PROJECT

WORK

FOR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

SEMESTER – VI
(M-SCHEME)

By
N.SIVA SUBRAMANIAN, M.E.,
ADHIPARASAKTHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
MELMARUVATHUR - 603319

E.MEGANATHAN, M.E., M.VIGNESH, M.E.,

ADHIPARASAKTHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, ADHIPARASAKTHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
MELMARUVATHUR - 603319 MELMARUVATHUR - 603319

R. MATHIVANAN, B.E., M.B.A.,

ADHIPARASAKTHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,
MELMARUVATHUR - 603319

1
Copies can be had from

Omsakthi publications,
No.49, panneer selvam st,
Redhills, Chennai – 600 052

Cell No.: 90951-00120

Price : Rs. 120-00

Printed by:

Omsakthi Offset Printers Melmaruvathur. Ph: 044 - 2752 9565

2
 Acknowledgement

We regard our deep sense of “HIS HOLINESS ARULTHIRU AMMA”

and “THIRUMATHI AMMA” Vice-president of Adhiparasakthi Charitable

medical educational and cultural trust for having blessed this venture.

We thank our gratitude to our correspondent Sakthi Thiru. Dr.G.B.SENTHILKUMAR BE.,

for his words which inspired us a lot in completing this Project work book

successfully.

We thank our principal Er.C.Tamilventan, M.E., and Mr.S.Govindarajan,

M.E., head of the department of Mechanical engineering, Adhiparasakthi

polytechnic college for his guidance and encouragement.

We thanks our following department staff members Mr.B.Sakthi

Mynthan, M.E.,(EEE), and Mr.S.Karthikeyan, M.E., (APEC) for helping to

complete this Book work Successfully

AUTHOR

3
 Dedicated To
My father Mr. M.Natarajan & My mother Mrs. N.Thangam &
My sister and Cousin,
My Elder Brother Mr. N.Rajalingam and
Mrs. R. Ananthi Rajalingam,
My Younger Brother Mr. N.Iyappan &
My wife Mrs. K.S. Muthu Priya Sivasubramanian

- Sivasubramanian N

4
 1. ENVIRONMENTRAL MANAGEMENT

1. What is the responsibility of an Engineer-in-charge of an Industry with respect to

Public Health?
zz Health of the human beings largely depends on hygienic environment conditions.
zz Environment is the physical and biotic habitat that surrounded a many us.
zz ñQî˜èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aò‹ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ ²è£î£óñ£ù ²ŸÁ„Åö™
G¬ô¬ñè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆ¶ ܬñõ‹. âù«õ ²ŸÁÅö¬ô ï™ô
G¬ô¬ñJ™ ¬õˆ¶ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹.
zz To prevent or eliminate the pollution from a industry
zz To resolve problems for providing safe drinking water to all humans
zz Must be cleaning of sites contaminated with hazardous materials
zz Cleaning up and preventing air pollution from industrial and others
zz Managing solid waste and provide proper drainage system
zz å¼ ªî£NŸ¶¬øJL¼‰¶ õ¼‹ ñ£²‚è¬÷ î´‚è Ü™ô¶ ÜèŸø «õ‡´‹
zz ð£¶è£Šð£ù °®c¬ó õöƒ°õF™ àœ÷ C‚è™è¬÷ˆ b˜‚è «õ‡´‹
zz Üð£òèóñ£ù ªð£¼†è÷£™ ñ£²ð´ˆîŠð†ì î÷ƒè¬÷ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™
«õ‡´‹
zz Ü®‚è® ªî£NŸ„꣬ôè¬÷ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒî™ ñŸÁ‹ 裟Á ñ£²ð£†¬ìˆ
î´‚è ïìõ®‚¬è â´‚è «õ‡´‹
zz Fì‚èN¾è¬÷ G˜õAˆ¶ Drainage ܬñ‚è «õ‡´‹
2. Define Environmental Ethic.
Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers ex-
tending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to and also the
non-human world. There are many ethical decisions that human beings made with respect
to the environment.
²ŸÁ„Åö™ ªïPº¬øèœ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ õˆF¡ å¼ ð°Fò£°‹, Þ¶
ªïPº¬øèO¡ ð£ó‹ðKò ♬ôè¬÷ ñQî˜èœ à†ðì ñQîó™ô£î àô般
àœ÷ì‚Aò¶ Ý°‹. ²ŸÁ„Åö¬ôŠ ªð£Áˆîõ¬ó ñQî˜èœ â´‚°‹ ðô ªïPº¬ø
º®¾èœ àœ÷ù.
Þ¶ ê†ì‹, êÍèMò™, Þ¬øJò™, ªð£¼÷£î£ó‹ ñŸÁ‹ ¹MJò™ àœO†ì
ªðKò Ü÷Mô£ù ¶¬øèO™ ªê™õ£‚¬è àœ÷ì‚Aò¶ Ý°‹.

5
3. How Industries play their role in polluting the environment?
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Land Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
Industrial noise from running mechanical machines may cause impairment of hear-
ing among people working in the industries. One of the most common is water pollution,
caused by dumping of industrial waste into waterways. It causes seepage into groundwater
and waterways. Industrial pollution can also impact air quality and it can enter the soil, caus-
ing widespread environmental problems.
Industrial-L™ ãŸð´‹ ÜFè Þ¬ó„ê™è÷£™ ðE¹K»‹ ñ‚èO¬ì«ò
ªêMˆFø¡ °¬ø𣆬ì ãŸð´ˆî‚ô‹. ªî£N™¶¬ø èN¾è¬÷ c˜õNèO™
ªè£†´õ ãŸð´‹ c˜ ñ£²ð£´ I辋 ªð£¶õ£ù å¡ø£°‹. Þ¶ Gôˆî® c˜ ñŸÁ‹
c˜õNèO™ ð£ŒAø¶. ªî£N™¶¬ø ñ£²ð£´ 裟P¡ îóˆ¬î»‹ ð£F‚°‹ «ñ½‹
ܶ ñ‡µ‚°œ ¸¬ö‰¶ ðóõô£ù ²ŸÁ„Åö™ Hó„C¬ùè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶A¡ø¶.
4. What is the necessity of pollution control? What are all the different organizations
you know, which deal with pollution control?
zz For preserving natural resources
zz For preventing deterioration of our environment
zz For protecting the health of workers and public
zz ÞòŸ¬è õ÷ƒè¬÷ ð£¶è£ŠðîŸè£è,
zz ïñ¶ ²ŸÁ Åö™ «ñ£êñ¬ìõ¬îˆ î´ˆî™,
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ ªð£¶ñ‚èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬îŠ ð£¶è£ŠðîŸè£è
5. List out the different types of pollutions caused by a Chemical / Textile / Leather /
Automobile / Cement factory.
1. Central /State Pollution Control Board
2. Indian Institute of Ecology and Management
3. The National Council of Education Research and Training
TYPES OF POLLUTION IN INDUSTRY WISE
Chemical industry - Water pollution, Air pollution and Land pollution
Textile industry - air pollution and Noise Pollution
Leather industry - Water Pollution and Land Pollution
Automobile industry - Air Pollution
Cement factory - Air pollution, water pollution and Land pollution

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6. What is meant by Hazardous waste?
Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical forms such as gases, liquids, or
solids. A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by com-
mon means like other by-products of our everyday lives. Depending on the physical state of
the waste, treatment and solidification processes might be required.
õ£», Fóõƒèœ Ü™ô¶ FìŠªð£¼œèœ «ð£¡ø ªõš«õÁ àì™ G¬ôèO™
è£íŠðìô£‹. Üð£òèóñ£ù èN¾ â¡ð¶ å¼ CøŠ¹ õ¬è èN¾ Ý°‹, ãªùQ™
Þ¶ ï‹ Ü¡ø£ì õ£›‚¬èJ¡ Hø îò£KŠ¹è¬÷Š «ð£¡ø ªð£¶õ£ù õNº¬øè÷£™
ÜèŸø º®ò£¶. èN¾èO¡ G¬ô¬òŠ ªð£Áˆ¶, CA„¬ê ñŸÁ‹ FìŠð´ˆ¶‹
ªêò™º¬øèœ «î¬õŠðìô£‹.
7. Define Industrial waste management.
Waste management is a collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal and
monitoring of waste materials.
èN¾ «ñô£‡¬ñ â¡ð¶ èN¾Šªð£¼†è¬÷ «êèKˆî™, «ð£‚°õóˆ¶,
ðîŠð´ˆ¶î™, ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒî™ Ü™ô¶ ÜèŸÁõ¶ ñŸÁ‹ è‡è£Eˆî™ Ý°‹.
zz It is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or asthet-
ics.
zz Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it
zz Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances.
zz àì™ïô‹, ²ŸÁ„Åö™ Ü™ô¶ ÜöAò™ ÝAòõŸP™ ÜõŸP¡ M¬÷¬õ‚
°¬ø‚è Þ¶ ªð£¶õ£è «ñŸªè£œ÷Šð´Aø¶.
zz ÜFL¼‰¶ õ÷ƒè¬÷ e†è èN¾ «ñô£‡¬ñ «ñŸªè£œ÷Šð´Aø¶.
zz èN¾ «ñô£‡¬ñ Fì Fóõ õ£» Ü™ô¶ èFKò‚è ªð£¼†è¬÷ àœ÷ì‚Aò¶
Ý°‹.
8. Differentiate between garbage, rubbish, refuses and trash based on their composi-
tion and source.
Garbage: it includes all types of semi solid and solid waste food and products as vegetables,
waste meats etc.,
Þ¶ ܬùˆ¶ õ¬èò£ù ܬó Fì ñŸÁ‹ Fì èN¾ àí¾ ñŸÁ‹ 裌èPèœ,
èN¾ Þ¬ø„Cèœ «ð£¡ø îò£KŠ¹è¬÷ àœ÷ì‚Aò¶.
Trash: Things what we thrown away because of useless of poor quality.
«ñ£êñ£ù îó‹ Þ™ô£î  É‚A âP‰î îó‹ «è†ì ªð£¼œèœ Ý°‹.
Rubbish: It means all various not important solid waste as paper, broken furniture, waste
building materials etc.,
è£Aî‹ à¬ì‰î î÷ð£ìƒèœ èN¾ 膴ñ£ù ªð£¼†èœ «ð£¡ø ð™«õÁ
º‚AòñŸø Fì‚èN¾èœ Ý°‹.

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9. Explain briefly how the quantity of solid waste generated in an industry could be
reduced.
1. Reduce
2. Reuse
3. Recycle
Finally destruct and safe storage of wastes. In this way the solid waste in an industry
could be reduced.
ÞÁFò£è èN¾è¬÷ ÜNˆ¶ ð£¶è£Šð£è «êIˆ¶¬õˆ¶ Üî¡ õNJ™ å¼
ªî£NŸ„꣬ôJ™ àœ÷ Fì‚èN¾è¬÷ °¬ø‚è º®»‹.
10. What are the objectives of treatments of solid wastes before disposal?
Treatment of solid wastes before disposal (ÜèŸÁõ º¡ Fì‚èN¾è¬÷
²ˆFèKˆî™)
1. To break down the large material into small pieces to reduce the volume and for easy
handling it.
2. To separate the non combustible products such as glass, metal and ceramics
3. To separate organic materials.
· Ü÷¬õ‚ °¬øˆ¶ âOî£è ¬èò£÷ ªðKò ªð£¼¬÷ CPò ¶‡´è÷£è
à¬ì‚è «õ‡´‹.
· è‡í£® à«ô£è‹ ñŸÁ‹ ñ†ð£‡ìƒèœ «ð£¡ø âKò£î ªð£¼†è¬÷ HK‚è
«õ‡´‹.
· èKñŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷Š HK‚è «õ‡´‹.
11. What are the different methods of disposal of solid wastes?
Processing techniques
1. Manual disposal method (¬è«ò´ ÜèŸÁ‹ º¬ø)
2. Mechanical disposal method (Þò‰FóMò™ ÜèŸÁ‹ º¬ø)
3. Thermal disposal method(ªõŠð ÜèŸÁ‹ º¬ø)
Disposal techniques
1. Open dumping
2. Land farming
3. Sanitary land filling
12. Explain how the principle of recycling could be applied in the process of waste min-
imization.
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into a new materials and ob-
jects. It is an alternative to “conventional” waste disposal that can save material and help
lower greenhouse gas emissions. Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful ma-
terials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, there by reducing: energy usage,
air pollution (from incineration), and water pollution (from land filling).

8
 ñÁ²öŸC â¡ð¶ èN¾Šªð£¼†è¬÷ ¹Fò ªð£¼†èœ ñŸÁ‹ ªð£¼œè÷£è
ñ£ŸÁ‹ ªêò™º¬øò£°‹. Þ¶ õö‚èñ£ù èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁõîŸè£ù å¼ ñ£Ÿø£°‹,
Þ¶ ªð£¼†è¬÷ «êI‚辋, ð²¬ñ Þ™ô õ£» ªõO«òŸøˆ¬î °¬ø‚辋
à. ñÁ²öŸC ªêŒõ¶ ðòÂœ÷ ªð£¼†èO¡ èN¾è¬÷ˆ î´‚èô£‹ ñŸÁ‹
¹Fò ÍôŠªð£¼†èO¡ Ü÷¬õ‚ °¬ø‚è º®»‹ ÝŸø™ ðò¡ð£´, 裟Á ñ£²ð£´
(âKJL¼‰¶) ñŸÁ‹ c˜ ñ£²ð£´ (Gô GóŠ¹îL™ Þ¼‰¶) Þî¡ Íô‹ °¬ø‚èŠð´Aø¶.
zz Reduction of waste at source
zz Process modification
13. Define the term ‘Environmental Waste Audit’.
A waste audit is a methodically thought out process which can be used to determine
the amount and types of waste that are generated by their organization. Information from
these audits can help us and our organization to determine how to reduce the amount of
waste that your company generates.
èN¾ îE‚¬è â¡ð¶ å¼ º¬øŠð® C‰F‚èŠð†ì ªêò™º¬øò£°‹,
Þ¶ àƒèœ GÁõùˆî£™ à¼õ£‚èŠð´‹ èN¾èO¡ Ü÷¾ ñŸÁ‹ õ¬èè¬÷ˆ
b˜ñ£Q‚èŠ ðò¡ð´Aø¶. Þ‰î îE‚¬èèOL¼‰¶ õ¼‹ îèõ™èœ àƒèÀ‚°‹
àƒèœ GÁõùˆFŸ°‹ àƒèœ GÁõù‹ à¼õ£‚°‹ èN¾èO¡ Ü÷¬õ âšõ£Á
°¬ø‚è º®»‹ â¡ð¬î b˜ñ£Q‚è à.
14. List and discuss the factors pertinent to the selection of landfill site.
zz Available land area. ( A¬ì‚°‹ GôŠðóŠ¹)
zz Haul distance. ( ²¬ñJ¡ Éó‹)
zz Soil conditions and topography. ( ñ‡ G¬ô¬ñèœ ñŸÁ‹ GôŠðóŠ¹)
zz Geologic and hydro geologic conditions. (¹MJò™ ñŸÁ‹ c˜ ¹MJò™ G¬ô¬ñèœ)
zz Climatologic conditions.( è£ôG¬ô G¬ô¬ñèœ)
zz Local environmental conditions. ( àœÙ˜ ²ŸÁ„Åö™ G¬ô¬ñèœ)
zz Ultimate use of site. ( î÷ˆF¡ ÞÁF ðò¡ð£´).
15. Explain the purpose of daily cover in a sanitary landfill and state the minimum de-
sirable depth of daily cover.
Daily cover is the name given to the layer’s of compressed soil or earth which is laid
on top of a day’s deposition of waste on an operational landfill site. The cover helps prevent
the interaction between the waste and the air, reducing odours and enabling a firm base
upon which to operate.
FùêK èõ˜ â¡ð¶ ²¼‚èŠð†ì ñ‡ Ü™ô¶ ÌIJ¡ Ü´‚°‚° õöƒèŠð´‹
ªðò˜ Þ¶ å¼ ï£œ ªêò™ð´‹ GôŠðóŠ¹ î÷ˆF™ èN¾è¬÷ ð®õ «ñ™
¬õ‚èŠð´Aø¶. èõ˜ èN¾‚°‹ 裟PŸ°‹ Þ¬ìJô£ù ªî£ì˜¹èOù£™ øƒèœ
°¬ø‚èŠð†´ àÁFò£ù î÷ˆ¬î Þò‚è àî¾Aø¶.

