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Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique used to control the corrosion of
a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell.[1] A
simple method of protection connects the metal to be protected to a more
easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode. The sacrificial metal
then corrodes instead of the protected metal. For structures such as long
pipelines, where passive galvanic cathodic protection is not adequate, an
external DC electrical power source is used to provide sufficient current.

Cathodic protection systems protect a wide range of metallic structures in Aluminium sacrificial anodes (light
various environments. Common applications are: steel water or fuel colored rectangular bars) mounted
pipelines and steel storage tanks such as home water heaters; steel pier on a steel jacket structure.
piles; ship and boat hulls; offshore oil platforms and onshore oil well
casings; offshore wind farm foundations and metal reinforcement bars in
concrete buildings and structures. Another common application is in
galvanized steel, in which a sacrificial coating of zinc on steel parts protects
them from rust.

Cathodic protection can, in some cases, prevent stress corrosion cracking.

Contents
Zinc sacrificial anode (rounded
History object) screwed to the underside of
Types the hull of a small boat.
Galvanic
Impressed current systems
Hybrid Systems 0:00 MENU

Applications Pronunciation of the word

Hot Water Tank / Water Heater "Cathodic"
Pipelines
Ships and boats
Marine
Steel in concrete
Internal cathodic protection
Galvanized steel
Automobiles
Testing
Problems
Production of hydrogen
Cathodic disbonding
Cathodic shielding
Standards
See also
Notes
References

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External links

History
Cathodic protection was first described by Sir Humphry Davy in a series of papers presented to the Royal Society[2] in
London in 1824. The first application was to HMS Samarang [3] in 1824. Sacrificial anodes made from iron attached
to the copper sheath of the hull below the waterline dramatically reduced the corrosion rate of the copper. However, a
side effect of cathodic protection was the increase in marine growth. Usually, copper when corroding releases copper
ions which have an anti-fouling effect. Since excess marine growth affected the performance of the ship, the Royal
Navy decided that it was better to allow the copper to corrode and have the benefit of reduced marine growth, so
cathodic protection was not used further.

Davy was assisted in his experiments by his pupil Michael Faraday, who continued his research after Davy's death. In
1834, Faraday discovered the quantitative connection between corrosion weight loss and electric current and thus laid
the foundation for the future application of cathodic protection.[4]

Thomas Edison experimented with impressed current cathodic protection on ships in 1890, but was unsuccessful due
to the lack of a suitable current source and anode materials. It would be 100 years after Davy's experiment before
cathodic protection was used widely on oil pipelines in the United States[5] — cathodic protection was applied to steel
gas pipelines beginning in 1928[6] and more widely in the 1930s.[7]

Types

Galvanic
In the application of passive cathodic protection, a galvanic anode, a piece
of a more electrochemically "active" metal (more negative electrode
potential), is attached to the vulnerable metal surface where it is exposed to
an electrolyte. Galvanic anodes are selected because they have a more
"active" voltage than the metal of the target structure (typically steel).

Concrete has a pH around 13. In this environment the steel reinforcement Galvanic sacrificial anode attached
has a passive protective layer and remains largely stable. Galvanic systems to the hull of a ship, showing
are "constant potential" systems that aim to restore the concrete's natural corrosion.
protective environment by providing a high initial current to restore
passivity. It then reverts to a lower sacrificial current while harmful
negative Chloride ions migrate away from the steel and towards the positive anode. The anodes remain reactive
through their lifetime (10-20 years typically) increasing current when the resistivity decreases due to corrosion
hazards such as rainfall, temperature increases or flooding. The reactive nature of these anodes makes them an
efficient choice.

Unlike ICCP systems steel constant polarization is not the goal, rather the restoration of the environment. Polarization
of the target structure is caused by the electron flow from the anode to the cathode, so the two metals must have a
good electrically conductive contact. The driving force for the cathodic protection current is the difference in electrode
potential between the anode and the cathode.[8] During the initial phase of high current, the potential of the steel
surface is polarized (pushed) more negative protecting the steel which hydroxide ion generation at the steel surface
and ionic migration restore the concrete environment.

Over time the galvanic anode continues to corrode, consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced.

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Galvanic or sacrificial anodes are made in various shapes and sizes using alloys of zinc, magnesium and aluminium.
ASTM International publishes standards on the composition and manufacturing of galvanic anodes.[9][10][11]

In order for galvanic cathodic protection to work, the anode must possess a lower (that is, more negative) electrode
potential than that of the cathode (the target structure to be protected). The table below shows a simplified galvanic
series which is used to select the anode metal.[12] The anode must be chosen from a material that is lower on the list
than the material to be protected.

