Numerical Relays

Avinash E
Applications – SAS
Pallavaram
 Introduction to Numerical Relays

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
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Numerical Relays

What Is the Technology Used in Protective

Relays ?

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
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Relay Technology - Evolution

E/M
E/M
HA
HA&&Disc
Disc Bi-mettallic
Bi-mettallic
O/L Protn.
Fuses
Fuses
S/C Protn. Time Static
Static
Delay
Inst.
Digital
Digital

Numerical
Numerical

Self
Monitoring Metering

Integration DR
Commn. EL

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Electromechanical Relays

! In existence since the beginning of this

century & only choice till 1970’s.
! Mechanical force generated through current
flow, hence the term electro-mechanical.
! Provide galvanic isolation in simple cheap
and reliable form.
! Classified into:
1. Attracted Armature.
2. Moving Coil.
3. Magnetic Induction.
4. Thermal.
! Only Attracted Armature relays find significant applications in todays
protection schemes.

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
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Electromechanical Relays – Limitations

! High operating time due to inertia of moving parts

! High error (up to ± 10%) of measurement

! High burden on CTs and VTs

! Drift in characteristics due to ageing of components, wear & tear

! Bigger dimensions

! Frequent test and maintenance

! Affected by vibrations and shocks caused by external sources

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Static Relays

! The term Static refers to - no moving parts

! Analog input signals are stepped down to levels suitable for electronic
circuits
! Use semiconductor devices like Diodes, Transistors, Thyristors, Resistors,
Capacitors and Op-Amps.

! Current signals are converted to voltage signals with a bank of shunts

! Decisions are based on zero crossing, pulse widths etc

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Static Relays

Advantages:
!Faster operation
!More accurate
!Low burden on CT/VTs
!Compact size
!Less maintenance
Disadvantages:
!Analog electronic replacement of
electromechanical relays
!Mostly single function relays
!Limited flexibility in application
!Limited memory of previous fault
data.

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Microprocessors

! Introduced a step change in technology.

! Microprocessors & Micro controllers replaced analog circuits.

Microprocessor based design

! Large scale integration of components in a single package

! Intel designed first microprocessor in 1975

! Microprocessors are classified based on bus width as 4 bits, 8 bits, 16

bits, 32 bits or 64 bits
! Where should one use 8 or 16 bit processor ? 16 BITS

Control functions Like auto

8 BITS reclose Or disturbance
Recording Algorithms involving Complex Calculations
Like Distance relays

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays

! Numerical relays are natural developments of digital relays due to advances in

technology.
! A numerical relay has the functionality that previously required several
discrete relays, therefore the relay functions such as overcurrent or earth fault
are referred to as ‘relay elements’.
! Each relay element is in software so with modular hardware the main signal
processor can run a vast variety of relay elements.

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
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 How Numerical Relays work

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Architecture

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Memories

! ROM:
Designed to permanently store a fixed program which is not alterable.
! RAM:
Designed so that information can be written into or read from any
unique location.
"Static RAM
"Dynamic RAM
! E2PROM:
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays – Signal Processing

! To replace a continuous time signal by a discrete time

signal

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays – Anti Aliasing

! To replace a continuous time signal by a discrete time

signal

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
 Numerical Relays - Advantages

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Advantages

Configurable
Interface
Dual Rated Programmable
CT Inputs LEDs

Comprehensive Programmable
Recording Threshold Optos

Graphical
Programmable Station & Process
Scheme Logic Bus Comms.

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Advantages

3-phase Volts 3-phase Amps

Alarms present
C

System Data Group 4

Configuration Group 1 Overvoltage
Overcurrent
Password Overcurrent
I>1 Function V>1 Function
Enabled

Password
Password
Level
Level 22 REF / SEF
I> Char Angle V>2 Function
Disabled

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Advantages

Function Keys

Tri-colour LEDs

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Advantages

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays - Advantages

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Numerical Relays – Cost Vs. Complexity & Functions

Electro
mechanical

Cost
Static

Numerical

Complexity & functions

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
 Recent Trends in Numerical Technology

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
The Digital Substation:
Complete, not Discrete

! The Digital Substation is the next generation:

• Alstom unites all stakeholders within Grid to deliver a
common, coherent solution integrated using modern
communication architectures…
• … To deliver an optimised solution for customers, with
reduced costs of ownership and higher performance
! This is supported by the application of IEC 61850
within the substation :
• Digitisation of all data at source
• Implementation of “real-time” communications
• Integration of all control, measurement, protection and
monitoring functions.

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
From Conventional to Digital Substation

Suppress copper wiring on Station Bus

Suppress copper wiring between IEDs and Primary
Equipment
Applies to New Build, Retrofit and Extension
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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Process Bus Definition in IEC61850 standard

IE61850-8-1
GOOSE/Reports

IE61850-9-2
Sampled Values
80 samples per
period

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
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26
Real NCIT Solutions
Advanced Measuring Systems for I & V
Application AIS/GIS AIS GIS GIS

Technology Optical-Faraday Capacitive EVT Rogowski ECT Capacitive EVT

Solutions COSI-CT COSI-VT Rogowski CEVT
for Metering I measure V measure I measure V measure
and
Protection
applications

COSI-RECT COSI-CEVT COSI-CT-F3

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
COSI-CT
MU Agile:
From the ITs to the network

1. Merge conventional CTs

3 main functions and VTs.
Total of 3 sets of CT and
VT

2. Synchronised 3. Transmit SV within a digital frame in

acquisition of CT and the process bus
VT via a clock 61850-9-2LE (Ia, Ib, Ic, In; Va, Vb,
1PPS, IEEE1588,… Vc,Vn)
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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Primary Converters and Merging Units

XMU800 MU Agile AMU

front

• Optimises the amount of

electronics which reside in
potentially harsh outdoor
environments.
• Merging units produce a precise, XMU 820 / XMU840
time-aligned output data stream of MU Agile AMU
sampled values according to the withdrawability
IEC 61850-9-2 standard.

Interfacing all CT and

VT sensors, whether
digital or conventional
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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Developments with Process Bus Interface
MiCOM Alstom P444 and Distance protection relays with different algorithm principles - with integral teleprotection and
P446 one (P444/P446) or two breaker (P446) reclosing
MiCOM Alstom P546 Line differential for 2 or 3 terminal lines, with subcycle distance and one or two breaker
reclosing
MiCOM Alstom P645 Transformer differential for up to 5 ends, with advanced loss-of-life thermal monitoring
MiCOM Alstom P746 Numerical busbar protection – small busbars (6 feeders, 2 zones)
MiCOM Alstom P841 Transmission line terminal IED, for backup, reclose and breaker fail management
MiCOM Alstom P743 Medium/large busbar protection scheme – P740

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Connectivity to primary equipment:
From 120 Copper Wires to 1 Optical

Safety : no more live electrical

links from HV devices , only
isolated optical fibre

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Examples of the Digital Substation

GIS
example

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Full digital control cubicle

Reduced
cabling

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subject to change without notice. No representation or warranty is given or to be implied as to the completeness of information or fitness for any
particular purpose. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Thank You