9
16. Describe any two methods of converting waste into energy.
Waste materials can directly be combusted for the generation of energy as fuel in
other hand, indirect combustion can also be adopted for energy generation. Among ther-
mal treatments we have two related things, such as Pyrolysis and gasification.
In these sorts of methods, materials are heated with little supply of oxygen at high
temperature. This process is conducted in sealed vessels with high pressure.
âKªð£¼œ Ü™ô¶ Hø º¬øò£è ÝŸø™ àŸðˆFJ™ èN¾Šªð£¼†è¬÷ «ïó®ò£è
âK‚èô£‹, ÞõŸ¬ø ÝŸø™ àŸðˆF‚°‹ ñ¬øºè âKŠ¹‚°‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðìô£‹.
ªõŠð CA„¬êJ™ ¬ð«ó£LCv ñŸÁ‹ õ£»õ£‚è‹ «ð£¡ø Þó‡´ º¬øèœ àœ÷ù.
Þ‰î õ¬èò£ù º¬øèO™, ÜFè ªõŠðG¬ôJ™ Ý‚Cü¡ °¬øõ£è
õöƒèŠð´õ ªð£¼†èœ Åì£A¡øù. Þ‰î ªêò™º¬ø àò˜ Ü¿ˆîˆ¶ì¡ Y™
ªêŒòŠð†ì ð£ˆFóƒèO™ ïìˆîŠð´Aø¶.
17. What actions, a local body such as a municipality could take when the agency ap-
pointed for Collecting and disposing the solid wastes fails to do the work continuously
for number of days?
A local body such as a municipality can take the following steps, when the agency
appointed for collecting disposing the solid wastes fails to do the work continuously for a
number of days.
ïèó£†C «ð£¡ø å¼ àœ÷£†C ܬñŠ¹ H¡õ¼‹ ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷ â´‚èô£‹,
Fì‚èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁõîŸè£è GòI‚èŠð†ì GÁõù‹ ðô ï£†èœ ªî£ì˜‰¶
ðEè¬÷ ªêŒòˆ îõÁ‹ «ð£¶,
1. They can get help from nearby corporation and municipalities.
2. The second tender opted agencies may be appointed after canceling the agency
3. Local municipalities can use their own facilities as war front
4. They can get help from volunteers like NSS, NCC etc.
1. Üõ˜èœ ܼA½œ÷ GÁõù‹ ñŸÁ‹ ïèó£†CèOìI¼‰¶ àîM ªðø ÜÂñF
«è£óô£‹.
2. ãªü¡C¬ò 󈶪êŒî Hø° Þó‡ì£õ¶ ªì‡ì˜ «î˜‰ªî´‚èŠð†ì
ºèõ˜è¬÷ GòI‚èŠðìô£‹.
3. àœÙ˜ ïèó£†Cèœ îƒèœ ݆è¬÷«ò ÜõêóŠ ðEò£è è¼F ðò¡ð´ˆîô£‹
4. Üõ˜èœ NSS, NCC «ð£¡ø î¡ù£˜õô˜èO¡ àîM¬òŠ ªðøô£‹.
18. Write a note on Characteristics of hazardous waste.
Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes are defined as wastes that exhibit the following
characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity.
Ignitable wastes can create fibers under certain conditions are spontaneously com-
bustible, or have a flash point less than 60°C (140°F). Examples include waste oils.

10
 Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or
equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums,
and barrels. Battery acid is an example of Reactivity or Toxicity.
Reactivity Wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can cause explosions,
toxic fumes, gases or vapours when heated, compressed, or mixed with water. Examples
include lithium sulphur batteries and explosives.
Üð£òèóñ£ù èN¾èO¡ CøŠHò™¹èœ H¡õ¼‹ ð‡¹è¬÷ ªõOŠð´ˆ¶‹
èN¾è÷£è õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð´A¡øù. Þ¬õèœ ðŸø¬õŠ¹ ÜKŠ¹ M¬ùˆFø¡ Ü™ô¶
ˆî¡¬ñ¬ò ªè£‡ì¶.
ðŸø¬õ‚è‚îò èN¾èœ Cô Gð‰î¬ùèO¡ W› Þ¬öè¬÷ à¼õ£‚èô£‹
ܬõ î¡Q„¬êò£è âKò‚îò¬õ Ü™ô¶ 60°C (140°F) ‚°‹ °¬øõ£ù çH÷£w
¹œO¬ò‚ ªè£‡´œ÷ù. â´ˆ¶‚裆´èO™ èN¾ ⇪íŒèœ Ý°‹.
ÜK‚°‹ èN¾èœ ÜIôƒèœ Ü™ô¶ î÷ƒèœ 2 pH ‚°‹ °¬øõ£è«õ£
Ü™ô¶ êññ£è«õ£ Ü™ô¶ (12.5 Mì ÜFèñ£è«õ£ Ü™ô¶ êññ£è«õ£) àœ÷ù
ܬõ «êIŠðè ªî£†®èœ ®ó‹v ñŸÁ‹ dŠð£Œèœ «ð£¡ø à«ô£è‚ ªè£œèô¡è¬÷
ÜK‚°‹ Fø¡ ªè£‡ì¬õ. «ð†ìK ÜIô‹ M¬ùˆFø¡ Ü™ô¶ ˆî¡¬ñ‚°
å¼ â´ˆ¶‚裆´ Ý°‹
M¬ùˆFø¡ èN¾èœ ê£î£óí G¬ô¬ñèO¡ W› G¬ôòŸø¬õ. ܬõ
ªõ®‚°‹ ˆ bŠªð£Pèœ õ£»‚èœ Ü™ô¶ có£Mè¬÷ Å죂°‹«ð£¶​​
²¼‚°‹«ð£¶ Ü™ô¶ î‡aK™ èô‚°‹«ð£¶ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹. LˆFò‹ ê™ð˜ «ð†ìKèœ
ñŸÁ‹ ªõ®ªð£¼†èœ Þ â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹.
19. What is the difference between municipal and industrial effluent?
Municipal Effluents: Municipal effluents are obtained from the local residential ar-
eas. A municipal effluent is less concentrated. Example: Plastic Waste, Garbage.
Industrial Effluents: Industrial effluents are obtained from process of products in an
industry. Comparing to municipal, it is more concentrated. Example: Chemical discharge,
Scraps.
ïèó£†C èN¾èœ: Þ¶ àœÙ˜ °®J¼Š¹ ð°FèOL¼‰¶ õ¼õ¶ Ý°‹
å¼ ïèó£†C èN¾Šªð£¼œ °¬ø‰î î£‚èˆ¬î‚ ªè£‡´œ÷¶ ñŸÁ‹ °¬øõ£è
àœ÷¶. â´ˆ¶‚裆´: H÷£v®‚ èN¾ °Š¬ð
ªî£N™¶¬ø èN¾èœ: å¼ ªî£NŸ¶¬øJ™ îò£KŠ¹èO¡ ªêò™º¬øJL¼‰¶
ªî£N™¶¬ø èN¾èœ ªðøŠð´A¡øù. ïèó£†C»ì¡ åŠH´¬èJ™ Þ¶ ÜFè
Ü÷M™ °M‰¶œ÷¶. â´ˆ¶‚裆´: «õFJò™ ªõO«òŸø‹ ñŸÁ‹ °Š¬ðèœ.

11
20. List few of the undesirable parameters / pollutants anticipated in the effluents
from oil refinery industry / thermal power plants / textile industries / woolen mills /
dye industries / electroplating industries / cement plants / leather industries (any two
may be asked)
Oil refineries - Volatile organic Compounds, Oxides of sulphur and Nitrogen
Thermal Power - Coal ash, Oxides of sulphur and Nitrogen
Woolen Mills - Alkalis, Acids, Oils
Cement plants - Fly ash, Smoke and process Dust
Leather Factory - Suspended solid particles, Sulphite
21. Explain briefly the process of Equalization and Neutralization of waste water of
varying characteristics discharged from an Industry.
Equalization System: Waste water is directed to the equalization tank. The tank is
designed to equalize concentration fluctuations of the incoming wastewater. The contents
of equalization tank are continuously agitated by a 15 HP motor which is side mounted in
the tank provide continuous monitoring of the waste water flow.
èN¾ c˜ Ýù¶ êñG¬ô ªî£†®J™ ªê½ˆîŠð´Aø¶. àœõ¼‹ èN¾cK¡
ªêP¾ ãŸø Þø‚èƒè¬÷ êñŠð´ˆî Þ‰î ªî£†® õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†´œ÷¶. êñ¡ð£´
ªî£†®J¡ àœ÷ì‚èƒèœ ªî£†®J™ ªð£¼ˆîŠð†ì 15 HP «ñ£†ì£ó£™ ð‚èˆF™
ªî£ì˜‰¶ A÷˜‰ªî¿A¡øù, èN¾ c˜ æ†ìˆ¬î ªî£ì˜‰¶ è‡è£E‚A¡øù.
PRIMARY/SECONDARY NEUTRALIZATION SYSTEM (ºî¡¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ Þó‡ì£‹
G¬ô ï´G¬ôŠð´ˆî™ ܬñŠ¹)
Waste water flow by gravity from the equalization system to the two stage neutraliza-
tion system. Equalized waste water flows through a in line flow control valve and enters the
primary neutralization tank.
The rate at which the waste water enters the tank is controlled by a flow control valve
which is modulated by the liquid level controller located in the equalization tank. The flow is
modulated to maintain a constant level in the tank.
êñG¬ôŠð´ˆ¶‹ ܬñŠHL¼‰¶ Þó‡´ G¬ô ï´G¬ôŠð´ˆî™ ܬñŠ¹‚°
ߘŠ¹ Íô‹ èN¾ c˜ Ýù¶ ¹MߘŠHù£™ ÜŠðŠð´Aø¶. êñŠð´ˆîŠð†ì èN¾
c˜ å¼ õK æ†ì‹ 膴Šð£†´ õ£™¾ õNò£è 𣌉¶ ºî¡¬ñ ï´G¬ôŠð´ˆî™
ªî£†®J™ ¸¬öAø¶.
èN¾ c˜ ªî£†®J™ ¸¬ö»‹ iî‹ å¼ æ†ì‹ 膴Šð£†´ õ£™õ£™
膴Šð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶ Þ¶ êñG¬ôŠð´ˆ¶‹ ªî£†®J™ ܬñ‰¶œ÷ Fóõ G¬ô
膴Šð´ˆFò£™ ñ£ŸPò¬ñ‚èŠð´Aø¶. ªî£†®J™ å¼ G¬ôò£ù Ü÷¬õ ðó£ñK‚è
æ†ì‹ ñ£ŸPò¬ñ‚èŠð´Aø¶.

12
22. Explain briefly the Physical treatments “Sedimentation” and “Floatation” processes
in the waste water treatment.
SEDIMENTATION (õ‡ì™)
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process used to settle out suspended
solids in water under the influence of gravity.
Sedimentation â¡ð¶ ߘŠ¹ M¬êJ¡ èˆF¡ W› cK™ Þ¬ìc‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì
F슪𣼆è¬÷ ªõO«òŸø ðò¡ð´‹ å¼ àì™ c˜ ²ˆFèKŠ¹ ªêò™º¬øò£°‹.
FLOTATION (Iî¬õ)
Flotation is a water treatment process that clarifies waste waters by the removal of
suspended matter such as soil or solids. This removal is achieved by dissolving air in the
wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in a released
air flotation tank or basin.
Iîˆî™ â¡ð¶ c˜ ²ˆFèKŠ¹ ªêò™º¬øò£°‹ Þ¶ ñ‡ Ü™ô¶
F슪𣼆è¬÷Š «ð£¡ø Þ¬ìc‚è‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì ªð£¼†è¬÷ ÜèŸÁõî¡ Íô‹
èN¾ c¬ó ªîO¾ð´ˆ¶Aø¶. Ü¿ˆîˆF¡ W› èN¾cK™ 裟¬ø‚ è¬óˆ¶ H¡ù˜
ªõOJìŠð†ì 裟Á Iî‚°‹ ªî£†® Ü™ô¶ «ðCQ™ õOñ‡ìô Ü¿ˆîˆF™
裟¬ø M´MŠðî¡ Íô‹ ÜèŸÁî™ «õ¬ô ï¬ìªðŸÁ «êèK‚èŠð´A¡ø¶.
23. Explain briefly when and how chemical / biological treatments are given to the
waste water.
Biological treatments systems convert biodegradable organics in the solution into
suspended organics, which flocculate and are removed by gravity sedimentation.
àJKò™ CA„¬ê º¬øèœ è¬óêL™ àœ÷ ñ‚°‹ àJKùƒè¬÷ Þ¬ìc‚è‹
ªêŒòŠð†ì àJKùƒè÷£è ñ£ŸÁA¡øù, ܬõ ߘŠ¹ õ‡ì™ Íô‹ ÜèŸøŠð´A¡øù.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT DEVICES.
1. Fixed film reactor
a) Trickling filter b) Rotating biological disc
2. Suspended growth reactor
3. Activated sludge process
Chemical treatments involved addition of an acid or alkali depending on the type of waste
water. There are four types of chemical treatments.
«õFJò™ CA„¬êèœ èN¾ cK¡ õ¬è¬òŠ ªð£Áˆ¶ å¼ ÜIô‹ Ü™ô¶
è£óˆ¬î «ê˜ˆ¶ ï¬ìªðÁA¡ø¶. ° õ¬èò£ù Þóê£òù CA„¬êèœ àœ÷ù.
1. Neutralization 2. Precipitation 3. lon-exchange 4. Oxidation Reduction

13
24. List the four common advanced waste water treatment processes and the pollut-
ants they remove.
Treatment Process Pollutants Removed
Carbon adsorption Refractory organics
Ammonia and organic
Nitrification and D-nitrification
nitrogen
Chemical precipitation Phosphorous, Heavy metals
25. Describe refractory organics and the method used to remove them from the effluent.
Water treatment involves primary and secondary treatment. Even after secondary
treatment and filtration, soluble organics may still be present in the wastewater. These
remaining materials are called refractory organics.
Oxidation of refractory organics in aqueous waste streams by hydrogen peroxide
and ultraviolet light.
A predetermined amount of hydrogen peroxide is added to an aqueous waste that
containing organic pollutants. The mixture thoroughly mixed and the resultant mixture
irradiated with ultraviolet light.
c˜ CA„¬êò£ù¶ ºî¡¬ñ ñŸÁ‹ Þó‡ì£‹ G¬ô CA„¬ê¬ò àœ÷ì‚Aò¶.
Þó‡ì£‹ G¬ô ²ˆFèKŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ õ®è†ì½‚°Š Hø°‹ è¬óò‚îò àJKùƒèœ
èN¾cK™ ޡ‹ Þ¼‚èô£‹. Þ‰î e÷ ªð£¼†èœ ðòùŸø àJKùƒèœ â¡Á
ܬö‚èŠð´A¡øù.
¬ý†óü¡ ªðó£‚¬ê´ ñŸÁ‹ ¹ø áî£ åOò£™ c˜ èN¾ c«ó£¬ìèO™
ðòùŸø àJKùƒèO¡ Ý‚Rü«ùŸø‹ ܬìAø¶.
º¡ù«ó b˜ñ£Q‚èŠð†ì Ü÷¾ ¬ý†óü¡ ªðó£‚¬ê´ èKñ ñ£²ð£´è¬÷‚
ªè£‡ì å¼ c˜ èN¾èO™ «ê˜‚èŠð´Aø¶. èô¬õ ï¡° èô‚èŠð†´, Üî¡
M¬÷õ£è èô¬õ ¹ø áî£ åO»ì¡ èFKò‚èŠð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶.
26. Explain biological nitrification and de-nitrification.
Biological Nitrification: Nitrification is the biological oxidation of amounts with oxy-
gen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of these nitrites into nitrates. Degradation of am-
monia to nitrite to is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important
step in the nitrogen.
Biological Nitrification : ¬ï†¬óH«èû¡ â¡ð¶ Ý‚RüÂì¡ Ã®ò Ü÷¾è¬÷
àJKò™ Ý‚Cü«ùŸø‹ ¬ï†¬ó†ì£è ñ£ŸÁAø¶ Üî¡Hø° Þ‰î ¬ï†¬ó†´è¬÷
¬ï†«ó†´è÷£è Ý‚Cü«ùŸø‹ ªêŒAø¶. Ü‹«ñ£Qò£¬õ ¬ï†¬ó†´‚° C¬îŠð¶
ªð£¶õ£è ¬ï†KçH«èûQ¡ Ü÷¬õ‚°¬ø‚Aø¶ 膴Šð´ˆ¶‹ ð® Ý°‹.
¬ï†óüQ™ ¬ï†KçH«èû¡ å¼ º‚Aòñ£ù ð®ò£°‹.