Potential with respect to a Cu:CuSO4

Metal reference electrode in neutral pH environment (volts)

Carbon, Graphite, Coke +0.3

Platinum 0 to −0.1
Mill scale on Steel −0.2
High Silicon Cast Iron −0.2
Copper, brass, bronze −0.2
Mild steel in concrete −0.2
Lead −0.5
Cast iron (not graphitized) −0.5
Mild steel (rusted) −0.2 to −0.5
Mild steel (clean) −0.5 to −0.8
Commercially pure aluminium −0.8
Aluminium alloy (5% zinc) −1.05
Zinc −1.1
Magnesium Alloy (6% Al, 3% Zn, 0.15% Mn) −1.6
Commercially Pure Magnesium −1.75

Impressed current systems

In some cases, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems are
used. These consist of anodes connected to a DC power source, often a
transformer-rectifier connected to AC power. In the absence of an AC
supply, alternative power sources may be used, such as solar panels, wind
power or gas powered thermoelectric generators.[13][14]

Anodes for ICCP systems are available in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Common anodes are tubular and solid rod shapes or continuous ribbons of
various materials. These include high silicon cast iron, graphite, mixed
metal oxide, platinum and niobium coated wire and other materials.
Simple impressed current cathodic
For pipelines, anodes are arranged in groundbeds either distributed or in a protection system. A source of DC
deep vertical hole depending on several design and field condition factors electric current is used to help drive
including current distribution requirements. the protective electrochemical
reaction.
Cathodic protection transformer-rectifier units are often custom
manufactured and equipped with a variety of features, including remote
monitoring and control, integral current interrupters and various type of electrical enclosures. The output DC negative

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terminal is connected to the structure to be protected by the cathodic protection system.[15] The rectifier output DC
positive cable is connected to the anodes. The AC power cable is connected to the rectifier input terminals.

The output of the ICCP system should be optimised to provide enough current to provide protection to the target
structure. Some cathodic protection transformer-rectifier units are designed with taps on the transformer windings
and jumper terminals to select the voltage output of the ICCP system. Cathodic protection transformer-rectifier units
for water tanks and used in other applications are made with solid state circuits to automatically adjust the operating
voltage to maintain the optimum current output or structure-to-electrolyte potential.[16] Analog or digital meters are
often installed to show the operating voltage (DC and sometime AC) and current output. For shore structures and
other large complex target structures, ICCP systems are often designed with multiple independent zones of anodes
with separate cathodic protection transformer-rectifier circuits.

Hybrid Systems
Hybrid systems have been used for over a decade and incorporate the coordination, monitoring and high restorative
current flow of ICCP systems with the reactive, lower cost and easier to maintain galvanic anodes.

The system is made up of wired galvanic anodes in arrays typically 400mm apart which are then initially powered for a
short period to restore the concrete and power ionic migration. The power supply is then taken away and the anodes
simply attached to the steel as a galvanic system. More powered phases can be administered if needed. Like Galvanic
systems corrosion rate monitoring from polarisation tests and half-cell potential mapping can be used to measure
corrosion. Polarization is not the goal for the life of the system.

Applications

Hot Water Tank / Water Heater

This technology is also used to protect water heaters. Indeed, the electrons sent by the imposed current anode
(composed of titanium and covered with MMO) prevents the inside of the tank from rusting.

In order to be recognized as effective, these anodes must comply with certain standards: A cathodic protection system
is considered efficient when its potential reaches or exceeds the limits established by the cathodic protection criteria.
The cathode protection criteria used come from the standard NACE SP0388-2007 (formerly RP0388-2001) of the
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers.[17]

Pipelines
Hazardous product pipelines are routinely protected by a coating
supplemented with cathodic protection. An impressed current cathodic
protection system (ICCP) for a pipeline consists of a DC power source,
often an AC powered transformer rectifier and an anode, or array of anodes
buried in the ground (the anode groundbed).

