) r−p (log T ) r−p 

Γ(r)|Ω| i=1 ∑ |λi |
r− p
+
r− p
1 
+ (log T )r  f (·, yn (·)) − f (·, y(·))∞ .
Γ(r + 1)

Since f is continuous, we have N(yn ) − N(y)∞ → 0 as n → ∞, so N is continuous.

Step 2: N maps bounded sets into bonded sets in C([1, T ], R).
It suffices to show that for any μ ∗ > 0 , there exists a positive constant l such that
for each y ∈ Bμ ∗ = {y ∈ C([1, T ], R) : y∞  μ ∗ } , we have N(y)∞ < l . Now
 μi 
(logt)r−1 n μi r−p−1 ds
|N(y)(t)| 
Γ(r)|Ω| i=1∑ |λ i |
1
log
s
| f (s, y(s))|
s
 T    
T r−p−1 ds 1 t t r−1 ds
+ log | f (s, y(s))| + log | f (s, y(s))| ,
1 s s Γ(r) 1 s s

so

 
n
(log T )r−1 M (log μi )r−p (log T )r− p M
N(y)(t)∞ 
Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi| r−p + r−p +
Γ(r + 1)
r
(log T ) = l.
i=1

Step 3: N maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of C([1, T ], R).

Let t1 , t2 ∈ J with t1 < t2 , and let Bμ ∗ be a bounded set in C([1, T ], R) as in Step
2, and let y ∈ Bμ ∗ . Then,

|(Ny)(t2 ) − (Ny)(t1 )|
 t1  
1 t2 r−1  t1 r−1 ds
 log − log | f (s, y(s))|
Γ(r) 1 s s s
 t2  
1 t2 r−1 ds (logt2 ) − (logt1 )r−1
r−1
+ log | f (s, y(s))| +
Γ(r) t1 s s Γ(r)|Ω|
 n  μi    T
μi r−p−1 ds T r−p−1 ds 
× ∑ |λi | log f (s, y(s)) + log f (s, y(s))
i=1 1 s s 1 s s
172 W. B ENHAMIDA , J. R. G RAEF AND S. H AMANI

 t1    t2 
M t2 r−1  t1 r−1 ds M t2 r−1 ds
 log − log + log
Γ(r) 1 s s s Γ(r) t1 s s
M(logt2 )r−1 − (logt1 )r−1
+
Γ(r)|Ω|
 n  μi   T
μi r−p−1 ds T r−p−1 ds 
× ∑ |λi | log + log
i=1 1 s s 1 s s
 
M M (logt2 )r−1 − (logt1 )r−1
 [(logt2 )r − (logt1 )r ] +
Γ(r + 1) Γ(r)|Ω|
 n  μi   T
μi r−p−1 ds T r−p−1 ds 
× ∑ |λi | log + log
i=1 1 s s 1 s s

As t1 −→ t2 , the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to zero. As a consequence

of Steps 1 to 3, together with the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem, we can conclude that N is
continuous and completely continuous.
Step 4: A priori bounds
Now it remains to show that the set

ε = {y ∈ C(J, R) : y = μ N(y) for some 0 < μ < 1}

is bounded. We have
 (logt)r−1   μi 
n
μi r−p−1 ds
y(t) = μ
Γ(r)Ω i=1 ∑ λi
1 s
log f (s, y(s))
s
 T    t
T r−p−1 ds 1 t r−1 ds 
− log f (s, y(s)) + log f (s, y(s)) .
1 s s Γ(r) 1 s s

For μ ∈ [0, 1], let y be such that for each t ∈ [1, T ],

 μi  T
M(logt)r−1  n μi r−p−1 ds T ds 
|(Ny)(t)| 
Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λ i |
1
(log
s
)
s
+
1
(log )r−p−1
s s
i=1
 T r−1
M T ds
+ log
Γ(r) 1 s s
M(log T )r−1  n
(log μi )r−p (log T )r−p  M

Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi |
r − p
+
r − p
+
Γ(r + 1)
(log T )r
i=1
= R.

Thus,
N(y)∞  R.

This shows that the set ε is bounded. As a consequence of Schaefer’s fixed point
theorem, N has a fixed point that is a solution of the problem (1)–(2). 
 H ADAMARD FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 173

3.3. Existence result via the Leray-Schauder nonlinear alternative

Our final existence result in this paper is the following.

T HEOREM 3.5. Assume that the following conditions hold:

(H4) There exists φ f ∈ L1 (J, R+ ) and a continuous nondecreasing function ψ : [0, ∞) →
(0, ∞) such that
| f (t, u)|  φ f (t)ψ (|u|) for a.e. t ∈ J and u ∈ R. (13)

(H5) There exists M ∗ > 0 such that

Γ(r)|Ω|M ∗
 n  > 1.
Γ(r)|Ω|ψ (M ∗ )I r φ f (T )+Γ(r−p)ψ (M ∗ )(log T )r−1 ∑ i
|λ |I r−p
φ f ( μ i )+I r−p
φ f (T )
i=1

Then the BVP (1)–(2) has at least one solution on [1, T ].