14
DE-NITRIFICATION
Denitrification is a microbial facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ulti-
mately produces molecular nitrogen through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen ox-
ide products
Biological De-nitrification : â¡ð¶ ¸‡µJ˜ gFò£è âOèŠð†ì
ªêò™º¬øò£°‹, ܃° ¬ï†«ó† °¬ø‚èŠð†´ ÞÁFJ™ Þ¬ìG¬ô õ£» ¬ï†óü¡
Ý‚¬ê´ îò£KŠ¹èO¡ Íô‹ Íô‚ÃÁ ¬ï†óü¬ù à¼õ£‚°Aø¶.
27. Describe the basic approaches to land treatment of Industrial Effluent.
The industrial effluent after being subjected to treatment is either reused or disposed
of in the environment. Land application (treatment) is one of the means of disposal. In this
method, the water seeps into the ground and recharges underlying groundwater acquirers.
This method helps in removal of ammonia, nitrogen and phosphorus.
CA„¬ê‚° à†ð´ˆîŠð†ì H¡ù˜ ªî£N™¶¬ø èN¾èœ e‡´‹
ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´A¡øù Ü™ô¶ ÅöL™ ÜèŸøŠð´A¡øù. Gô M‡íŠð‹ (CA„¬ê)
ÜèŸÁõîŸè£ù å¼ õNò£°‹. Þ‰î º¬øJ™ c˜ GôˆF™ ð£ŒAø¶ ñŸÁ‹ Gôˆî®
c˜ ÝMò£Aø¶. Þ‰î º¬ø Ü‹«ñ£Qò£ ¬ï†óü¡ ñŸÁ‹ ð£vðó¬ú ÜèŸø
àî¾Aø¶.
28. Describe the locations for the ultimate disposal of sludge and the treatment steps
needed prior to ultimate disposal.
The ultimate disposal of water treatment sludge involves two techniques.
1) Land application
2) Land filling
Land Application: Alum sludge, at concentrations less than 25% is best land applied.
Sludges may be applied to croplands, to marginal land for land reclamation, to forest land
or to dedicated sites.
Land Filling: Landfills may be on public land such as a municipality owned landfill, or
a private land. Landfill operates require 15 to 30% sludge (solids).
For alum sludge effective land filling requires the solids concentration to be at least
25%. At lower concentrations, land application is more appropriate.
Land Application: Alum èê´, 25% ‚°‹ °¬øõ£ù ªêP¾èO™ Cø‰î GôˆF™
ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶. ðJ˜GôƒèÀ‚°, Gôˆ¬î e†ªì´ŠðîŸè£ù æó÷¾ GôƒèÀ‚°,
õù GôƒèÀ‚° Ü™ô¶ ܘŠðE‚èŠð†ì î÷ƒèÀ‚°‹ èê´èœ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðìô£‹.
Land Filling: ïèó£†C‚° ªê£‰îñ£ù GôŠðóŠ¹ Ü™ô¶ å¼ îQò£˜ Gô‹
«ð£¡ø ªð£¶ GôƒèO™ GôŠðóŠ¹èœ Þ¼‚èô£‹. GôŠðóŠ¹ ªêò™ð£†®Ÿ° 15 ºî™
30% èê´ (F슪𣼜) «î¬õŠð´Aø¶.

15
29. List any five Industries, which act as the major sources for Hazardous Air Pollutants.
1. Thermal power plant 2.Oil refineries 3.Chemical industries
4.Cement industries. 5. Automobiles
30. List out the names of any three hazardous air pollutants and their effects on hu-
man health.
This category also includes several air pollutants which are omitted from the Clean
Air Act list because they covered, namely CO, SO­­2, NO2, O3, Pb, and particulate matter. It af-
fects the central nervous system of the human body. it also affects the air in the environment
and cause ill effects in the respiratory systems.
Þ‰î õ¬è ðô 裟Á ñ£²ð£´è¬÷»‹ àœ÷ì‚Aò¶, ܬõ ÉŒ¬ñò£ù
裟Á„ ê†ìŠ ð†®òL™ Þ¼‰¶ Mô‚èŠð†´œ÷ù, ãªùQ™ ܬõ CO, SO2, NO2, O3,
Pb ñŸÁ‹ ¶èœè¬÷Š àœ÷ì‚Aò¶. Þ¶ ñQî àìL¡ ¬ñò ïó‹¹ ñ‡ìôˆ¬î
ð£F‚Aø¶. Þ¶ ²ŸÁ„ÅöL™ àœ÷ 裟¬ø»‹ ð£F‚Aø¶ ñŸÁ‹ ²õ£ê ܬñŠ¹èO™
«ñ£êñ£ù M¬÷¾è¬÷»‹ ãŸð´ˆ¶Aø¶.
31. Explain the influence of moisture, temperature and sunlight on the severity of air
pollution effects on materials.
Presence of moisture causes corrosion on materials. Temperature affects the rate of
chemical reaction and consequently it affects the rate of deterioration. In addition to pro-
ducing damaging agents such as ozone through a series of complex photochemical reac-
tions in atmospheric sun light can cause direct deterioration of certain materials.
ßóŠðî‹ Þ¼Šð ªð£¼†èœ e¶ ÜKŠ¹ ãŸð´Aø¶. ªõŠðG¬ô «õFJò™
âF˜M¬ù iî ð£F‚Aø¶, Þî¡ M¬÷õ£è ܶ YóN¾ iî ð£F‚Aø¶.
õOñ‡ìô ÅKò åOJ™ ªî£ì˜„Cò£ù C‚èô£ù åO «õFJò™ âF˜M¬ùèœ
Íô‹ æ«ê£¡ «ð£¡ø «êîŠð´ˆ¶‹ ºèõ˜è¬÷ à¼õ£‚°õ«î£´ ôîô£è, Cô
ªð£¼†èO¡ «ïó® êK¬õ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹.
32. Differentiate between acute and chronic health effects from Air pollution.
ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS (è´¬ñò£ù Ý«ó£‚Aò M¬÷¾èœ)
zz A short period of exposure and very short latent period.
zz Visibility loss, suffocation is some health effects caused by acute.
zz Source is toxic gases.
zz ªõOŠð£´ å¼ °ÁAò è£ô‹ ñŸÁ‹ I辋 °ÁAò ñ¬ø‰î è£ô‹.
zz 𣘬õ ÞöŠ¹, Í„²ˆ Fíø™ â¡ð¶ è´¬ñò£ù è£óíñ£è ãŸð´‹ Cô
àì™ïô ð£FŠ¹èœ ãŸð´‹.
zz  õ£»‚èœ Þî¡ Íô‚ÃÁ Ý°‹.
CHRONIC EFFECTS (ð†ì M¬÷¾èœ)
zz Duration of relevant exposure period and latent period is long.
zz Visibility reduction, lung disease, cancer, blood chemistry changes, asthma, are health

16
 effects caused by air pollution
zz Sources are cement industries and automobile vehicles.
zz ªî£ì˜¹¬ìò ªõOŠð£´ è£ô‹ ñŸÁ‹ ñ¬ø‰F¼‚°‹ è£ô‹ c‡ì¶.
zz 𣘬õ °¬øŠ¹, ¸¬ófó™ «ï£Œ, ¹ŸÁ«ï£Œ, Þóˆî «õFJò™ ñ£Ÿøƒèœ,
Ýv¶ñ£ «ð£¡ø¬õ 裟Á ñ£²ð£†ì£™ ãŸð´‹ àì™ïô ð£FŠ¹èœ Ý°‹.
zz Cªñ¡† ªî£N™èœ ñŸÁ‹ ݆«ì£ªñ£¬ð™ õ£èùƒèœ ÝAòõŸø£™ chron-
ic effect Ýù¶ à¼õ£A¡ø¶.
33. Define the term Acid rain and explain how it occurs.
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning
that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants,
aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.
ÜIô ñ¬ö â¡ð¶ å¼ ñ¬öŠªð£N¾ Ý°‹, Þ¶ õö‚èˆFŸ° ñ£ø£è
ÜIôˆî¡¬ñ ªè£‡ì¶, Üî£õ¶ Þ¶ ¬ý†óü¡ ÜòQèO¡ (°¬ø‰î pH)
àò˜ ñ†ìƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´œ÷¶. Þ¶ î£õóƒèœ, c˜õ£› Môƒ°èœ ñŸÁ‹
àœè†ì¬ñŠ¹ ÝAòõŸP™ bƒ° M¬÷M‚°‹. ÜIô ñ¬ö ê™ð˜ ¬ì Ý‚¬ê´
ñŸÁ‹ ¬ï†óü¡ Ý‚¬ê´ ªõO«òŸøˆî£™ ãŸð´Aø¶, ܬõ õOñ‡ìôˆF™
àœ÷ c˜ Íô‚ÃÁèÀì¡ M¬ù¹K‰¶ ÜIôƒè¬÷ à¼õ£‚°A¡øù.
34. Discuss briefly the causes for global warming and its consequences
Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth’s climate
system; an aspect of climate change shown by temperature measurements and by multiple
effects of the warming.
Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5°C (34° to 41° Fahrenheit) by the
year 2100. Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (92 feet) by 2100.
¹M ªõŠðñ¬ìî™ â¡ð¶ ÌIJ¡ è£ôG¬ô ܬñŠH¡ êó£êK ªõŠðG¬ôJ™
Þ¼‰¶ ÜFè‹ Ý°õ õ¼õ‹. ªõŠðG¬ô Ü÷i´èœ ñŸÁ‹ ªõŠðñòñ£îL¡
ðô M¬÷¾è÷£™ 裆ìŠð´‹ è£ôG¬ô ñ£ŸøˆF¡ å¼ Ü‹ê‹ Global Warming Ý°‹.
2100 Ý‹ ݇ì÷M™ ÌIJ™ ªõŠðG¬ô ²ñ£˜ 3 ° ºî™ 5 ° C (34 ° ºî™
41 ° ð£ó¡q†) õ¬ó ÜFèK‚°‹. 2100 ‚°œ èì™ ñ†ìƒèœ °¬ø‰î¶ 25 e†ì˜
(92 Ü®) àò¼‹.
35. Suggest suitable Air pollution control devices for a few pollutants and sources.
The following items are commonly used as Control devices by industry or transpor-
tation devices.
Electrostatic Precipitators an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air
cleaner is a particular collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as
air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.
Bag Houses: Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a

17
blower, dust filter, a filter system, and dust removal system.
Particulate Scrubbers Wet scrubber is a form of Pollution control technology. The
term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other
gas streams.
Electrostatic Precipitators: å¼ âô‚†«ó£v«ì®‚ ŠKCH«ì†ì˜ (ESP) Ü™ô¶
âô‚†«ó£v«ì®‚ 㘠Akù˜ â¡ð¶ å¼ °PŠH†ì «êèKŠ¹ ê£îùñ£°‹, Þ¶ å¼
ɇìŠð†ì I¡Qò™ è†ìíˆF¡ ê‚F¬òŠ ðò¡ð´ˆF ªõOõ¼‹ õ£»ML¼‰¶
(裟Á «ð£¡ø¬õ) ¶èœè¬÷ ÜèŸø àî¾A¡ø¶.
Bag Houses: ÜFè ÉC ²¬ñè¬÷ ¬èò£÷ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠð†´œ÷¶, å¼ ÉC
«êèKŠð£¡ å¼ á¶°ö™, ÉC õ®è†®, å¼ õ®è†® ܬñŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ ÉC ÜèŸÁ‹
ܬñŠ¹ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚ ªè£‡´œ÷¶
Particulate Scrubbers: Wet scrubber â¡ð¶ ñ£² 膴Šð£†´ ªî£N™¸†ðˆF¡
å¼ õ®õ‹. à¬ô çŠÙ õ£»ML¼‰¶ Ü™ô¶ Hø õ£» c«ó£¬ìèOL¼‰¶
ñ£²ð´ˆ¶‹ ðôõ¬èò£ù èN¾è¬÷ ÜèŸÁAø¶.
36. Explain how evaporative emissions and exhaust emissions are commonly con-
trolled.
EVAPORATIVE EMISSION (ÝMò£‚è™ àI›¾)
The emissions from foundry ovens, fabric coating and backing ovens, dry cleaning
plants, ovens decorating and coating operations are examples of evaporative emission.
çð¾‡ìK Ü´Š¹èœ, ¶E Ì„² ñŸÁ‹ Ýîó¾ Ü´Š¹èœ, àô˜ ¶Š¹ó¾
ݬôèœ, Ü´Š¹èœ ÜôƒèKˆî™ ñŸÁ‹ Ì„² ªêò™ð£´èœ ÝAòõŸPL¼‰¶
àI›¾èœ ÝMò£î™ àI›¾‚è£ù â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹.
Catalytic combustion has been employed to control such emissions of organic va-
pours. Platinum and nickel are the mostly employed catalysts. The emission gases are pre-
heated to a particular temperature.
èKñ có£MèO¡ Þˆî¬èò àI›¬õ‚ 膴Šð´ˆî M¬ù΂è âKŠ¹
ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶. H÷£†®ù‹ ñŸÁ‹ G‚è™ ÝAò¬õ ªð¼‹ð£½‹ «õ¬ô ªêŒ»‹
M¬ù΂Aèœ Ý°‹.
EXHAUST EMISSION (ªõO«òŸøŠð†ì àI›¾)
The emissions from internal combustion engines from land, rail, and air vehicles are
examples of exhaust emission.
Such emission from automobiles may be controlled by cleaning the exhaust gas-
es, through the use of catalyst, electrostatic precipitator may also be used to separate the
smoke particles.
Gô‹, óJ™ ñŸÁ‹ Mñ£ù õ£èùƒèO¡ àœ âKŠ¹ Þò‰FóƒèOL¼‰¶
àI›¾èœ exhaust emission â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹.

18
 õ£èùƒèOL¼‰¶ Þˆî¬èò àI›¾ ªõO«òŸø õ£»‚è¬÷ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõî¡
Íô‹ 膴Šð´ˆîŠðìô£‹, M¬ù΂AJ¡ ðò¡ð£†®¡ Íô‹, ¹¬è ¶èœè¬÷Š
HK‚è âô‚†«ó£v«ì®‚ ŠKCH†ì¼‹ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðìô£‹.
37. What are the harmful elements present in the automobile smokes? How their pres-
ence could be controlled?
The automobile smoke consists of harmful elements like unburnt carbon, CO, CO2
unburnt hydrocarbon. SO2, NO2, acid, alcohol etc. Their presence could be controlled by the
following methods.
1. By cleaning the exhaust gases, through the use of a catalyst.
2. Electrostatic precipitator may be used to separate the dust particles.
3. by growing more trees, which absorbs CO2 content in the smoke.
݆«ì£ªñ£¬ð™ ¹¬è, b‡ìŠðì£î 裘ð¡, CO, CO2 âKò£î ¬ý†«ó£è£˜ð¡
«ð£¡ø bƒ° M¬÷M‚°‹ ÃÁè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´œ÷¶. SO2, NO2, ÜIô‹, Ý™èý£™
«ð£¡ø¬õ ÜõŸP¡ Þ¼Š¬ð H¡õ¼‹ º¬øè÷£™ 膴Šð´ˆîô£‹.
1. ªõO«òŸø õ£»‚è¬÷ ²ˆî‹ ªêŒõî¡ Íô‹ å¼ M¬ù΂A¬òŠ
ðò¡ð´ˆ¶õî¡ Íôº‹.
2. ÉC ¶èœè¬÷Š HK‚è âô‚†«ó£v«ì®‚ ŠKCH«ì†ì˜ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðìô£‹.
ÜFè ñóƒè¬÷ õ÷˜Šðî¡ Íô‹, Þ¶ ¹¬èJ™ CO2 àœ÷ì‚般î àP…
CM´‹.
38. What is the Advantage of Ozone layer in the atmosphere? State few reasons for its
destruction.
The ozone layer is a deep layer in the stratosphere, encircling the earth, which has
large amounts of ozone in it. The layer shields the entire Earth from much of the harmful
ultraviolet radiation that comes from the sun.
The stratosphere is 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top it contains ozone.
The sun’s rays are absorbed in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the Earth. ozone is a
bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The main cause of this is the release of
CFCS, chlorofluorocarbons.
æ«ê£¡ Ü´‚° â¡ð¶ Ü´‚° ñ‡ìôˆF™ å¼ Ýöñ£ù Ü´‚° Ý°‹,
Þ¶ ÌI¬ò ²ŸP õ¼Aø¶, ÜF™ ÜFè Ü÷¾ æ«ê£¡ àœ÷¶. Þ‰î Ü´‚°
Ýù¶ º¿ ÌI¬ò»‹ ÅKòQ™ Þ¼‰¶ õ¼‹ bƒ° M¬÷M‚°‹ ¹ø áî£ èF˜i„-
CL¼‰¶ ð£¶è£‚Aø¶.
Ü´‚° ñ‡ìô‹ ÌI‚° 30 ¬ñ™ Éóˆ¬î ↴Aø¶, ñŸÁ‹ à„CJ™ æ«ê£¡
àœ÷¶. ÅKòQ¡ èF˜èœ Ü´‚° ñ‡ìôˆF™ àP…êŠð†´ ÌI¬ò â†ì£ñ™
ð£¶è£‚A¡ø¶. æ«ê£¡ å¼ cô õ£» Ý°‹, Þ¶ Ý‚RüQ¡ Í¡Á ܵ‚è÷£™
à¼õ£Aø¶.
CFCS, °«÷£«ó£çŠÙ«ó£è£˜ð¡èœ ªõOJ´õ«î Þ º‚Aò è£óí‹
Ý°‹.