The DC power source would typically have a DC output of up to 50

amperes and 50 volts, but this depends on several factors, such as the size
of the pipeline and coating quality. The positive DC output terminal would
An air cooled cathodic protection
be connected via cables to the anode array, while another cable would
rectifier connected to a pipeline.
connect the negative terminal of the rectifier to the pipeline, preferably
through junction boxes to allow measurements to be taken.[18]

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Anodes can be installed in a groundbed consisting of a vertical hole

backfilled with conductive coke (a material that improves the performance
and life of the anodes) or laid in a prepared trench, surrounded by
conductive coke and backfilled. The choice of groundbed type and size
depends on the application, location and soil resistivity.[19]

The DC cathodic protection current is then adjusted to the optimum level

after conducting various tests including measurements of pipe-to-soil
potentials or electrode potential.
Cathodic protection markers over a
It is sometimes more economically viable to protect a pipeline using gas pipeline in Leeds, West
galvanic (sacrificial) anodes. This is often the case on smaller diameter Yorkshire, England.
pipelines of limited length.[20] Galvanic anodes rely on the galvanic series
potentials of the metals to drive cathodic protection current from the
anode to the structure being protected.

Water pipelines of various pipe materials are also provided with cathodic protection where owners determine the cost
is reasonable for the expected pipeline service life extension attributed to the application of cathodic protection.

Ships and boats

Cathodic protection on ships is often implemented by galvanic anodes
attached to the hull and ICCP for larger vessels. Since ships are regularly
removed from the water for inspections and maintenance, it is a simple
task to replace the galvanic anodes.[21]

Galvanic anodes are generally shaped to reduced drag in the water and
fitted flush to the hull to also try to minimize drag.[22]

Smaller vessels, with non-metallic hulls, such as yachts, are equipped with
galvanic anodes to protect areas such as outboard motors. As with all The white patches visible on the
galvanic cathodic protection, this application relies on a solid electrical ship's hull are zinc block sacrificial
connection between the anode and the item to be protected. anodes.

For ICCP on ships, the anodes are usually constructed of a relatively inert
material such as platinised titanium. A DC power supply is provided within the ship and the anodes mounted on the
outside of the hull. The anode cables are introduced into the ship via a compression seal fitting and routed to the DC
power source. The negative cable from the power supply is simply attached to the hull to complete the circuit. Ship
ICCP anodes are flush-mounted, minimizing the effects of drag on the ship, and located a minimum 5 ft below the
light load line[23] in an area to avoid mechanical damage. The current density required for protection is a function of
velocity and considered when selecting the current capacity and location of anode placement on the hull.

Some ships may require specialist treatment, for example aluminium hulls with steel fixtures will create an
electrochemical cell where the aluminium hull can act as a galvanic anode and corrosion is enhanced. In cases like
this, aluminium or zinc galvanic anodes can be used to offset the potential difference between the aluminium hull and
the steel fixture.[24] If the steel fixtures are large, several galvanic anodes may be required, or even a small ICCP
system.

Marine

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Marine cathodic protection covers many areas, jetties, harbors, offshore structures. The variety of different types of
structure leads to a variety of systems to provide protection. Galvanic anodes are favored,[25] but ICCP can also often
be used. Because of the wide variety of structure geometry, composition, and architecture, specialized firms are often
required to engineer structure-specific cathodic protection systems. Sometimes marine structures require retroactive
modification to be effectively protected [26]

Steel in concrete
The application to concrete reinforcement is slightly different in that the anodes and reference electrodes are usually
embedded in the concrete at the time of construction when the concrete is being poured. The usual technique for
concrete buildings, bridges and similar structures is to use ICCP,[27] but there are systems available that use the
principle of galvanic cathodic protection as well,[28][29][30] although in the UK at least, the use of galvanic anodes for
atmospherically exposed reinforced concrete structures is considered experimental.[31]

For ICCP, the principle is the same as any other ICCP system. However, in a typical atmospherically exposed concrete
structure such as a bridge, there will be many more anodes distributed through the structure as opposed to an array of
anodes as used on a pipeline. This makes for a more complicated system and usually an automatically controlled DC
power source is used, possibly with an option for remote monitoring and operation.[32] For buried or submerged
structures, the treatment is similar to that of any other buried or submerged structure.

Galvanic systems offer the advantage of being easier to retrofit and do not need any control systems as ICCP does.

For pipelines constructed from pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP), the techniques used for cathodic
protection are generally as for steel pipelines except that the applied potential must be limited to prevent damage to
the prestressing wire.[33]

The steel wire in a PCCP pipeline is stressed to the point that any corrosion of the wire can result in failure. An
additional problem is that any excessive hydrogen ions as a result of an excessively negative potential can cause
hydrogen embrittlement of the wire, also resulting in failure. The failure of too many wires will result in catastrophic
failure of the PCCP.[34] To implement ICCP therefore requires very careful control to ensure satisfactory protection. A
simpler option is to use galvanic anodes, which are self-limiting and need no control.[35]

Internal cathodic protection

Vessels, pipelines and tanks which are used to store or transport liquids can also be protected from corrosion on their
internal surfaces by the use of cathodic protection.[36] ICCP and galvanic systems can be used.[37] A common
application of internal cathodic protection is water storage tanks and power plant shell and tube heat exchangers.