Proof. We shall use the Leary-Schauder theorem to prove that N defined by (12)
has a fixed point. As shown in the proof of Theorem 3.4, we see that the operator N is
continuous, uniformly bounded, and equicontinous. So by the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem,
N is completely continuous.
Now in view of (13), for each t ∈ [1, T ],
 μi 
(log T )r−1  n μi r−p−1 ds
|y(t)| 
Γ(r)|Ω| i=1 ∑ |λ i |
1
log
s
φ f (s)ψ (|y|)
s
 T  
T r−p−1 ds
+ log φ f (s)ψ (|y|)
1 s s
 T r−1
1 T ds
+ log φ f (s)ψ (|y|)
Γ(r) 1 s s
Γ(r−p)ψ (y∞ )(log T ) r−1  n 

Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi |I r−p φ f (μi )+I r−p φ f (T ) +ψ (y∞ )I r φ f (T ).
i=1
Thus,
Γ(r)|Ω|y∞
 n 
Γ(r)|Ω|ψ (y∞ )I r φ f (T )+Γ(r−p)ψ (y∞ )(log T )r−1 ∑ |λ i |I r−p
φ f ( μ i )+I r−p
φ f (T )
i=1
 1.
By condition (H5), there exists M ∗ such that y∞ = M ∗ .
Let BM∗ = {y ∈ C([1, T ], R) : y∞ < M ∗ } . The operator N is continuous and
completely continuous. By the choice of BM∗ there is no y ∈ ∂ BM∗ such that y = μ N(y)
for some μ ∈ (0, 1).
As a consequence of the nonlinear alternative of Leary-Schauder type (Theorem
2.5 above), N has a fixed point y ∈ BM∗ that is a solution of the problem, and this
completes the proof of the theorem. 
174 W. B ENHAMIDA , J. R. G RAEF AND S. H AMANI

4. Examples

In this section, we present some examples to illustrate our results in the previous
section.

E XAMPLE 4.1. Consider the fractional boundary value problem

3 1
D 2 y(t) = sin y, for a.e. (t, y) ∈ ([1, e], R+ ), (14)
t2 + 8
1 1 1
y(1) = 0, D 2 y(e) = D 2 y(e) + 2D 2 y(e), (15)

where r = 32 , p = 12 , T = e, n = 2 , λ1 = 1 , λ2 = 2 , and μ1 = μ2 = e. We have

 
 1  1

| f (t, y)| =  2 sin y  .
t +8 9

Choosing M = 19 , we see that

M M(log T )r−1  n (log μi )r−p (log T )r−p 

N(y)∞ 
Γ(r + 1)
(log T )r +
Γ(r)|Ω| ∑ |λi |
r− p
+
r− p
i=1
M 2M 4M 16
= + = = √ <1
Γ(r + 1) Γ(r) Γ(r + 1) 27 π

is bounded. Then by Theorem 3.4, problem (14)–(15) has a solution on [1, e].

E XAMPLE 4.2. Consider the fractional boundary value problem

H 3 y2
D 2 y(t) = (logt)2 , for a.e. (t, y) ∈ ([1, e], R+ ), (16)
8|y| + 1

1 1 1
y(1) = 0, D 2 y(e) = D 2 y(e) + 2D 2 y(e), (17)

where r = 32 , p = 12 , T = e, n = 2 , λ1 = 1 , λ2 = 2 , μ1 = μ2 = e, and

y2
f (t, y) = (logt)2 .
8|y| + 1

Now,
 
 y2  1
| f (t, y)| = (logt)2  (logt)2 |y|,
8|y| + 1  8
1 (logt)3 3
so choosing ψ (|y|) = |y| and φ f (t) = (logt)2 , we have I 1 φ f (t) = 3 , and I 2 φ f (e)
8
 H ADAMARD FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 175

32
= √ . We see that
35 π

Γ(r)|Ω|M ∗
 
Γ(r)|Ω|ψ (M ∗ )I r φ f (T ) + Γ(r − p)ψ (M ∗ )(log T )r−1 ∑ni=1 |λi |I r−p φ f (μi ) + I r−pφ f (T )
√ ∗
πM
=√ 3
 
πψ (M ∗ )I 2 φ f (e) + ψ (M ∗ ) ∑2i=1 |λi |I 1 φ f (μi ) + I 1φ f (e)
√ √
8 π 840 π
=√ 3  = > 1.
π I 2 φ f (e) + ∑2i=1 |λi |I 1 φ f (μi ) + I 1 φ f (e) 209

Hence, all the conditions of Theorem 3.5 are satisfied, so there exists at least one solu-
tion of the problem (16)–(17) on [1, e].

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(Received May 26, 2017) Wafaa Benhamida

Laboratoire des Mathématiques Appliqués et Pures
Université de Mostaganem
B. P. 227, 27000, Mostaganem, Algerie
e-mail: [email protected]
John R. Graef
Department of Mathematics
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Samira Hamani
Laboratoire des Mathématiques Appliqués et Pures
Université de Mostaganem
B. P. 227, 27000, Mostaganem, Algerie
e-mail: hamani [email protected]

Fractional Differential Calculus

www.ele-math.com
[email protected]