19
39. Explain the mechanism by which hearing damage occurs.
The physical effect of noise pollution is the hearing damage. Human ears have senso-
ry cells for hearing. If these cells are subjected to repeated sounds of high intensity, they can
become permanently damaged. Also a sudden loud noise such as an explosion can damage
the delicate tympanic membrane or the ear drum. These make the ear deaf.
åL ñ£²ð£†®¡ àì™ M¬÷¾ ªêMŠ¹ô¡ «êî‹ Ü¬ìò õ£ŒŠ¹ àœ÷¶.
ñQî 裶èO™ ªêM‚° à현C ªê™èœ àœ÷ù. Þ‰î ªê™èœ ÜFè bMóˆF¡
ªî£ì˜„Cò£ù åLèÀ‚° à†ð´ˆîŠð†ì£™, ܬõ Gó‰îóñ£è «êîñ¬ìò‚ô‹.
ªõ®Š¹ «ð£¡ø F¯˜ àóˆî êˆî‹ ªñ¡¬ñò£ù ¬ì‹ð£Q‚ êš¾ Ü™ô¶ 裶 ®ó‹
ÝAòõŸ¬ø «êîŠð´ˆ¶A¡ø¶.
40. List any five effects of noise other than hearing damage.
EFFECTS OF NOISE (êˆîˆF¡ M¬÷¾èœ)
zz Causes anxiety
zz Detracts the attention
zz Causes headache, migraine, depression
zz Causes abnormal imbalance leading to increased heart beat, high blood pressure,
hypertension, and constriction of blood vessels.
zz ðî†ìˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆ¶Aø¶
zz èõùˆ¬î ߘ‚Aø¶
zz î¬ôõL, 埬øˆ î¬ôõL, ñù„«ê£˜¾ ãŸð´Aø¶
zz Üê£î£óí ãŸøˆî£›¾ è£óíñ£è Þîòˆ ¶®Š¹, àò˜ Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹, àò˜
Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹ ñŸÁ‹ Þóˆî ï£÷ƒèO¡ ²¼‚è‹ ãŸð´Aø¶.
41. Explain why impulsive noise is more dangerous than steady state noise.
Impulse Noise
Impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise which includes unwanted, almost in-
stantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds (like clicks and pops).
à‰¶M¬ê êˆî‹ â¡ð¶ å¼ õ¬è (åL) êˆîñ£°‹, ÞF™ «î¬õòŸø,
A†ìˆî†ì àìù® (Þîù£™ à‰¶M¬ê «ð£¡ø) جñò£ù åLèœ Ü샰‹.
Steady state noise
The effect on hearing induced by occupational exposure to impulse noise were com-
pared with those induced by exposure to continuous steady state noise.
à‰¶M¬ê Þ¬ó„꽂è£ù ªî£N™ê£˜ ªõOŠð£†ì£™ ɇìŠð†ì
ªêMŠ¹ô¡ M¬÷¾ ªî£ì˜„Cò£ù G¬ôò£ù G¬ô êˆîˆFŸ° ªõOŠð´õ
ɇìŠð†ìõŸÁì¡ åŠHìŠð†ì¶.
42. Explain briefly the Source – Path – Receiver concept of Noise control.
Source
zz Mechanical device
zz Machines
20
 zz Vibrators
Receiver
zz Person
zz Students in class rooms
zz Near an airport and railway stations peoples
Control
zz Reduce the output noise
zz Control the noise level in the environment
43. Where silencers or mufflers are used? Explain how they reduce the noise.
Silencers or mufflers are used in automobiles, IC engines, and power generators.
A muffler (or silencer in British English) is a device for reducing the amount of noise
emitted by a machine.
In an internal combustion engine, the engine exhaust blows out through the muffler.
Mufflers are along the exhaust pipe as part of the exhaust system of an internal combustion
engine to reduce its exhaust noise.
The muffler accomplishes this with a resonating chamber, which is specifically turned
to cause distinctive interference, where opposite sound waves cancel each other out.
Also there is a radical internal difference between the different inner chambers which
reduces that sound power. Catalytic converts also often have muffling effect.
å¼ ñçŠ÷˜ (Ü™ô¶ HK†®w ݃AôˆF™ ¬êô¡ê˜) â¡ð¶ å¼ Þò‰Fóˆî£™
ªõOŠð´‹ êˆîˆF¡ Ü÷¬õ‚ °¬øŠðîŸè£ù å¼ ê£îùñ£°‹.
å¼ àœ âKŠ¹ Þò‰FóˆF™, Þò‰Fó ªõO«òŸøñ£ù¶ ñçŠ÷˜ õNò£è
ªõO«òÁ‹. Üî¡ ªõO«òŸø êˆîˆ¬î °¬ø‚è àœ âKŠ¹ Þò‰FóˆF¡ ªõO«òŸø
ܬñŠH¡ å¼ ð°Fò£è ñçŠô˜èœ ªõO«òŸø‚ °ö£»ì¡ àœ÷ù.
44. Describe two techniques to protect the receiver from hearing loss when design /
redress for noise control fail.
Protecting Techniques. (ð£¶è£ˆî™)
1. Use of hearing protection devices: Hearing protectors may be worn by the (receiver) peo-
ple to reduce the level of volume of sound entering the ear.
There are two types of ear
a) Ear Plugs b) Ear Muffs
2. Temporary Relocation: In extreme cases, temporary relocation of machine or people may
be done
3) Wearing helmet, using cotton in the ears can also be done.

21
45. What are the problems faced by the people residing along the side of a railway
track and near to an Airport? What provisions could be made in their houses to reduce
the problem?
1. Problems faced by the people
2. Noise induced hearing loss
3. Tinnitus – It is ringing, hissing or booming sensation in the ears.
4. Sleep disturbance and fatigue
5. Increased blood pressure and heart rate, hypertension, gastro-intestinal disturbances
etc.,

1. êˆî‹ «è†°‹ ÞöŠ¹

2. ®¡Qìv - Þ¶ 裶èO™ åL‚Aø¶, Ü™ô¶ õ÷˜‰¶ õ¼Aø¶.
3. É‚è‚ èô‚è‹ ñŸÁ‹ «ê£˜¾
4. ÜFèKˆî Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹ ñŸÁ‹ Þîò ¶®Š¹, àò˜ Þóˆî Ü¿ˆî‹, Þ¬óŠ¬ð-
°ì™ ªî£‰îó¾èœ «ð£¡ø¬õ Ü샰‹.
Provisions to be made in the houses.
1. Reinforcing the buildings to have noise reduction ability.
2. Acoustical window treatments can be done to reduce the outside-to-inside noise
contribution.
3. Efficient and proper maintenance of ventilation.
1. êˆî‹ °¬ø‚°‹ Fø¡ ªè£‡ì 膮ìƒè¬÷ õ½Šð´ˆ¶î™.
2. êˆî‹ ðƒèOŠ¬ð ªõOJ™ Þ¼‰¶ °¬ø‚è åLJò™ ê£÷ó CA„¬êèœ
ªêŒòô£‹.
3. 裟«ø£†ì‹ ñŸÁ‹ êKò£ù ðó£ñKŠ¹è¬÷„ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹.
2. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. What is meant by Disaster Management? What are the different stages of Disaster
management?
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of re-
sources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in par-
ticular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
«ðóN¾èO¡ î£‚èˆ¬î °¬øŠðîŸè£è ÜõêóG¬ôèO¡ ܬùˆ¶
ñQî£Hñ£ù Ü‹êƒè¬÷»‹, °PŠð£è îò£˜G¬ô, ðF™ ñŸÁ‹ e†¹ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚
¬èò£œõîŸè£ù õ÷ƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªð£ÁŠ¹èO¡ ܬñŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ «ñô£‡¬ñ âù
«ðóN¾ «ñô£‡¬ñ õ¬óòÁ‚èŠð´Aø¶.
Stages of Disaster Management («ðóN¾ «ñô£‡¬ñèO™ àœ÷ G¬ôèœ)
1. Planning (to prevent disaster) (F†ìIì™ «ðóN¬õˆ î´‚è)

22
2. Preparedness (preparation to meet with disaster) îò£KŠ¹ («ðóN¬õ ê‰F‚è îò£KŠ¹)
3. Mitigation (reducing the intensity of situation) ñ†´Šð´ˆî™ (Å›G¬ôJ¡ bMóˆ¬î
°¬ø‚Aø¶)
4. Response (to face and deal with the disaster) (ðF™ «ðóN¬õ âF˜ªè£œ÷ ñŸÁ‹
êñ£O‚è)
5. Recovery (bringing to the old situation in rehabilitation works) (e†¹ ðEèO™ ð¬öò
Å›G¬ô‚° ªè£‡´ õ¼î™)
2. Differentiate Natural Disasters and Manmade Disasters with examples.
Natural Disaster (ÞòŸ¬è «ðóN¾)
Natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard that affects the environment and
leads to financial, environmental and human losses. Examples of natural disasters are like
earth quake, cyclone, tsunami, floods and forest fire.
ÞòŸ¬è «ðóN¾ â¡ð¶ ²ŸÁ„Åö¬ô ð£F‚°‹ ñŸÁ‹ GF ²ŸÁ„Åö™ ñŸÁ‹
ñQî ÞöŠ¹èÀ‚° õNõ°‚°‹ ÞòŸ¬è Üð£òˆF¡ M¬÷¾ Ý°‹. Ìè‹ð‹
Åø£õO ²ù£I ªõœ÷‹ ñŸÁ‹ 裆´ˆ b «ð£¡ø¬õ ÞòŸ¬è «ðóN¾èÀ‚°
â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ Ý°‹.
Manmade disaster (ñQîù£™ «ðóN¾)
Manmade disasters are events which either intentionally or by accident cause severe
threats to public health and well being. Examples of manmade disasters are train accidents,
explosion, community riots.
ñQîù£™ à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì «ðóN¾èœ «õ‡´ªñ¡«ø Ü™ô¶ êòô£è
ªð£¶ ²è£î£óˆFŸ°‹ Ý«ó£‚AòˆFŸ°‹ è´¬ñò£ù Ü„²Áˆî™è¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹
G蛾èœÝ°‹. ñQîù£™ à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì «ðóN¾èÀ‚° â´ˆ¶‚裆´èœ óJ™
Mðˆ¶‚èœ, ªõ®Š¹, êÍè èôõó‹ «ð£¡ø¬õ Ý°‹.
3. Describe the necessity of Risk identification and Assessment Surveys while planning
a project.
Disaster risk identification and assessment would help the community to assess the
hazards, which threaten the community; It identifies the elements at risk and analyses the
causes for vulnerable conditions.
By conducting suitable surveys, from the planning stage itself the risk can be identi-
fied.
«ðóN¾ Ýðˆ¶ Ü¬ìò£÷‹ ñŸÁ‹ ñFŠd´ êÍ般î Ü„²Áˆ¶‹ Üð£òƒè¬÷
ñFŠH´õ êÍèˆFŸ° àî¾A¡ø¶. Þ¶ ÝðˆF™ àœ÷ ÃÁè¬÷ ܬìò£÷‹
致 ð£F‚èŠðì‚îò G¬ô¬ñèÀ‚è£ù è£óíƒè¬÷ ð°Šð£Œ¾ ªêŒ¶
ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù è킪贊¹è¬÷ ï숶õî¡ Íô‹ F†ìIì™ è†ìˆFL¼‰«î
Ýðˆ¬î ܬìò£÷‹ è£í º®A¡ø¶.

23
Various surveys are (ð™«õÁ ÝŒ¾èœ)
Factors causing risks, availability of facilities like roads, railways, conveyance, and
communication necessary precautionary measures to deal with risks, hazards etc.,
Üð£òƒè¬÷ ãŸð´ˆ¶‹ è£óEèœ, ꣬ôèœ, óJ™«õ, ÜŠ¹î™ ñŸÁ‹
îèõ™ ªî£ì˜¹ «ð£¡ø õêFèœ A¬ìŠð¶, Üð£òƒèœ, Üð£òƒèœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø„
êñ£O‚è «î¬õò£ù º¡ªù„êK‚¬è ïìõ®‚¬èèœ â´‚è «õ‡´‹.
4. What is Disasters recovery and what does it mean to an Industry?
Disasters affect the regular activities of an industry. Disaster recovery is a process and
procedure to bring an industry or organization to its regular functioning after a disaster.
zz Disaster recovery in industries involves restoring.
zz Failure due to fire accidents
zz Failure due to sudden high voltage
zz Failure of machines and infrastructure due to disaster
zz Replacing the damaged buildings and providing relief to the affected employees
zz If accidents occurs due to flood/cyclone/earthquake the following factors should be
consider while planning the rebuilding works
å¼ ªî£NL¡ õö‚èñ£ù ªêò™ð£´èœ «ðóN¾è÷£™ ð£F‚èŠð´A¡øù.
«ðóN¾ e†¹ â¡ð¶ å¼ ªî£N™ Ü™ô¶ GÁõùˆ¬î å¼ «ðóN¾‚°Š Hø° Üî¡
õö‚èñ£ù ªêò™ð£†®Ÿ° ªè£‡´ õ¼õîŸè£ù 弪êò™º¬øò£°‹.
zz ªî£N™èO™ «ðóN¾ e†¹ â¡ð¶ e†ªì´Šð¬î àœ÷ì‚°Aø¶.
zz b Mðˆ¶èœ è£óíñ£è «î£™M
zz F¯˜ àò˜ I¡ù¿ˆî‹ è£óíñ£è «î£™M
zz «ðóN¾ è£óíñ£è Þò‰Fóƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ àœè†ì¬ñŠ¹ «î£™M
zz «êîñ¬ì‰î 膮ìƒè¬÷ ñ£ŸÁõ¶ ñŸÁ‹ ð£F‚èŠð†ì áNò˜èÀ‚°
Gõ£óí‹ õöƒ°î™
ªõœ÷‹ / Åø£õO / Ìè‹ð‹ è£óíñ£è Mðˆ¶‚èœ ãŸð†ì£™, ¹ùó¬ñŠ¹
ðEè¬÷ˆ F†ìI´‹«ð£¶ «ñô àœ÷ è£óEè¬÷‚ 輈F™ ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹.
5. What are the factors to be considered while planning the rebuilding works after a
major disaster due to flood / cyclone / earthquake? (Any one may be asked)
1. After a major disaster due to floods
Supplying safe drinking water to the inhabitants,
Drainage of stagnated flood waters,
Restoration of power supply
Inhabitants to be shifted to safe places
2. Due to Cyclone
Providing temporary shelters and food to the affected people,

24
 Providing rescue operations,
Restoration of damaged buildings, power lines, lamp posts etc.
Providing first aid facilities and treatment
3. Due to Earthquake
Injured people to be admitted in hospitals or on site temporary hospitals,
Checking and restoration of power system, gas supply lines, water supply and sewage
lines etc. Burial of dead bodies,
Planning for replacement of damaged or collapsed buildings.
1.ªõœ÷‹ è£óíñ£è å¼ ªðKò «ðóN¾‚°Š Hø°,
zz ñ‚èÀ‚° ð£¶è£Šð£ù °®c¬ó õöƒ°î™,
zz «îƒA GŸ°‹ ªõœ÷ cK¬ù ÜèŸø «õ‡´‹,
zz I¡ê£ó‹ ñÁYó¬ñŠ¹ ªêŒòŠð†´ àì«ù ªè£´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹,
zz °®J¼Šð£÷˜èœ ð£¶è£Šð£ù ÞìƒèÀ‚° ñ£ŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹
2.Åø£õO è£óíñ£è
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚èÀ‚° îŸè£Lè Iì‹ ñŸÁ‹ àí¬õ õöƒ°î™,
zz e†¹ ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷ õöƒ°î™,
zz ºî½îM õêFèœ ñŸÁ‹ CA„¬ê¬ò õöƒ°î™
3.Ìè‹ð‹ è£óíñ£è
zz è£òñ¬ì‰îõ˜èœ ñ¼ˆ¶õñ¬ùèO™ Ü™ô¶ îŸè£Lè ñ¼ˆ¶õñ¬ùèO™
ÜÂñF‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹,
zz I¡ ܬñŠ¹, âKõ£» MG«ò£è ެ특èœ, c˜ õöƒè™ ñŸÁ‹ èN¾c˜
«è£´èœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø êK𣘈¶ e†ì¬ñˆî™. Þø‰î àì™è¬÷ Üì‚è‹
ªêŒî™,
zz «êîñ¬ì‰î Ü™ô¶ Þ®‰¶ M¿‰î 膮ìƒè¬÷ ñ£ŸÁõîŸè£ù F†ìˆ¬î
ªè£‡´ õ‰¶ êK ªêŒî™.
6. List out the public emergency services available in the state, which could be ap-
proached for help during a natural disaster.
Emergency Services for help during a natural disaster
police 100
Fire control 101
Ambulance of Fire Service Department 102
Traffic Police 103
Free Ambulance Services 108
Lions Blood Bank 1910
zz Tamilnadu fire and rescue services for search and rescue.
zz Government hospital for first aid and treatment.