Galvanized steel
Galvanizing generally refers to hot-dip galvanizing which is a way of coating steel with a layer of metallic zinc or tin.
Galvanized coatings are quite durable in most environments because they combine the barrier properties of a coating
with some of the benefits of cathodic protection. If the zinc coating is scratched or otherwise locally damaged and steel
is exposed, the surrounding areas of zinc coating form a galvanic cell with the exposed steel and protect it from
corrosion. This is a form of localized cathodic protection - the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.

Galvanizing, while using the electrochemical principle of cathodic protection, is not actually cathodic protection.
Cathodic protection requires the anode to be separate from the metal surface to be protected, with an ionic connection
through the electrolyte and an electron connection through a connecting cable, bolt or similar. This means that any
area of the protected structure within the electrolyte can be protected, whereas in the case of galvanizing, only areas
very close to the zinc are protected. Hence, a larger area of bare steel would only be protected around the edges.

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Automobiles
Several companies market electronic devices claiming to mitigate corrosion for automobiles and trucks.[38] Corrosion
control professionals find they do not work.[39] There is no peer reviewed scientific testing and validation supporting
the use of the devices. In 1996 the FTC ordered David McCready, a person that sold devices claiming to protect cars
from corrosion, to pay restitution and banned the names "Rust Buster" and "Rust Evader."[40]

Testing
Electrode potential is measured with reference electrodes. Copper-copper sulphate electrodes are used for structures
in contact with soil or fresh water. Silver/silver chloride/seawater electrodes or pure zinc electrodes are used for
seawater applications. The methods are described in EN 13509:2003 and NACE TM0497 along with the sources of
error[41] in the voltage that appears on the display of the meter. Interpretation of electrode potential measurements to
determine the potential at the interface between the anode of the corrosion cell and the electrolyte requires
training[42] and cannot be expected to match the accuracy of measurements done in laboratory work.

Problems

Production of hydrogen
A side effect of improperly applied cathodic protection is the production of atomic hydrogen,[43] leading to its
absorption in the protected metal and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of welds and materials with high hardness.
Under normal conditions, the atomic hydrogen will combine at the metal surface to create hydrogen gas, which cannot
penetrate the metal. Hydrogen atoms, however, are small enough to pass through the crystalline steel structure, and
lead in some cases to hydrogen embrittlement.

Cathodic disbonding
This is a process of disbondment of protective coatings from the protected structure (cathode) due to the formation of
hydrogen ions over the surface of the protected material (cathode).[44] Disbonding can be exacerbated by an increase
in alkali ions and an increase in cathodic polarization.[45] The degree of disbonding is also reliant on the type of
coating, with some coatings affected more than others.[46] Cathodic protection systems should be operated so that the
structure does not become excessively polarized,[47] since this also promotes disbonding due to excessively negative
potentials. Cathodic disbonding occurs rapidly in pipelines that contain hot fluids because the process is accelerated
by heat flow.

Cathodic shielding
Effectiveness of cathodic protection (CP) systems on steel pipelines can be impaired by the use of solid film backed
dielectric coatings such as polyethylene tapes, shrinkable pipeline sleeves, and factory applied single or multiple solid
film coatings. This phenomenon occurs because of the high electrical resistivity of these film backings.[48] Protective
electric current from the cathodic protection system is blocked or shielded from reaching the underlying metal by the
highly resistive film backing. Cathodic shielding was first defined in the 1980s as being a problem, and technical
papers on the subject have been regularly published since then.

A 1999 report[49] concerning a 20,600 bbl (3,280 m3) spill from a Saskatchewan crude oil line contains an excellent
definition of the cathodic shielding problem:

"The triple situation of disbondment of the (corrosion) coating, the dielectric nature of the
coating and the unique electrochemical environment established under the exterior coating,
which acts as a shield to the electrical CP current, is referred to as CP shielding. The
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combination of tenting and disbondment permits a corrosive environment around the outside
of the pipe to enter into the void between the exterior coating and the pipe surface. With the
development of this CP shielding phenomenon, impressed current from the CP system
cannot access exposed metal under the exterior coating to protect the pipe surface from the
consequences of an aggressive corrosive environment. The CP shielding phenomenon
induces changes in the potential gradient of the CP system across the exterior coating,
which are further pronounced in areas of insufficient or sub-standard CP current emanating
from the pipeline's CP system. This produces an area on the pipeline of insufficient CP
defense against metal loss aggravated by an exterior corrosive environment."

