NEGATIVE GLOBAL FLOWS Chemicals

 While there are negative aspects,  Selling substandard materials

flows, and processes associated and selling mislabeled
with globalization, we would not pharmaceuticals that proved
accept the view that poisonous and killed and injured
globalization is wholly negative. people all over the world
 Negative global flows of various
kinds lead to global counter-
reactions, both processes and Fish
structures, to deal with those
flows.  Water contaminated by industrial
waste and agricultural runoff
(including pesticides) finds its
DANGEROUS IMPORTS way into these bodies of water
and contaminates the seafood
Food with pesticides, drugs, lead,
heavy metals, etc.
 The greater the use of global
ingredients, the greater the
difficulty in ensuring that no BOARDERLESS DISEASES
contaminants find their way into Hiv/aids
finished products.
 It also becomes difficult, if not  The spread of HIV/AIDS is
impossible , to locate the source closely linked with globalization,
of the contamination. especially the increased mobility
 Different countries have different associated with tourism, greater
food safety standards. migration rates of workers,
 China has weak regulations and greater rates of commercial and
enforcement in terms of food business travel, movement of
production. (Ex. Industrial refugees and military personnel,
chemical melamine added to etc.
milk, candy, hot cocoa, and  People who have the disease can
infant formula) travel great distances over a
 Other food problems include period of years without knowing
industrial pollution that spills they have it and therefore have
into waterways that irrigate the ability to transmit the disease
crops, illegal veterinary drugs in to many others.
hogs and other livestock, etc  Similarly, those without the
 Rice imported into the US from disease can travel to nations
the Czech Republic, Bhutan, where HIV/AIDS is prevalent,
Italy, India, and Thailand (in contract it, and then bring it back
addition to China and Taiwan) to their home country.
have all been found to have
dangerously high levels of lead
(2013).
 Flu  The question on why war breaks
out can be approached in
 Flu may be the disease most different ways.
adept at eluding borders.  Historians tend to focus narrowly
 The ability to deal with such on specific direct causes of the
pandemic has also been outbreak of war.
enhanced as a result of
globalization (for example, Theories about War
global monitoring of WHO and
the ability to get health workers  Wars do not have a single or
and pharmaceuticals rapidly to simple cause.
the site of an outbreak).  Wars have been viewed as
resulting from forces and
CRIME processes operating on all the
levels.
Global Crimes  On the individual level of
analysis, the question of why
 Drugs and terrorism now top the conflicts turn violent revolves
list of global concerns as far as around the familiar issue of
crime is concerned, but others rationality.
include stolen property,
 One theory states that the use of
counterfeiting, human
war and other violent means of
trafficking, fraud and
leverage in international conflicts
cybercrime, commercialized sex,
is normal and reflects rational
extortion, money laundering, and
decisions of national leaders.
corruption.
 It is based on rational calculation
 Global crimes are addressed by
made by both parties that they
different organizations through
can achieve more in war than by
surveillance technologies and
remaining at peace.
tightening of border controls,
 An opposite theory holds that
particularly in the US and
wars happen because of
Europe.
deviations from rationality.
WAR  Public nationalism and ethnic
hatred may pressure leaders to
War and Conflict solve conflicts violently.
 The domestic level of analysis
 Conflict may be defined as a draws attention to the
difference in preferred outcomes characteristics of states or
in a bargaining situation. societies that may make them
 Whether fair or unfair, the more or less prone to use
ultimate outcome of the violence in resolving conflicts.
bargaining process is a  Greedy capitalist and totalitarian
settlement of the particular states are prone to using
conflict. violence.
 War is a period of hostile  The theories at the interstate
relations between countries, level explain wars in terms of
states, or factions that leads to power relations among major
fighting between armed forces, actors in the international
especially in land, air, or sea system.
battles.
  Equal distribution of power and a  Limited war includes military
declining hegemon actions carried out to gain some
 At the global level of analysis, a objective short of the surrender
number of theories of war have and occupation of the enemy.
been proposed.  Raids are limited wars that
 Wars are connected with long consist of a single action.
economic waves.  Example is the US-led war
 Wars are linked to the creation against Iraq in 1998 which
and decay of world orders. retook the territory of Kuwait.
 War as an outcome of conflict is  Civil war refers to war between
becoming less likely over time factions within a state trying to
due to the worldwide create, or prevent, a new
development of both technology government for the entire state or
and international norms. some territorial parts of it.
 War and military force are  Example is the American Civil
becoming obsolete because of War in the 1860s
our interdependent world.  Guerrilla war is warfare
 War has become distasteful. without front lines.
 Irregular forces operate in the
Types of War midst of, and often hidden or
protected by, civilian
 Hegemonic war is a war over
populations.
control of the entire world order
 Example is the presence of US
– the rules of the international
military forces in South Vietnam
system as a whole, including the
that fought against Viet Cong
role of world hegemony.
guerrillas.
 This class of war is also known  In guerrilla war, the purpose is
as world war, global war, not to directly confront an enemy
general war, or systemic war. army but rather to harass and
 The last hegemonic war was punish it so as to gradually limit
World War II its operation and effectively
 This kind of war probably cannot liberate territory from its control.
occur any longer without  Counterinsurgency refers to
destroying civilization. efforts to combat a guerrilla
 Total war is warfare by one army.
state waged to conquer and
TERRORISM
occupy another.
 The goal is to reach the capital  It is the deliberate creation and
city and force the surrender of exploitation of fear for bringing
the government, which can then about political change. All
be replaced with one of the terrorist acts involve violence
victor’s choosing. or—equally important—the
 A classic case is the 2003 Iraq threat of violence.
War.  These violent acts are committed
 In total war, with entire society by nongovernmental groups or
mobilized for the struggle, the individuals—that is, by those
entire society of the enemy is who are neither part of nor
considered a legitimate target. officially serving in the military
forces, law enforcement
 agencies, intelligence services, or THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE
other governmental agencies of FLOWS ON INDIVIDUALS
an established nation-state
An Evaluation
 Terrorists attempt not only to
sow panic but also to undermine  People are victimized, even
confidence in the government killed, as a result of global crime.
and political leadership of their  Citizens pay the costs resulting
target country. from corruption on a global
 Terrorism is therefore designed level.
to have psychological effects that  Large numbers of innocent
reach far beyond its impact on civilians die, and have their lives
the immediate victims or object destroyed, by war.
of an attack.  Globalization has become toxic
 Terrorists mean to frighten and to individuals and their
thereby intimidate a wider emotional lives.
audience, such as a rival ethnic
or religious group, an entire
country and its political
leadership, or the international
community as a whole.
 The U.S. Department of State
has designated seven countries as
state sponsors of terrorism: Iran,
Iraq, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North
Korea, and Sudan.
 In the year 2000, it named Iran
as the most active supporter of
terrorism for aid to groups such
as Hezbollah, Hamas, and
Palestine Islamic Jihad.
 Counterterrorism has become a
sophisticated operation as well as
a big business – a trend that
accelerated after the September
11, 2001 attack on the US.
 International agencies, notably
the Interpol police agency,
coordinate the actions of states in
trafficking and apprehending
suspected terrorists (as well as
drug traffickers and other
criminals).