25
 zz Local NSS wing for relief coordination.
zz Meteorological department.
7. Specify the role played by an Engineer in the process of Disaster management.
The roles played by an engineer in disaster management are
zz To reduce the impact of disaster,
zz Under taking very fast rescue and rebuilding works. Repairing damaged roads, build-
ings, communication lines, water supply etc.
zz Designing of a layout so as to move to safe places.
zz To assess the loss caused by disaster and getting finance from the administration to
help the affected people, to restore to original position.
zz «ðóNM¡ î£‚èˆ¬î‚ °¬ø‚è,
zz Iè M¬óõ£ù e†¹ ñŸÁ‹ ¹ùó¬ñŠ¹ ðEè¬÷ «ñŸªè£œõî¡ W› «êîñ¬ì‰î
꣬ôèœ è†®ìƒèœ îèõ™ ªî£ì˜¹ ð£¬îèœ c˜ õöƒè™ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø
êKªêŒî™
zz ð£¶è£Šð£ù ÞìƒèÀ‚°„ ªê™ô å¼ î÷õ¬ñŠ¬ð õ®õ¬ñˆî™.
zz «ðóNõ£™ ãŸð†ì ÞöŠ¬ð ñFŠH´õ‹, ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚èÀ‚° àîõ
G˜õ£èˆFìI¼‰¶ GF ªðÁõ‹, Üê™ G¬ô‚° e†ªì´Šð‹ àì«ù
Üóꣃè ܽõôKì‹ àîM «è£K Üè¡Á å¼ Ü¬ñŠH¬ù ܬñˆ¶ êK
ªêŒî™.
8. What is the cause for Earthquakes? How they are measured? Which parts of India are
more vulnerable for frequent earthquakes?
An earthquake known as a tremor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake is due to vibration that radiates out from
the breaking rock, due to its lateral and vertical movements along its surface of rupture.
Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer also known as seismograph and Richter mag-
nitude.
Gôï´‚è‹ âùŠð´‹ Ìè‹ð‹ ÌIJ¡ «ñ«ô£†ìˆF™ F¯ªóù ÝŸø™
ªõOõ‰îî¡ M¬÷õ£è Gô ÜF˜¾ ܬôè¬÷ à¼õ£‚°Aø¶. Ìè‹ð‹ à¬ì‰î
ð£¬øJL¼‰¶ ªõO«òÁ‹ ÜF˜¾ è£óíñ£°‹, Üî¡ ð‚èõ£†´ ñŸÁ‹ ªêƒ°ˆ¶
Þò‚èƒèœ Üî¡ C¬îM¡ «ñŸðóŠH™ àœ÷ù. Gô ÜF˜¾ Gô ÜF˜¾ Ü÷«õ£´
ðF¾ ªêŒòŠð´Aø¶, Þ¶ Gô ÜF˜¾ ñŸÁ‹ K‚ì˜ Ü÷¾ â¡Á‹ ܬö‚èŠð´Aø¶.
The magnitude assigns a single number to measure the amount of seismic energy
released by an earthquake. Now intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli
Scale.
zz Medium size earthquakes are calibrated as 3 or lower
zz Magnitude 7 indicates serious damage over larger areas.

26
The following parts in India are more vulnerable for frequent earthquakes.
1. Gujarat
2. Assam
3. Jammu and Kashmir
4. Bihar
5. North East India.
9. What was the cause for the Tsunami 2004 which inflicted heavy loss to life and prop-
erty along the coast of Tamilnadu? Specify its epicenter and magnitude.
Tsunami is a series of extremely high and long waves up to a height of 35m attacking
the sea cost Entire sea coast area to a reach of 1 kilometer is being flooded and great dam-
age occurs.
Tsunami attacked Tamilnadu coastal areas at 00.58 hours early morning on 26 De-
cember 2004
Tsunami is due to undersea earthquake, underwater landslides or rock falls, volcanic
eruptions etc. The Tsunami 2004 was due to a large under sea earthquake at a depth of 30m,
with its epicenter off the west coast of coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, with a magnitude of 9.1
to 9.3 in Richer scale. Its duration was between 8.3 to 10 minutes.
²ù£I â¡ð¶ èìŸè¬ó¬ò °‹ 35 e†ì˜ àòó‹ õ¬ó Iè àò˜‰î ñŸÁ‹
c‡ì ܬôèO¡ ªî£ì˜„Cò£°‹, º¿ èì™ èìŸè¬ó ð°F»‹ 1 A«ô£e†ì˜
ÉóˆFŸ° õó‚ô‹ ªõœ÷‹ ñŸÁ‹ ªð¼‹ «êî‹ ãŸð´Aø¶.
26 ®ê‹ð˜ 2004 Ü¡Á ÜF裬ô 00.58 ñE «ïóˆF™ ²ù£I îI›ï£´
èì«ô£óŠ ð°Fè¬÷ˆ Aò¶.
è콂° Ü®J™ Gôï´‚è‹, c¼‚è®J™ Gô„êK¾èœ Ü™ô¶ ð£¬ø
c˜i›„Cèœ, âKñ¬ô ªõ®Š¹èœ «ð£¡øõŸø£™ ²ù£I ãŸð†ì¶.
²ù£I 2004 Þ‰«î£«ùCò£M¡ ²ñˆó£ èìŸè¬óJ¡ «ñŸ° èìŸè¬óJ™ 30
e†ì˜ ÝöˆF™ èì™ Ìè‹ðˆF¡ è£óíñ£è ãŸð†ì¶ K‚ì˜ Ü÷M™ 9.1 ºî™ 9.3
õ¬ó. Þî¡ è£ô‹ 8.3 ºî™ 10 GIìƒèœ õ¬ó Þ¼‰î¶.
10. Specify the Earthquake Hazard Zones in which the following towns of Tamilnadu
lie: (a) Chennai (b) Nagapattinam (c) Coimbatore (d) Madurai (e) Salem.
The whole of India is divided into 4 zones based on the intensity of earthquake by
Indian standards. These are called E.Q hazard zones.
Zone V- Frequent and Severe Zone I – Less chance and any earthquake
Chennai – V, Nagapattinam – IV, Madurai – III, Coimbatore – II, Salem – I

27
11. Which parts of India are experiencing frequent natural calamities such as (a) heavy
rain fall (b) huge losses due to floods (c) severe cyclones?
Heavy Rain Fall – West Bengal, Maharashtra and Assam
Huge Losses due to Flood – North Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
Severe Cyclones- Orissa, Gujarat, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh
12. Define basic wind speed. What will be the peak wind speed in (a) Very high damage
risk zone – A, (b) High damage risk zone, (c) Low damage risk zone?
Wind speed, or wind flow velocity, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by
air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature.
裟P¡ «õè‹, Ü™ô¶ 裟P¡ æ†ì «õè‹, å¼ àò˜ õOñ‡ìô Ü÷¾
Ý°‹, Þ¶ ªð£¶õ£è ªõŠðG¬ôJ™ ãŸð´‹ ñ£Ÿøƒè÷£™ ÜFè ªõŠðˆFL¼‰¶
°¬ø‰î Ü¿ˆîˆFŸ° ï輋.
Very high damage risk zone – 55 m/sec
High damage risk zone – 47 m/sec
Low damage risk zone – 33 m/sec
13. Specify the minimum distance from the Sea shore and minimum height above the
mean sea level, desirable for the location of buildings.
Based on several factors, such as natural disaster (tsunami), cyclone, sea erosion, rise
of level of sea water and waves due to atmospheric changes, disposal of solid and liquid
wastes, destruction of trees etc., Government of India has notified the distance between the
location of building line and seashore line (high tide line) as 500 meters.
The desirable minimum height above mean sea level for buildings as 27 meters.
ÞòŸ¬è «ðóN¾ (²ù£I), Åø£õO, èì™ ÜKŠ¹, õOñ‡ìô ñ£Ÿøƒèœ
è£óíñ£è èì™ c˜ ñŸÁ‹ ܬôèO¡ àò˜¾, Fì ñŸÁ‹ Fóõ èN¾è¬÷
ÜèŸÁõ¶, ñóƒè¬÷ ÜNˆî™ «ð£¡ø ðô è£óEèO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™, Þ‰Fò Üó²
ÜPMˆ¶œ÷¶ è†®ì‚ «è£´ ñŸÁ‹ èì«ô£ó‚ «è£´ (àò˜ ܬô‚ «è£´) Þ¬ì«ò
500 e†ì˜ Éó‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
膮ìƒèœ Ýù¶ èì™ ñ†ìˆFL¼‰¶ 27 e†ì˜ °¬ø‰îð†ê àòó‹ Þ¼‚è
«õ‡´‹.
14. Explain how the topography of the site plays a role in the disasters caused by floods
and cyclones.
The topography of a place plays an important role in case of disasters caused by
floods and cyclones
zz On sloping areas damages due to flood will be more
zz On low lying areas the effect of flood will be less than that of high altitude area.
zz The intensity of cyclone and flood will be severe in mountainous area and coastal areas
zz In thickly developed areas the disaster due to cyclone will be less.

28
 zz The effect of cyclone will be more at places of higher level.
zz The effect of cyclone will be severe on coastal area, open terrain and on tall structures.
zz ꣌õ£ù ð°FèO™ ªõœ÷ˆî£™ ãŸð´‹ «êîƒèœ ÜFèñ£è Þ¼‚°‹,
zz õ£ù ð°FèO™ ªõœ÷ˆF¡ î£‚è‹ ÜFè àòóˆ¬î Mì °¬øõ£è
Þ¼‚°‹.
zz ñ¬ôŠð°F ñŸÁ‹ èì«ô£óŠ ð°FèO™ Åø£õO ñŸÁ‹ ªõœ÷ˆF¡ bMó‹
è´¬ñò£è Þ¼‚°‹
zz Ü예Fò£è õ÷˜‰î ð°FèO™ Åø£õO è£óíñ£è ãŸð´‹ «ðóN¾ °¬øõ£è
Þ¼‚°‹.
zz Åø£õOJ¡ M¬÷¾ ÜFè Ü÷M™ Þ¼‚°‹ ÞìƒèO™ ¹òL¡ è‹
ÜFèñ£è Þ¼‚°‹.
zz Åø£õOJ¡ M¬÷¾ èì«ô£óŠ ð°F, Fø‰î GôŠðóŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ àòóñ£ù
è†ì¬ñŠ¹èO™ è´¬ñò£è Þ¼‚°‹.
15. Explain how the shape and orientation of buildings could reduce the damages due
to cyclones.
Structures are to be built to withstand heavy wind forces. The effect of cyclone on a
structure depends on several factors.
è´‹ 裟Á ê‚Fè¬÷ âF˜ªè£œÀ‹ õ¬èJ™ è†ì¬ñŠ¹èœ è†ìŠðì
«õ‡´‹. å¼ è†ì¬ñŠH™ Åø£õOJ¡ M¬÷¾ ðô è£óEè¬÷Š ªð£Áˆî¶.
zz Good site selection location (ï™ô î÷ «î˜¾ Þì‹)
zz Better workmanship in construction of buildings (膮ìƒè¬÷ G˜ñ£EŠðF™
Cø‰î ðEˆFø¡)
zz Shape of the building (膮ìˆF¡ õ®õ‹)
zz Height of the building (膮ìˆF¡ àòó‹)
zz Orientation etc. («ï£‚°G¬ô «ð£¡ø¬õ)
Some of the suggestions are - square and curved shape of buildings, more openings,
cluster arrangements for buildings etc..,
16. What is a cyclone shelter? When and where it is provided? What are its require-
ments?
Cyclone shelters are places or temporary sheds used to accommodate the cyclone af-
fected persons during cyclones. It is provided in densely populated coastal areas and where
large scale evacuations are not always feasible.
Åø£õO ºè£‹èœ â¡ð¶ Åø£õOJ¡ «ð£¶ Åø£õOò£™ ð£F‚èŠð†ì
ïð˜è¬÷ îƒè ¬õ‚è Þìƒèœ Ü™ô¶ îŸè£Lè ªè£†ì¬èèœ Ý°‹. Þ¶
Ü예Fò£ù ñ‚èœªî£¬è ªè£‡ì èì«ô£óŠ ð°FèO™ õöƒèŠð´Aø¶ ñŸÁ‹
ªðKò Ü÷Mô£ù ªõO«òŸøƒèœ ⊫𣶋 ꣈FòI™¬ô.

29
Requirements («î¬õèœ)
zz Easy access to the shelter during and after the cyclones,
zz Floor levels of shelters should be above maximum cyclone tide level.
zz Shelters should be capable of resisting all calamities such as wind force, earthquakes
etc.
zz They should be located in elevated areas with provision for food, water supply etc.
zz Emergency lighting facilities, sufficient ventilation, water proof structure, cylindrical
shaped shelters etc.
zz The minimum area of shelter to be 0.5 m2 for 1 person.
zz Åø£õOèO¡ «ð£¶ ñŸÁ‹ ÜŠ H¡ Iì‹ âOî£è Þ¼‚°ñ£Á
ܬñ‚èŠðì«õ‡´‹.
zz IìƒèO¡ î¬ó Ü÷¾èœ ÜFèð†ê Åø£õO ܬô ñ†ìˆFŸ° «ñ™
Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz Iì‹ è£ŸÁ ê‚F, Ìè‹ðƒèœ «ð£¡ø ܬùˆ¶ ê‚Fè¬÷»‹ âF˜‚°‹
Fø¡ ªè£‡ìî£è Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz ܬõ ê¬ñòô¬ø, c˜ õöƒè™ «ð£¡ø õêFèÀì¡ àòóñ£ù ð°FèO™
ܬñ‰F¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz Üõêó M÷‚° õêFèœ, «ð£¶ñ£ù 裟«ø£†ì‹, c˜ Ýî£ó‹ ܬñŠ¹, ༬÷
õ®õ Iì‹ «ð£¡ø¬õ ܬñ‚èŠðì«õ‡´‹.
zz 1 ï𼂰 Iì‹ °¬ø‰îð†ê ðóŠð÷¾ 0.5 M 2 Ýè Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
17. What Precautionary measures have to be taken by the authorities before opening
a dam for discharging the excess water into a canal/river?
Riverside residents are to be alerted through radio, television, and loudspeakers
about the probable date of discharge. This will enable the people to take appropriate mea-
sures and to move safer places.
Riverside °®J¼Šð£÷˜èœ õ£ªù£L ªî£¬ô‚裆C ñŸÁ‹ åLªð¼‚Aèœ
Íô‹ ªõO«òŸøŠðì‚îò «îF °Pˆ¶ â„êK‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þ¶ ñ‚èÀ‚°
î°‰î ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷ ⴂ辋 ð£¶è£Šð£ù ÞìƒèÀ‚° ªê™ô¾‹ à.
zz Weak River banks to be strengthened by placing sandbags.
zz Rescue arrangements to be such as plastic boats etc.,
zz Fire and rescue department may be brought nearer to dam
zz Bunds of canals to be checked and repaired.
zz Temporary shelters to be provided for the affected people.
zz Shutters and other system of the dam to be inspected periodically and defects recti-
fied.
zz Fishing, crossing, bathing, washing clothes, merry walking along the canal or river
bank etc to be banned.

30
 zz ðôiùñ£ù ïF‚ è¬óèO™ ñí™ Í†¬ìè¬÷ ¬õŠðî¡ Íô‹ ðôŠð´ˆîŠðì
«õ‡´‹.
zz e†¹ ãŸð£´èœ H÷£v®‚ ðì°èœ «ð£¡ø¬õ,
zz bò¬íŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ e†¹ˆ ¶¬ø ܬ킰 ܼA™ ªè£‡´ õóŠðìô£‹
zz 裙õ£ŒèO¡ ͆¬ìè¬÷ êK𣘈¶ êKªêŒò «õ‡´‹.
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚èÀ‚° îŸè£Lè Iì‹ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz ܬíJ¡ Ü¬ìŠ¹èœ ñŸÁ‹ Hø ܬñŠ¹ ÜšõŠ«ð£¶ ÝŒ¾ ªêŒòŠðì
«õ‡´‹ ñŸÁ‹ °¬øð£´èœ êKªêŒòŠð´‹.
zz e¡H®ˆî™, èìˆî™, °Oˆî™, ¶E ¶¬õˆî™, 裙õ£Œ Ü™ô¶
ÝŸøƒè¬óJ™ ï¬ìðJŸC «ð£¡ø¬õ î¬ì ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹.
18. What are the causes for fire accidents? Specify the remedial measures to be taken
in buildings to avoid fire accidents.
zz Heating sources,
zz Electrical wiring and short circuiting,
zz Fireworks, crackers, explosives, kerosene lights etc.
zz ªõŠð Íôƒèœ,
zz I¡ õòKƒ ñŸÁ‹ °ÁAò ²ŸÁ,
zz ð†ì£², ªõ®ªð£¼œ, ñ‡ªí‡ªíŒ M÷‚°èœ «ð£¡ø¬õ
Remedial measures (b˜¾ ïìõ®‚¬èèœ)
zz Fixing stabilizers for major electric appliances,
zz Fixing automatic safety appliances,
zz Avoiding storage of explosives, petrol, crackers inside the house,
zz Fixing smoke sensors, fire alarms and fire extinguishers in buildings.
zz º‚Aò I¡ê£ó ê£îùƒèÀ‚è£ù G¬ôŠð´ˆFè¬÷ êKªêŒî™,
zz î£QòƒA ð£¶è£Š¹ ê£îùƒè¬÷ êKªêŒî™,
zz i†®Ÿ°œ ªõ®ªð£¼†èœ, ªð†«ó£™, ð†ì£²èœ «êIŠð¬îˆ îM˜Šð¶,
zz 膮ìƒèO™ ¹¬è ªê¡ê£˜èœ, bò¬íŠ¹ Üô£óƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ b¬ò ܬ킰‹
è¼Mè¬÷ êKªêŒî™.
19. What is a fire escape in multistoried buildings? What are its requirements?
A fire escape in multi stored building is a special kind of exit from the building. Resi-
dents can escape easily in the event of fire.
A fire escape consists of a number of platforms projecting away from the building,
one at every storey level, with ladder connecting them.
Every room or portions of a building at every storey level should have facility to
escape firm fire.