Cathodic shielding is referenced in a number of the standards listed below. Newly issued USDOT regulation Title 49
CFR 192.112 (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2009-title49-vol3-sec192-112.pdf), in
the section for Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operating
pressure requires that "The pipe must be protected against external corrosion by a non-shielding coating" (see
coatings section on standard). Also, the NACE SP0169:2007 standard defines shielding in section 2, cautions against
the use of materials that create electrical shielding in section 4.2.3, cautions against use of external coatings that create
electrical shielding in section 5.1.2.3, and instructs readers to take 'appropriate action' when the effects of electrical
shielding of cathodic protection current are detected on an operating pipeline in section 10.9.

Standards
49 CFR 192.451 - Requirements for Corrosion Control - Transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline: US
minimum federal safety standards
49 CFR 195.551 - Requirements for Corrosion Control - Transportation of hazardous liquids by pipelines: US
minimum federal safety standards
AS 2832 - Australian Standards for Cathodic Protection
ASME B31Q 0001-0191
ASTM G 8, G 42 - Evaluating Cathodic Disbondment resistance of coatings
DNV-RP-B401 - Cathodic Protection Design - Det Norske Veritas
EN 12068:1999 - Cathodic protection. External organic coatings for the corrosion protection of buried or
immersed steel pipelines used in conjunction with cathodic protection. Tapes and shrinkable materials
EN 12473:2000 - General principles of cathodic protection in sea water
EN 12474:2001 - Cathodic protection for submarine pipelines
EN 12495:2000 - Cathodic protection for fixed steel offshore structures
EN 12499:2003 - Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures
EN 12696:2012 - Cathodic protection of steel in concrete
EN 12954:2001 - Cathodic protection of buried or immersed metallic structures. General principles and
application for pipelines
EN 13173:2001 - Cathodic protection for steel offshore floating structures
EN 13174:2001 - Cathodic protection for "Harbour Installations".
EN 13509:2003 - Cathodic protection measurement techniques
EN 13636:2004 - Cathodic protection of buried metallic tanks and related piping
EN 14505:2005 - Cathodic protection of complex structures
EN 15112:2006 - External cathodic protection of well casing
EN 15280-2013 - Evaluation of a.c. corrosion likelihood of buried pipelines
EN 50162:2004 - Protection against corrosion by stray current from direct current systems
BS 7361-1:1991 - Cathodic Protection
NACE SP0169:2013 - Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
NACE TM 0497 - Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or
Submerged Metallic Piping Systems

See also
Anodic protection
Sacrificial metal
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Wetting voltage
Redox

Notes
1. Peabody p.6
2. Davy, cited in Ashworth 1994
3. Ashworth, 10:3
4. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.12
5. Scherer, 38(27), 179 cited in Baeckman
6. Robert J. Kuhn, Cathodic Protection of Underground Pipe Lines from Soil Corrosion, API Proceedings, Nov. 1933,
Vol. 14, p157
7. Natural Resources Canada Retrieved 23 JAN 2012([1] (http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/minerals-metals/materials-technol
ogy/picon/3149)) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130106080642/http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/minerals-metal
s/materials-technology/picon/3149) January 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
8. Roberge p.871
9. ASTM B418-16 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
10. ASTM B843-13 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection
11. ASTM F1182-07(2013) Standard Specification for Anodes, Sacrificial Zinc Alloy
12. Peabody p.304
13. Ashworth 10:10
14. Roberge p.880
15. Peabody p.158
16. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.233
17. "Cathodic Protection Industry - NACE" (https://www.nace.org/resources/industries-nace-serves/cathodic-protectio
n-industry). www.nace.org. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
18. Peabody p.22
19. Peabody p.132
20. Peabody p.32
21. BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. 6.2
22. BS 7361-1:1991 Sect. 6.2.1.2
23. CP-2 Cathodic Protection Technician-Maritime Student Manual NACE International, July 2009, pg 3-11
24. EN 12473:2000 Sect. 8.3.1
25. Roberge p.876
26. Britton p.1
27. Ashworth et al 10:82
28. Covino et al/
29. Daily
30. Highways Agency Sect. 4.8
31. Highways Agency Sect. 2.1
32. Highways Agency Sect. 4.5
33. NACE RP0100-2000 Sect. 5.2.5
34. Gummow
35. NACE RP0100-2000 Sect. 5.4
36. EN 12499:2003
37. Ashworth et al 10:112
38. CounterAct at Canadian Tire retailer (http://www.canadiantire.ca/en/pdp/counteract-electronic-rust-protection-syst
em-0477905p.html)

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39. NACE International Article Electronic Rust Prevention (http://www.nace.org/StarterApps/Wiki/Dynamic.aspx?id=3

67&__taxonomyid=225)
40. Federal Trade Commission Press Release (http://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/1996/07/rust-evader-in
ventor-settles-ftc-charges)
41. NACE TM0497 Section 5.8
42. NACE TM0497 Section 1.2
43. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Corrosion (https://books.google.com/books?id=baHwfLpWpP8C&pg=PA174),
p. 174, at Google Books
44. Roberge Sect. 11.4.1, p.886
45. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.167
46. Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, p.168
47. Peabody p.37
48. NACE International Paper 09043
49. Transportation Safety Board of Canada

References
A.W. Peabody, Peabody's Control of Pipeline Corrosion, 2nd Ed., 2001, NACE International. ISBN 1-57590-092-0
Davy, H., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 114,151,242 and 328 (1824)
Ashworth V., Corrosion Vol. 2, 3rd Ed., 1994, ISBN 0-7506-1077-8
Baeckmann, Schwenck & Prinz, Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection, 3rd Edition 1997. ISBN 0-88415-
056-9
Scherer, L. F., Oil and Gas Journal, (1939)
ASTM B843 - 07 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection
ASTM B418 - 09 Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
Roberge, Pierre R, Handbook of Corrosion Engineering 1999 ISBN 0-07-076516-2
NACE International Paper 09043 Coatings Used in Conjunction with Cathodic Protection - Shielding vs Non-
shielding Coatings
NACE International TM0497-2002, Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on
Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Report Number P99H0021, 1999 [2] (http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-r
eports/pipeline/1999/p99h0021/p99h0021.asp)
Covino, Bernard S, et al., Performance of Zinc Anodes for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridges,
Oregon Dept of Transport & Federal Highway Administration, March 2002
UK Highways Agency BA 83/02; Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol.3, Sect.3, Part 3, Cathodic Protection
For Use In Reinforced Concrete Highway Structures. [3] (http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/dmrb/vol3/sectio
n3/ba8302.pdf) (Retrieved 2011-01-04)
Daily, Steven F, Using Cathodic Protection to Control Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures in Marine
Environments (published in Port Technology International)
Gummow, RA, Corrosion Control of Municipal Infrastructure Using Cathodic Protection. NACE Conference Oct
1999, NACE Materials Performance Feb 2000
EN 12473:2000 - General principles of cathodic protection in sea water
EN 12499:2003 - Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures
NACE RP0100-2000 Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipelines
BS 7361-1:1991 - Cathodic Protection
SAE International Paper No. 912270 Robert Baboian, State of the Art in Automobile Cathodic Protection,
Proceedings of the 5th Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conference, P-250, Warrendale, PA, USA, August
1991
US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering manual 1110-2-2704, 12 July 2004

External links
Cathodic Protection Introduction Video (https://www.matcor.com/cathodic-protection-introduction-video/)
NACE International (https://web.archive.org/web/20110510032653/http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion/CP/intr
oduction.asp) (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers) - Introduction to Cathodic Protection

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8/5/2019 Cathodic protection - Wikipedia

Institute of Corrosion (http://www.icorr.org/) - A technical society based in the UK

Glossary (https://web.archive.org/web/20111007150828/http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion/glossaryletters/Int
roduction.asp) - A comprehensive glossary of cathodic protection and corrosion terms
Cathodic Protection 101 (http://www.cathodicprotection101.com/) - Cathodic Protection 101, a beginner's guide
National Physics Laboratory (http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/cathodic_protection.pdf) - Short introductory paper
on cathodic protection
USDOT CFR 192.112 (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2009-title49-vol3/pdf/CFR-2009-title49-vol3-sec192-11
2.pdf) - USDOT regulations CFR 192.112 requiring the use on non-shielding corrosion coating systems on steel
pipe using alternative maximum allowable operation pressure.

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