31
 ðô Ü´‚°ñ£® 膮ìˆF™ b escape â¡ð¶ 膮ìˆFL¼‰¶ ªõO«òÁ‹ å¼
CøŠ¹ õ¬è õN Ý°‹. b Mðˆ¶ ãŸð†ì£™ °®J¼Šð£÷˜èœ âOF™ Þî¡ õNò£è
îŠH‚è º®»‹.
b îŠHŠð¶ 膮ìˆFL¼‰¶ MôA„ ªê™½‹ ðô î÷ƒè¬÷‚ ªè£‡´œ÷¶,
嚪õ£¼ ñ£® ñ†ìˆF½‹ ãE¬ò ެ킰‹ð® ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹.
b îŠHŠðîŸè£ù ܵè¬ôŠ ªðø 嚪õ£¼ ñ£® ñ†ìˆF½‹ 嚪õ£¼ ܬø
Ü™ô¶ å¼ è†®ìˆF¡ å¼ ð°FJ½‹ ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹.
Fire escape requirements are (bJù£™ îŠH‚è «î¬õò£ù àðèóíƒèœ)
zz Safety ladder
zz A knotted rope or rope ladder (snorkel ladder)
zz Escape chutes,
zz Interior fire escape chutes,
zz Exterior fire escape stair way and other accessories.
zz ð£¶è£Š¹ ãE
zz å¼ º®„² èJÁ Ü™ô¶ èJÁ ãE (v«ï£˜ªè™ ãE)
zz îŠH‚°‹ êK¾èœ,
zz àœ¶¬ø b îŠH‚°‹ êK¾èœ,
zz ªõOŠ¹ø b îŠH‚°‹ ð®‚膴 õN ñŸÁ‹ Hø ð£èƒèœ
20. How the imamates of a multistory building are to be evacuated in the event of a
fire/Chemical spill/Toxic Air Situation/ Terrorist attack, (any one may be asked).
Nearby fire stations are to be first informed. Well trained fire fighting squad will be
helpful. Rescue persons can enter into the building through stairs and bring the affected
persons out. It is better to vacate the inmates through the windows and openings provided
in outside walls, using cranes, ladders, ropes etc. Automatic sprinkler systems, escape chute
are to be provided.
ܼA½œ÷ bò¬íŠ¹ G¬ôòƒèÀ‚° ºîL™ îèõ™ ªîKM‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
ï¡° ðJŸC ªðŸø bò¬íŠ¹ ð¬ì àîMò£è Þ¼‚°‹. e†¹ ïð˜èœ ð®‚膴
õNò£è 膮ìˆFŸ°œ ¸¬ö‰¶ ð£F‚èŠð†ì ïð˜è¬÷ ªõO«ò ªè£‡´ õóô£‹.
A«ó¡èœ, ãEèœ, èJÁèœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬øŠ ðò¡ð´ˆF, ªõOŠ¹ø ²õ˜èO™
õöƒèŠð†ì ü¡ù™èœ ñŸÁ‹ FøŠ¹èœ õNò£è ñ‚è¬÷ ªõO«òŸÁõ¶ ï™ô¶.
î£QòƒA ªîOŠð£¡èœ ܬñŠ¹èœ, âv«èŠ êK¾ ÝAò¬õ ¬õˆ¶ àì«ù «õ¬ô
ªêŒò ïìõ®‚¬è ãŸð£´èœ º¡ Æ®«ò ¬õ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
In the event of a chemical spill or toxic air situation (å¼ «õFJò™ èC¾ Ü™ô¶ 
裟Á G¬ô¬ñ ãŸð†ì£™)
Rescue workers as well as incumbents are to be supplied with proper masks to avoid
suffocation. Fresh air with oxygen to be blown inside the building. By sprinkling water the
chemicals can be diluted.

32
 Í„²ˆ Fíø¬ôˆ îM˜ŠðîŸè£è e†¹Š ðEò£÷˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ ðîMJ™
Þ¼Šðõ˜èÀ‚° º¬øò£ù ºèÍ®èœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. Ý‚RüÂì¡ Ã®ò
¹Fò 裟Á 膮ìˆFŸ°œ iêŠðì «õ‡´‹. î‡a¬óˆ ªîOŠðî¡ Íô‹
óê£òùƒèœ c˜ˆîŠðìô£‹.
In case of terrorists’ attacks (ðòƒèóõ£FèO¡ °î™èO™)
Well equipped and well trained commandos only to be used in the evacuation pro-
cess. They have to fight the terrorists in planned manner. They have to take control of cleared
area and rescue the affected people without causing loss of life Terrorists should be made to
surrender by any means.
ªõO«òŸÁ‹ ðEJ™ ðò¡ð´ˆî ñ†´«ñ ï¡° ªð£¼ˆîŠð†ì ñŸÁ‹ ï¡°
ðJŸC ªðŸø èñ£‡«ì£‚è ¬÷ ÜŠð «õ‡´‹. Üõ˜èœ F†ìI†ì º¬øJ™
ðòƒèóõ£FèÀì¡ «ð£ó£ì «õ‡´‹. Üõ˜èœ ÜèŸøŠð†ì ð°FJ¡ 膴Šð£†¬ì
â´ˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡´‹ ñŸÁ‹ ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚è¬÷ àJ˜ ÞöŠ¹ Þ™ô£ñ™ e†è
«õ‡´‹ ðòƒèóõ£Fèœ â‰î õ¬èJ½‹ êóí¬ìò ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹.
21. Describe different fire fighting arrangements to be provided in an Industry.
1. Wet process- In this system water is sprayed to fight the fire.
2. Dry processes In this air mixed with chemicals/with high pressure are used to extin-
guish the fire.
3. Automatic sprinkler system,
4. Automatic fire extinguisher system,
5. Foam water sprinkler system,
6. Dry chemical system,
7. Carbon dioxide system.
8. Sand buckets, fire alarms, fire detection sensors and fire engines are the other arrangements.
zz ßóñ£ù ªêò™º¬ø- Þ‰î ܬñŠH™ ªï¼Š¬ð âF˜ˆ¶Š «ð£ó£ì î‡a˜
ªîO‚èŠð´Aø¶.
zz àô˜ ªêò™º¬øèœ Þ‰î 裟P™ óê£òùƒèœ èô‰î / ÜFè Ü¿ˆîˆ¶ì¡
b ܬí‚èŠ ðò¡ð´Aø¶.
zz î£QòƒA ªîOŠð£¬ù ¬õˆ¶ ܬí‚èŠð´A¡ø¶,
zz î£QòƒA b¬ò ܬ킰‹ ܬñŠH¬ù ¬õˆ¶ ܬí‚è,
zz ¸¬ó c˜ ªîOŠð£¬ù ܬñŠH¬ù ¬õˆ¶ ܬí‚è,
zz àô˜ Þóê£òù ܬñŠ¹ Íô‹,
zz 裘𡠬ì Ý‚¬ê´ ܬñŠ¹ Íô‹,
zz ñí™ õ£Oèœ, b Üô£óƒèœ, b è‡ìPî™ ªê¡ê£˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ bò¬íŠ¹
Þò‰Fóƒèœ ñŸø ãŸð£´èœ ¬õˆ¶ ܬíˆî™.

33
22. Explain the necessity of disaster warning systems in Industries.
Hence suitable disaster warning system is necessary in industry for
1. Avoiding loss of human life.
2. Safeguarding important machineries, documents, computers etc from destruction,
3. To safeguard the workers health,
4. To safeguard power supply communication system,
5. Arranging for remedial and rehabilitation works,
6. Preparing everybody to face the disaster in the correct way
1. ñQî àJ˜ ÞöŠ¬ðˆ îM˜Šð¶.
2. º‚Aòñ£ù Þò‰Fóƒèœ, Ýõíƒèœ, èEQèœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø ÜNML¼‰¶
ð£¶è£ˆî™,
3. ªî£Nô£÷˜èO¡ Ý«ó£‚Aòˆ¬îŠ ð£¶è£‚è,
4. I¡õöƒè™ ªî£ì˜¹ ܬñŠ¬ðŠ ð£¶è£‚è,
5. b˜¾ ñŸÁ‹ ñÁõ£›¾ ðEèÀ‚° ãŸð£´,
6. «ðóN¬õ êKò£ù õNJ™ âF˜ªè£œ÷ ܬùõ¬ó»‹ îò£˜ð´ˆ¶î™.
23. Explain how rescue operations have to be carried out in the case of collapse of
buildings due to earthquake / blast / Cyclone / flood.
When an emergency occurs it should be informed to the public and also to fire and
rescue departments
Rescuers locate the trapped person. The location of people under debris can be found
out with relatively simple search and rescue techniques.
First aid to be provided to the injured persons from the building and shifted to nearby
hospitals by ambulances immediately. Collapsed structure of building is removed by using
cranes and other lifting devices
Necessary instructions to be given to the rescue squad what to do and what not
to do. This rescue squad should contain fire fighters, doctors, nurses, structural engineers,
emergency managers etc.
All equipment and machinery to be brought to the site. temporary shelters, food,
water, clothes are to be provided for the people who loss this houses and belongings.
ÜõêóG¬ô ãŸð´‹ «ð£¶ Ü¬î ªð£¶ñ‚èÀ‚°‹, bò¬íŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ e†¹ˆ
¶¬øèÀ‚°‹ ªîKM‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ Üõ˜è¬÷ ¬õˆ¶ C‚Aò ïð¬ó e†ðõ˜èœ
致H®ˆ¶ e†¹ŠðE¬ò„ ªêŒò«õ‡´‹. °Š¬ðèO¡ W› Þ¼Šðõ˜èO¡
Þ¼ŠH숬î åŠd†ì÷M™ âO¬ñò£ù «îì™ ñŸÁ‹ e†¹ ¸†ðƒèÀì¡ è£íô£‹.
膮ìˆFL¼‰¶ è£òñ¬ì‰îõ˜èÀ‚° ºî½îM ÜOˆ¶ àìù®ò£è
Ý‹¹ô¡vèœ Íô‹ ܼA½œ÷ ñ¼ˆ¶õñ¬ùèÀ‚° ñ£ŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹.
A«ó¡èœ ñŸÁ‹ Hø É‚°‹ ê£îùƒè¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆF 膮ìˆF¡ êK‰î è†ì¬ñŠ¹

34
ÜèŸøŠð†´ ªðKò Ýðˆ¬î °¬øˆî™.
â¡ù ªêŒò «õ‡´‹, â¡ù ªêŒò‚Ã죶 â¡Á e†¹‚ °¿¾‚° «î¬õò£ù
ÜP¾Áˆî™èœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹. Þ‰î e†¹‚ °¿M™ bò¬íŠ¹ ió˜èœ,
ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜èœ, ªêMLò˜èœ, è†ì¬ñŠ¹ ªð£Pò£÷˜èœ, Üõêóè£ô «ñô£÷˜èœ
«ð£¡øõ˜èœ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
ܬùˆ¶ àðèóíƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ Þò‰Fóƒèœ î÷ˆFŸ° ªè£‡´ õóŠðì
«õ‡´‹. Þ‰î i´è¬÷»‹ àì¬ñè¬÷»‹ Þö‚°‹ ñ‚èÀ‚° îŸè£Lè Iì‹,
àí¾, î‡a˜, à¬ìèœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
24. What are the necessary steps to be taken to avoid dangerous epidemics after a
flood disaster?
Necessary steps to be taken to avoid epidemics after a flood disaster
zz A detailed plan to be prepared after identifying the epidemics that are likely to occur
in the region.
zz Special medical specialties and aid to be provided for the affected people.
zz The dead bodies of human, animals etc are to be removed and buried.
zz The solid wastes to be removed daily.
zz Health care workers to be trained to help affected people.
zz Stagnated water to be disinfected.
zz ÞŠð°FJ™ ãŸðì‚îò ªî£ŸÁ«ï£Œè¬÷‚ è‡ìP‰î H¡ù˜ å¼ MKõ£ù
F†ì‹ îò£K‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚èÀ‚° CøŠ¹ ñ¼ˆ¶õ CøŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ àîM õöƒèŠðì
«õ‡´‹.
zz ñQî˜èœ, Môƒ°èœ «ð£¡øõŸP¡ êìôƒèœ ÜèŸøŠð†´ Üì‚è‹ ªêŒòŠðì
«õ‡´‹.
zz Fì‚èN¾èœ Fùº‹ ÜèŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚èÀ‚° àîõ ²è£î£óŠ ðEò£÷˜èÀ‚° ðJŸC ÜO‚èŠðì
«õ‡´‹.
zz «îƒA»œ÷ c˜ A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹
25. What relief works that has to be carried out to save the lives of workers when the
factory area is suddenly affected by a dangerous gas leak / sudden flooding?
The relief works that have to be carried out to save the lives of workers when the fac-
tory area is suddenly affected by,
By Gas Leak
zz The rescue work should start immediately without any delay.
zz The safety mask provided in the place to be used Immediately by all.
zz Gas extinguisher to be used in the factory.
zz Workers to be shifted to a safe place immediately.

35
 zz A necessary arrangement to be made to stop the gas leak or the gas is to be allowed
to blow away.
zz First aid to be given immediately to the victims and then taken to hospitals.
zz e†¹Š ðEèœ â‰î î£ñ Þ¡P àìù®ò£è ªî£ìƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡®ò ÞìˆF™ õöƒèŠð†ì ð£¶è£Š¹ ºèÍ® ܬùõ¼‹
ÜEò «õ‡´‹.
zz ªî£NŸê£¬ôJ™ ðò¡ð´ˆî «õ‡®ò âKõ£» ܬíŠð£¡è¬÷ ¬õˆF¼‚è
«õ‡´‹.
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ àìù®ò£è ð£¶è£Šð£ù ÞìˆFŸ° ñ£ŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz õ£» èC¾ Ü™ô¶ õ£»¬õ GÁˆî «î¬õò£ù ªî£NŸê£¬ôJ™ bò¬íŠ¹
ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ìõ˜èÀ‚° àìù®ò£è ºî½îM ÜOˆ¶ H¡ù˜
ñ¼ˆ¶õñ¬ùèÀ‚° ªè£‡´ ªê™ô «õ‡´‹.
Sudden flood
zz Rescue teams with trained swimmers, fire services personnel, medical aid groups,
ambulances are to be formed immediately.
zz Affected people to be moved to safer area by using plastic boats.
zz Sandbags to be stacked to keep the flood water away.
zz Emergency services like fire service, Red Cross, NSS, and NCC volunteers to be called
and used for rescue operations.
zz Helicopters, boats etc. to be put into service to shift the affected people to safer place.
zz Ropes may be tied connecting affected area surrounded by floods with safe areas to
help entrapped workers.
zz ðJŸC ªðŸø c„ê™ ió˜èœ, bò¬íŠ¹ «ê¬õ ðEò£÷˜èœ, ñ¼ˆ¶õ àîM
°¿‚èœ, Ý‹¹ô¡vèœ ªè£‡ì e†¹ °¿‚èœ àìù®ò£è ܬñ‚èŠðì
ܬíŠð£¡è¬÷ ¬õˆF¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚è¬÷ H÷£v®‚ ðì°è¬÷Š ðò¡ð´ˆF ð£¶è£Šð£ù ð°F‚°
ïè˜ˆî «õ‡´‹.
zz ªõœ÷ c¬óˆ î´‚è ñí™ Í†¬ìè¬÷ Ü´‚A ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹
zz bò¬íŠ¹ «ê¬õ, ªê…C½¬õ êƒè‹, â¡.âv.âv, ñŸÁ‹ â¡.C.C
ªî£‡ì˜èœ «ð£¡ø Üõêó «ê¬õèœ õóõ¬ö‚èŠð†´ e†¹ ïìõ®‚¬èèÀ‚°
ðò¡ð´ˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ñ‚è¬÷ ð£¶è£Šð£ù ÞìˆFŸ° ñ£Ÿø ªýL裊ì˜èœ, ðì°èœ
«ð£¡ø¬õ «ê¬õJ™ ß´ðì «õ‡´‹.
zz C‚èô£ù ð°FèÀì¡ ªõœ÷ˆî£™ ÅöŠð†ì ð£F‚èŠð†ì ð°F¬ò ެ툶
èJÁèœ è†ìŠðìô£‹.

36
26. What are the difficulties faced by an Industry when there is a sudden power failure?
How such a situation could be managed?
The difficulties faced by an industry when there is a sudden power failure.
zz Accidents may occur to labours.
zz Machines and products may be damaged.
zz Total production may be affected.
zz Termination of communication lines, data loss stored in a computer, heavy revenues
loss etc. will happen.
zz The area will be under darkness. Fire alarms, water sprinklers, A.C. Lift etc not working.
zz F¯ªóù I¡ê£ó‹ ªêòLö‚°‹«ð£¶ å¼ ªî£NŸ„꣬ô âF˜ªè£œÀ‹ Cóñƒèœ
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° Mðˆ¶‚èœ ãŸðì‚ô‹
zz Þò‰Fóƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªð£¼†èœ «êîñ¬ìò‚ô‹
zz ªñ£ˆî àŸðˆF ð£F‚èŠðìô£‹
zz îèõ™ªî£ì˜¹ õKè¬÷ GÁˆ¶î™, èEQJ™ «êI‚èŠð†ì îó¾ ÞöŠ¹, ÜFè
õ¼õ£Œ ÞöŠ¹ «ð£¡ø¬õ ïì‚°‹
zz ܉î ð°F Þ¼O¡ W› Þ¼‚°‹. b Üô£óƒèœ, c˜ ªîOŠð£¡èœ, ã.C.
L犆 «ð£¡ø¬õ «õ¬ô ªêŒòõF™¬ô.
27. What are the difficulties faced by the Management when there is a group clash be-
tween the workers? How such a situation could be managed?
The difficulties faced by the management when there is a group clash between the workers are,
zz Loss of Production,
zz Financial problem,
zz Loss of raw material,
zz Damages to company properties
zz It poses the greatest danger to the surrounding communities
zz Management has to give heavy compensation.
zz Closure of industry for a long period.
Such situation can be managed by.
zz Calling police service for immediate intervention and stopping the clash.
zz Calling fire service.
zz Medical aid to injured workers in the clash.
zz Arranging union meeting and solving the problem.
zz Providing compensation to workers suffered by clash.
zz àŸðˆF ÞöŠ¹
zz 裲 ÞöŠ¹
zz ÍôŠªð£¼O¡ ÞöŠ¹

37
 zz GÁõùˆF¡ ªê£ˆ¶‚èÀ‚° «êî‹ Þ¶ ²ŸP»œ÷ êÍèƒèÀ‚° I芪ðKò
Ýðˆ¬î ãŸð´ˆ¶Aø¶ G˜õ£è‹ è´‹ ÞöŠd´ õöƒè «õ‡´‹. c‡ì
è£ôˆFŸ° ªî£N™ Íì™ Þˆî¬èò Å›G¬ô¬ò G˜õA‚è º®»‹.
zz àìù® î¬ôf†®Ÿ° è£õ™¶¬ø «ê¬õ¬ò ܬöˆî™ ñŸÁ‹ «ñ£î¬ô
GÁˆ¶î™.
zz bò¬íŠ¹ «ê¬õ¬ò ܬö‚Aø¶.
zz «ñ£îL™ è£òñ¬ì‰î ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° ñ¼ˆ¶õ àîM ªêŒî™.
zz ªî£NŸêƒè Æ숬î Ã†ì ªêŒ¶ Hó„C¬ù¬ò b˜Šð¶.
28. What will be the problems faced by the management of an Industry when a worker
dies because of the failure of a mechanical device due to poor maintenance? How to
manage such a situation?
zz Job compensation to family members
zz Cost of maintenance will increase.
zz Factory may be closed.
zz Production schedule may not be met by the factory
zz Insuring the machinery and workers.
zz Suitable kind of maintenance to be provided
zz Paying compensation.
zz Giving a job to a member of the family.
zz Immediate cash payment to the deceased family for the expenses towards cremation etc.
zz Paying homage to the deceased in the factory.
zz °´‹ð àÁŠHù˜èÀ‚° «õ¬ô ÞöŠd´
zz ðó£ñKŠ¹ ªêô¾ ÜFèK‚°‹.
zz ªî£NŸê£¬ô ÍìŠðìô£‹.
zz àŸðˆF ܆ìõ¬í¬ò ªî£NŸê£¬ô ̘ˆF ªêŒò£ñ™ «ð£èô£‹
zz Þò‰Fóƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° 裊d´.
zz ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ðó£ñKŠ¹ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz ÞöŠd´ ªê½ˆ¶î™.
zz °´‹ð àÁŠHù¼‚° «õ¬ô ªè£´Šð¶.
zz îèù‹ «ð£¡øõŸÁ‚è£ù ªêô¾èÀ‚è£è Þø‰î °´‹ðˆFŸ° àìù®ò£è
ðí‹ ªê½ˆ¶î™.
zz ªî£NŸê£¬ôJ™ Þø‰îõ¼‚° ñKò£¬î ªê½ˆ¶î™
29. What precautionary measures have to be taken to avoid accidents to labourers in
the Industry in a workshop / during handling of dangerous Chemicals / during con-
struction of buildings / during the building maintenance works?
During handling of dangerous chemicals (Ýðˆî£ù Þóê£òùƒèœ ¬èò£À‹ «ð£¶)

38
zz Proper material handling to be adopted.
zz Safety devices, such as masks and gloves to be borne by the workers.
zz Important information regarding chemicals to be studied before handling.
zz Workers to be informed about the dangerous qualities of chemicals they are handling.
zz ªð£¼†è¬÷ º¬øò£è ¬èò£Àî™
zz ºèÍ®èœ ñŸÁ‹ ¬è»¬øèœ «ð£¡ø ð£¶è£Š¹ ê£îùƒèœ ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ
ãŸè «õ‡´‹.
zz ¬èò£Àõ º¡ ÝŒ¾ ªêŒò «õ‡®ò óê£òùƒèœ ªî£ì˜ð£ù º‚Aòñ£ù
îèõ™è¬÷ˆ ªîKM‚è«õ‡´‹.
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° î£ƒèœ ¬èò£À‹ óê£òùƒèO¡ Ýðˆî£ù °íƒèœ
°Pˆ¶ ªîKM‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
During constructions of buildings (膮ìƒèO¡ 膴ñ£ùˆF¡ «ð£¶)
zz Necessary shoring to be provided during excavating
zz Deep trenches to avoid sliding of earth.
zz Barricades to be provided around excavation.
zz Scaffolding and platform provided for working at heights should be safe and stable.
zz Helmets, safety belts, nets to be provided to the workers at the work site.
zz Temporary electric lines to be insulated.
zz Skilled persons only to operate machines.
zz First aid facilities to be provided
zz Üè›õ£ó£Œ„CJ¡ «ð£¶ «î¬õò£ù «û£Kƒ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz ÌI¬ò êÁ‚°õ¬îˆ îM˜‚è Ýöñ£ù ÜèNèœ ªõ†ìŠðì«õ‡´‹.
zz Üè›õ£ó£Œ„C¬ò„ ²ŸP î´Š¹èœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz àòóˆF™ «õ¬ô ªêŒõ õöƒèŠð†ì ê£ó‚膴 ñŸÁ‹ î÷‹ ð£¶è£Šð£è¾‹
G¬ôò£ùî£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz ªý™ªñ†, ð£¶è£Š¹ ªð™†èœ, õ¬ôèœ «õ¬ô ªêŒ»‹ ÞìˆF™
ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° õöƒè «õ‡´‹.
zz îŸè£Lè I¡ Þ¬íŠ¹èœ è£ŠHìŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz Þò‰Fóƒè¬÷ Þò‚è Fø¬ñò£ù ïð˜èœ ñ†´«ñ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz ºî½îM õêFèœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
During the building maintenance works (膮ì ðó£ñKŠ¹ ðEèO¡ «ð£¶)
zz Existing structure to be tested well before undertaking any repair works.
zz Power supply is to be cut off before removing the wires.
zz Demolition of any part of the structure should not affect the other parts
zz Floor to be maintained without any split of oil
zz Projection in the pathway to be avoided.

39
 zz Fire extinguishers to be provided.
zz â‰îªõ£¼ ð¿¶ð£˜‚°‹ ðEè¬÷»‹ «ñŸªè£œõ º¡ù˜ Þ¼‚°‹
è†ì¬ñŠ¬ð ï¡° «ê£F‚è «õ‡´‹.è‹Hè¬÷ ÜèŸÁõ º¡ I¡ê£ó‹
¶‡®‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz è†ì¬ñŠH¡ â‰î ð°F¬ò»‹ Þ®Šð¶ ñŸø ð°Fè¬÷ ð£F‚è‚Ã죶
zz â‰îªõ£¼ HøŠ ð°F¬ò»‹ HK‚èŠðì£ñ™ î¬ó¬ò ðó£ñK‚è «õ‡´‹
zz îM˜‚èŠðì «õ‡®ò ð£¬îJ™ F†ìIì™.
zz b¬ò ܬ킰‹ è¼Mèœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
30. Explain the necessity of medical care facilities in an Industry / Project site.
Medical Facility (ñ¼ˆ¶õ õêF)
The reason for the necessity of medical care facilities in an industry/project site.
zz If any accident occurs worker may be injured.
zz Due to sickness workers may be absent.
zz Production schedule may be delayed.
zz Expenses towards victims of injuries for treatment in hospitals will be more.
zz Transportation arrangement for the injured workers will be expensive. Therefore it
is important that medical facilities are to be provided at the industry-project site to
overcome the above mention drawbacks
zz In big construction sites suitably trained medical assistants are to be appointed to
look after workers
zz ã«î‹ Mðˆ¶ ãŸð†ì£™ ªî£Nô£O è£òñ¬ìò‚ô‹.
zz «ï£Œ è£óíñ£è ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ Þ™ô£ñ™ «ð£èô£‹.
zz àŸðˆF ܆ìõ¬í î£ñîñ£èô£‹.
zz ñ¼ˆ¶õñ¬ùèO™ CA„¬ê‚è£è è£òƒè÷£™ ð£F‚èŠð†ìõ˜èÀ‚°
ªêô¾èœ ÜFèñ£è Þ¼‚°‹.
zz è£òñ¬ì‰î ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚è£ù «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ ãŸð£´ M¬ô àò˜‰îî£è
Þ¼‚°‹. âù«õ «ñŸÃPò °¬øð£´è¬÷ êñ£O‚è ªî£N™-F†ì î÷ˆF™
ñ¼ˆ¶õ õêFèœ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡®ò¶ ÜõCò‹
zz ªðKò 膴ñ£ù î÷ƒèO™, ªî£Nô£÷˜è¬÷‚ èõQ‚è ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù ðJŸC
ªðŸø ñ¼ˆ¶õ àîMò£÷˜èœ GòI‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
31. Explain the necessity of proper training to the employees of Industries dealing
with hazardous products, to act during disasters.
zz Untrained employees will handle hazardous products improperly. So there will be
major accidents.
zz Due to this loss of properties, infrastructure and human loss may happen. Further
workers themselves lose their lives
zz Hence proper training is to be given to the employees.

40
 zz Training should be suitably framed so that sufficient information will be available to
the workers.
zz Proper training prevents work related harms, injuries etc.,
zz ðJŸC ªðø£î áNò˜èœ Üð£òèóñ£ù îò£KŠ¹è¬÷ º¬øòŸø º¬øJ™
¬èò£œõ£˜èœ. âù«õ ªðKò Mðˆ¶‚èœ ãŸð´‹.
zz Þ‰î ªê£ˆ¶ ÞöŠ¹ è£óíñ£è, àœè†ì¬ñŠ¹ ñŸÁ‹ ñQî ÞöŠ¹ ãŸðìô£‹.
«ñ½‹ ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ îƒèœ àJ¬ó Þö‚Aø£˜èœ
zz âù«õ áNò˜èÀ‚° º¬øò£ù ðJŸC ÜO‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz ðJŸC ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù º¬øJ™ õ®õ¬ñ‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹ Þîù£™
ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° «ð£¶ñ£ù îèõ™èœ A¬ì‚°‹.
zz êKò£ù ðJŸC Ýù¶ «õ¬ô ªî£ì˜ð£ù ð£FŠ¹èœ, è£òƒèœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬øˆ
î´‚Aø¶,
32. What type of disaster is expected in coal mines, cotton mills, Oil refineries, ship
yards and gas plants?
Types of Disaster
Type of disasters in coal mines:
Mine flooding, Explosion, Collapse of mines, suffocation, failure of life system etc
Type of disasters in cotton mills:
Fire, accident, air pollution, health hazard, environmental pollution etc.
Types of disasters in oil refineries:
Fire and explosion of oil tanks, air pollution, emission of oils in water and other usable
materials. Bursting of pipe lines, Leakage of oil etc.
Type of disasters in ship yards:
Cyclone, flood, tsunami, crane and winch failure etc.
33. What is meant by Emergency Plan Rehearsal? What are the advantages of such Re-
hearsals?
Emergency plan rehearsal is a method of action procedure to be carried out during
an unexpected disaster.
For example, fire is created artificially and how to open fire extinguishers and operate
it to extinguish fire before spreading.
Üõêóè£ô åˆF¬è â¡ð¶ âF˜ð£ó£î «ðóNM¡ «ð£¶ «ñŸªè£œ÷Šðì
«õ‡®ò ªêò™ º¬øò£°‹.
â´ˆ¶‚裆ì£è, b ªêòŸ¬èò£è à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì¶ ñŸÁ‹ b¬ò ܬ킰‹
è¼Mè¬÷ âšõ£Á FøŠð¶ ñŸÁ‹ ðó¾õ º¡¹ b ܬí‚è ܬî âšõ£Á
Þò‚°õ¶ â¡Á ªêŒ¶ 裆ì«õ‡´‹.

41
Advantages
1. Reduces the loss of lifes
2. Minimizes the loss of property
3. Reduces the fear of attack
34. What action you will take when your employees could not reach the factory site
because of continuous strike by Public Transport workers?
zz Holidays may be declared to the industry for one or two days or working hours may
be reduced till the strike is over
zz Traveling allowance may be given to come to factory by private transport like autos,
cars etc.
zz Fuel compensation or allowance may be given to workers if they have their own ve-
hicles.
zz Temporary arrangements to stay inside or near the factory to be provided to employ-
ees
zz Leave with pay may be given to those who could not reach the industry.
zz Private vehicles may be arranged for different areas to reach the factory.
zz å¡Á Ü™ô¶ Þó‡´ ï£†èÀ‚° M´º¬øèœ ªî£N™¶¬ø‚° ÜPM‚èŠðìô£‹
Ü™ô¶ «õ¬ôGÁˆî‹ º®»‹ õ¬ó «õ¬ô «ïó‹ °¬ø‚èŠðìô£‹
zz ݆«ì£‚èœ, è£˜èœ «ð£¡ø îQò£˜ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ Íô‹ ªî£NŸê£¬ô‚° õó
ðí‹ õöƒèŠðìô£‹.
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° ªê£‰î õ£èùƒèœ Þ¼‰î£™ âKªð£¼œ ÞöŠd´ Ü™ô¶
ðí‹ õöƒèŠðìô£‹.
zz ªî£NŸê£¬ô‚°œ Ü™ô¶ ܼA™ õ îŸè£Lè ãŸð£´èœ
áNò˜èÀ‚° õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz ªî£NŸ¶¬ø¬ò ܬìò º®ò£îõ˜èÀ‚° áFòˆ¶ì¡ M´Š¹ õöƒèŠðìô£‹.
zz ªî£NŸê£¬ô¬ò ܬìò ð™«õÁ ð°FèÀ‚° îQò£˜ õ£èùƒèœ ¬õˆ¶
Üõ˜è¬÷ õó„ ªêŒòô£‹.
35. What immediate actions you will initiate when the quarters of your factory workers
are suddenly flooded due to the breach in a nearly lake / dam, during heavy rain?
zz They must be evacuated to safer area.
zz Sand bags to be piled to keep the flood water away from the quarters.
zz In severe cases they may be instructed to occupy the top of the buildings.
zz Drainage process of flood water to be started immediately.
zz Action may be taken to pump the stagnated water away from the house
zz Drinking water, food etc to be provided for the stranded employees.
zz A rescue team consisting of police, fire service, ambulance service, doctors and volun-
teers to be formed and put in to operations.

42
 zz A temporary shelter may be arranged at a safe place.
zz After the flood has receded the quarters to be checked, cleaned and disinfected.
zz Immediate repair works to be done.
zz Üõ˜èœ ð£¶è£Šð£ù ð°F‚° ªõO«òŸøŠðì «õ‡´‹ c¬ó è£ô£‡´èO™
Þ¼‰¶ Mô‚A ¬õ‚è ñí™ ¬ðèœ °M‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹. è´¬ñò£ù
ê‰î˜ŠðƒèO™ 膮ìƒèO¡ «ñŸ¹øˆ¬î Ý‚AóI‚è Üõ˜èÀ‚°
ÜP¾ÁˆîŠðìô£‹.
zz ªõœ÷ cK¡ õ®è£™ ªêò™º¬ø àìù®ò£è ªî£ìƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz «îƒA GŸ°‹ î‡a¬ó i†¬ì M†´ ªõO«òŸø ïìõ®‚¬è â´‚èô£‹
zz C‚Aˆ îM‚°‹ áNò˜èÀ‚° °®c˜, àí¾ «ð£¡ø¬õ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz è£õ™¶¬ø, bò¬íŠ¹ «ê¬õ, Ý‹¹ô¡v «ê¬õ, ñ¼ˆ¶õ˜èœ ñŸÁ‹
î¡ù£˜õô˜è¬÷‚ ªè£‡ì å¼ e†¹‚ °¿ ܬñ‚èŠð†´ ïìõ®‚¬èèO™
ß´ðì «õ‡´‹.
zz å¼ ð£¶è£Šð£ù ÞìˆF™ å¼ îŸè£Lè Iì‹ ªêŒòŠðìô£‹.
zz ªõœ÷‹ è£ô£‡´è¬÷ êK𣘈¶, ²ˆî‹ ªêŒ¶ A¼I c‚è‹ ªêŒò «õ‡´‹.
zz àìù®ò£è ð¿¶ð£˜‚°‹ ðEèœ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹.
36. What steps you will take to avoid a break down when the workers union of your
Industry have given a strike notice?
zz Starting negotiations with the representative of workers union as soon as the strike
notice is given.
zz Discussions should be frank and free.
zz The management considers their demands sympathetically and accept genuine ones.
zz Repeated meetings to be conducted at intervals for the workers to meet discuss and
decide.
zz Grievance procedure to be provided.
zz Workers should be made to understand the difficulty of the management
zz Representatives of the union to be appointed as members of governing board.
zz Certain problems to be referred to arbitrators or commissions.
zz «õ¬ôGÁˆî ÜPMŠ¹ õöƒèŠð†ì¾ì¡ ªî£Nô£÷˜ êƒèˆF¡ HóFGF»ì¡
«ð„²õ£˜ˆ¬îè¬÷ˆ ªî£ìƒ°î™
zz Mõ£îƒèœ ªõOŠð¬ìò£è¾‹ ²î‰Fóñ£è¾‹ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹
zz G˜õ£è‹ Üõ˜èO¡ «è£K‚¬èè¬÷ ÜÂî£ðˆ¶ì¡ è¼F ñŸÁ‹
à‡¬ñò£ùõŸ¬ø ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷«õ‡´‹.
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ ê‰Fˆ¶ Mõ£F‚è Þ¬ìªõOJ™ e‡´‹ e‡´‹ Æìƒèœ
ïìˆîŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz °¬ø b˜‚°‹ º¬ø õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz G˜õ£èˆF¡ Cóñˆ¬î ¹K‰¶ ªè£œ÷ ªî£Nô£÷˜è¬÷ êK ªêŒò «õ‡´‹.

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 zz êƒèˆF¡ HóFGFèœ ÝÀ‹ °¿M¡ àÁŠHù˜è÷£è GòI‚èŠð´õ£˜èœ
zz Cô Hó„ê¬ùè¬÷ ï´õ˜èœ Ü™ô¶ èIû¡èÀ‚° ðK‰¶¬ó ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹
37. List out few possible crisis in an organization caused by its workers? What could be
the part of the middle level officials in managing such crisis?
Some possible crises in an organization caused by its workers are
zz Group clashes between workers and managements
zz Strike in support of workers of other organization
zz Slow down the work, pen down strike, picketing etc.,
zz Strike threatening for wage revision,
zz Participation in bunths called by political parties and trade unions,
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ ñŸÁ‹ G˜õ£èƒèÀ‚° Þ¬ì«ò °¿ «ñ£î™èœ
zz Hø ܬñŠH¡ ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° Ýîóõ£è «õ¬ôGÁˆî‹ ªêŒî™.
zz «õ¬ô¬ò ªñ¶õ£‚°î™, v†¬ó‚, ñPò™ «ð£¡ø¬õ,
zz áFò F¼ˆîˆFŸ° Ü„²Áˆî™,
zz ÜóCò™ è†Cèœ ñŸÁ‹ ªî£NŸêƒèƒèœ ܬö‚°‹ bunths ðƒ«èŸ¹ ªêŒî™.
Part of middle level officials in crisis management
zz Middle level officials to act as bridge between management and workers.
zz To recommended the management about workers grievances.
zz To give paper counseling and advice to workers.
zz Before going to the action workers should be advised by the officials about the situ-
ations.
zz G˜õ£èˆFŸ°‹ ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚°‹ Þ¬ìJ™ ð£ôñ£è ªêò™ðì ï´ˆîó
Ü÷Mô£ù ÜFè£Kè¬÷ ܬñˆî™,
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èO¡ °¬øè¬÷Š ðŸP G˜õ£èˆFì‹ ðK‰¶¬óˆî™.
zz ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° è£Aî Ý«ô£ê¬ù ñŸÁ‹ Ý«ô£ê¬ùè¬÷ õöƒ°î™.
zz ÜFó® áNò˜èOì‹ ªê™õ º¡ Å›G¬ôèœ °Pˆ¶ ÜFè£Kè÷£™
ÜP¾ÁˆîŠð´î™.
38. What types of warning systems are available to alert the people in the case of pre-
dicted disasters, such as floods, cyclone etc.
The types of warning systems to alert the people in the case of predicted disasters,
such as floods, cyclones, etc are through loud speakers, pre recorded messages/instructions
to be broad casted.
zz Warning through radio and TV communications,
zz Announcement through daily newspaper
zz In rural areas (villages) “Than Dora” system to be adopted.

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 º¡ùPM‚èŠð†ì «ðóN¾èœ, ªõœ÷‹, Åø£õOèœ «ð£¡øõŸP™ ñ‚è¬÷
â„êK‚°‹ â„êK‚¬è ܬñŠ¹èO¡ õ¬èèœ àóˆî «ð„ê£÷˜èœ, º¡«ð
ðF¾ªêŒòŠð†ì ªêŒFèœ / ÜP¾Áˆî™èœ Íô‹ ªêŒFè¬÷ ðóõ™ ªêŒî™.
õ£ªù£L ñŸÁ‹ ªî£¬ô‚裆C îèõ™ªî£ì˜¹èœ Íô‹ â„êK‚¬è ªêŒFˆî£œ
Íô‹ ÜPMŠ¹ ªè£´‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹.
39. Explain the necessity of Team work in the crisis management in an Industry / Local
body.
The team is group of people, working towards organizational objectives and goals.
Team work is necessary within an organization for success of business and it is a success full
factor.
A team work uses the abilities, skills and knowledge of different people. This will make the
process of crisis management easy and simple.
Þ‰î °¿ ñ‚èœ °¿, GÁõù «ï£‚èƒèœ ñŸÁ‹ °P‚«è£œè¬÷ «ï£‚A
ªêò™ð´Aø¶. õEèˆF¡ ªõŸP‚° å¼ GÁõùˆFŸ°œ °¿ «õ¬ô ÜõCò‹.
Þ¶ å¼ ªõŸPèóñ£ù è£óE Ý°‹.
å¼ °¿ «õ¬ô ªõš«õÁ ïð˜èO¡ Fø¡èœ, Fø¡èœ ñŸÁ‹ ÜP¬õŠ
ðò¡ð´ˆ¶Aø¶. Þ¶ ªï¼‚è® «ïóˆF™ G˜õ£èˆF¡ ªêò™º¬ø¬ò âOî£è¾‹
âO¬ñò£è¾‹ ªêŒò àî¾Aø¶.
Advantage of team work (°¿ «õ¬ôJ¡ ñ)
Develops confidence of people, sharing Information, group discussion, co-ordina-
tion, co-operation etc. leading to success of a team.
ñ‚èO¡ ï‹H‚¬è¬ò à¼õ£‚A, îèõ™è¬÷Š ðA˜î™, °¿ Mõ£î‹,
弃A¬íŠ¹, 制¬öŠ¹ «ð£¡ø¬õ å¼ ÜEJ¡ ªõŸP‚° õNõ°‚Aø¶.
40. What factors are to be considered while fixing compensation to the workers in the
case of severe accidents causing disability / death to them?
zz Employee’s age,
zz Years of service,
zz Nature of work,
zz Dependents of the injured or deceased,
zz Cause of injury personal default, negligence etc.
zz Insurance amount payable to the individual/family
zz Income loss due to injury,
zz Medical and other expense incurred.
zz áNòK¡ õò¶,
zz «ê¬õ ݇´èœ,
zz «õ¬ôJ¡ ñ,
zz è£òñ¬ì‰î Ü™ô¶ Þø‰îõK¡ ꣘¹¬ìòõ˜è¬÷ 致H®ˆ¶ àî¾õ¶.
zz è£ò‹ ãŸð´î™ îQŠð†ì ïðK¡ îõø£™ Üî£õ¶ Üô†Cò‹ «ð£¡ø¬õ.

45
 zz îQïð˜ / °´‹ðˆFŸ° ªê½ˆî «õ‡®ò 裊d†´ˆ ªî£¬è
zz è£ò‹ è£óíñ£è õ¼ñ£ù ÞöŠ¹, ñ¼ˆ¶õ ñŸÁ‹ Hø ªêô¾èœ
41. Explain the legal / financial problems the management has to face if safely mea-
sures taken by them are found to be in adequate.
If the safety measure taken by the management is found to be inadequate, accidents
may happen and workers may be injured and casualty may occur
G˜õ£èˆî£™ â´‚èŠð†ì ð£¶è£Š¹ ïìõ®‚¬è «ð£¶ñ£ùî£è Þ™¬ô âQ™,
Mðˆ¶‚èœ ãŸðìô£‹ ñŸÁ‹ ªî£Nô£÷˜èœ è£òñ¬ìò‚ô‹ ñŸÁ‹ Mðˆ¶ ãŸðìô£‹.
Legal problems (ê†ì C‚è™èœ)
Police may file cases against management on behalf of affected persons. The case will
be tried in courts. By this management has to bear legal expenses. Legal action may be tak-
en against the industry. Getting insurance amount to the affected persons will be difficult. If
there is a death legal action will be taken against the official and the management.
ð£F‚èŠð†ì ïð˜èœ ꣘ð£è G˜õ£èˆFŸ° âFó£è è£õ™¶¬ø õö‚°èœ
ðF¾ ªêŒòô£‹. H¡¹ ܉î õö‚è£ù¶ õö‚° cFñ¡øƒèO™ Mê£K‚èŠð†´
G˜õ£è«ñ ܉î ê†ì ªêô¾è¬÷ ãŸè «õ‡´‹.
ªî£NŸ„꣬ô e¶ ê†ì ïìõ®‚¬è â´‚èŠðìô£‹. ð£F‚èŠð†ì ïð˜èÀ‚°
裊d†´ˆ ªî£¬è¬òŠ ªðÁõ¶ è®ù‹ Ý°‹. ÞøŠ¹ Þ¼‰î£™ ÜFè£K ñŸÁ‹
G˜õ£èˆFŸ° âFó£è ê†ì ïìõ®‚¬è â´‚èŠð´‹.
Financial Problems (ªð£¼÷£î£ó C‚è™)
zz Compensation to be provided to the affected person/family members,
zz Stoppage of production and loss due to this to the management.
zz Huge amount to be spent towards court cases to the management.
zz ð£F‚èŠð†ì ï𼂰 / °´‹ð àÁŠHù˜èÀ‚° ÞöŠd´ õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹.
zz G˜õ£èˆF¡ è£óíñ£è àŸðˆF ñŸÁ‹ ÞöŠ¹ GÁˆîŠð´A¡ø¶.
zz cFñ¡ø õö‚°èÀ‚° G˜õ£è‹ ªð¼‹ ªî£¬è ªêôMìŠðì «õ‡´‹.
42. Describe the importance of insurance to men and machinery of an Industry dealing
with dangerous jobs.
Insurance is compulsory for any industry as per labour act and industry act. Workers
should be insured compulsorily if not management to face punishment by way of penalties.
If the employees are insured for their injury or death, insurance company will pay the
compensation amount fixed by the court or authority.
The management need not spend on replacement/repairs of insured machinery i.e.
the machinery insurance covers the loss or damages including repairs and replacement. In-
surance is a widely accepted method of safe-guarding people against various hazards.

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 ªî£Nô£÷˜ ê†ì‹ ñŸÁ‹ ªî£N™ ê†ìˆF¡ ð® â‰îªõ£¼ ªî£N½‚°‹ 裊d´
è†ì£òñ£°‹. Üðó£î‹ Íô‹ î‡ì¬ù¬ò âF˜ªè£œ÷ G˜õ£è‹ Þ™¬ôªò¡ø£™
ªî£Nô£÷˜èÀ‚° è†ì£òñ£è 裊d´ ªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹.
áNò˜èœ è£ò‹ Ü™ô¶ ÞøŠ¹‚è£è 裊d´ ªêŒòŠð†ì£™, cFñ¡ø‹ Ü™ô¶
ÜFè£óˆî£™ G˜íJ‚èŠð†ì ÞöŠd†´ˆ ªî£¬è¬ò 裊d†´ GÁõù‹ ªê½ˆ¶‹.
裊d†´ Þò‰Fóƒè¬÷ ñ£Ÿø / ð¿¶ð£˜Šð G˜õ£è‹ ªêôMì «î¬õ-
J™¬ô, Üî£õ¶ Þò‰Fó 裊d´ 𿶠ñŸÁ‹ ñ£ŸÁî™ àœO†ì ÞöŠ¹ Ü™ô¶
«êîƒè¬÷ àœ÷ì‚Aò¶. 裊d´ â¡ð¶ ð™«õÁ Ýðˆ¶èÀ‚° âFó£è ñ‚è¬÷Š
ð£¶è£ŠðîŸè£ù ðóõô£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷Šð†ì º¬øò£°‹
43. What precautions have to be taken while storing explosives in a match/ fire crack-
ers factory?
zz The quantities of fireworks to be stored are controlled by the authority based on the
weight limits.
zz All explosives should be stored in special store rooms (magazines)
zz Entry into the store room to be restricted,
zz Sources of heat should be kept away from the works.
zz Electric and lighting works should be safely installed. The storage area should not
contain loose powder and unwanted packages.
zz Suitable lighting and ventilation must be provided with in the store room.
zz There should be adequate means of escape in case of fire
zz Fire fighting equipments, sand buckets etc should be placed at appropriate places.
zz «êI‚è «õ‡®ò ð†ì£²èO¡ Ü÷¾ â¬ì õó‹¹èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™
ÜFè£óˆî£™ 膴Šð´ˆîŠð´Aø¶.ܬùˆ¶ ªõ®ªð£¼†èÀ‹ CøŠ¹ è¬ì
ܬøèO™ (ðˆFK¬èèœ) «êI‚èŠðì «õ‡´‹
zz î¬ìªêŒòŠðì «õ‡´‹ 膴Šð£†´ ܬø‚°œ ¸¬öõ¬î,
zz ªõŠðˆF¡ Íô‹ Åì£è£ñ™ ð£¶è£ˆ¶ ܬøèO™ Þ¼‰¶ ªõŠð‹ à¼õ£‚°‹
ªð£¼œè¬÷ Mô‚A ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹.
zz I¡ê£ó ñŸÁ‹ ¬ô†®ƒ ðEèœ ð£¶è£Šð£è GÁõŠðì «õ‡´‹. «êIŠ¹
ð°FJ™ î÷˜õ£ù Éœ ñŸÁ‹ «î¬õòŸø ªî£°Š¹èœ Þ¼‚è‚Ã죶.
zz «êIŠ¹ ܬøJ™ ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù M÷‚°èœ ñŸÁ‹ 裟«ø£†ì‹ õöƒèŠðì
«õ‡´‹.
zz b ãŸð†ì£™ îŠH‚è «ð£¶ñ£ù õNèœ Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹
zz bò¬íŠ¹ àðèóíƒèœ, ñí™ õ£Oèœ «ð£¡øõŸ¬ø ªð£¼ˆîñ£ù
ÞìƒèO™ ¬õ‚è «õ‡´‹.
44. What are the arrangements required for emergency rescue works in the case of
Atomic Power Plants?
An accident in atomic power plants or nuclear plants releases enough radioactive
material to kill lakhs of people and to cause disability to people through damages to cells,
tissues and organs of human bodies.

47
 ܵ I¡ G¬ôòƒèœ Ü™ô¶ ܵê‚F ݬôèO™ ãŸð†ì Mðˆ¶
ô†ê‚èí‚è£ù ñ‚è¬÷‚ ªè£™ô¾‹ ñQî àì™èO¡ ªê™èœ F²‚èœ ñŸÁ‹
àÁŠ¹èÀ‚° «êî‹ ãŸð´õî¡ Íô‹ ñ‚èÀ‚° Þòô£¬ñ¬ò ãŸð´ˆî¾‹ «ð£¶ñ£ù
èFKò‚è ªð£¼¬÷ ªõOJ´Aø¶.
The rescue works are
1. Notification
2. Assessment action,
3. Correcting actions,
4. Protective measures,
5. Covering the mouth and nose with suitable covers
The person should wear protective cap, mask, eye protection, safety gowns, gloves
etc. and also plastic gowns
All rooms should not have any external openings Employees to be well educated and
trained about the calamities.
A well equipped hospital with all facilities to treat radio activity should be provided.
45. Why residential quarters are not constructed nearer to Atomic Power Plants?
zz The effect of radioactive radiation on human body is more dangerous.
zz Very difficult to get the amenities like drinking water transport facilities etc.
zz In emergencies rescue operations will be difficult.
zz Family members should be kept away from the atomic power plants because they
may get radiation by the employees working in the plant.
zz Nuclear power plants are the target of enemy countries and terrorist etc Hence resi-
dential quarters are not constructed nearer to atomic power plants.
zz ñQî àìL™ èFKò‚è èF˜i„C¡ î£‚è‹ I辋 Ýðˆî£ù¶.
zz °®c˜ «ð£‚°õóˆ¶ õêF «ð£¡ø õêFè¬÷Š ªðÁõ¶ I辋 è®ù‹.
zz Üõêó è£ôƒèO™ e†¹ ïìõ®‚¬èèœ è®ùñ£è Þ¼‚°‹.
zz °´‹ð àÁŠHù˜èœ ܵ I¡ G¬ôòƒèOL¼‰¶ MôA Þ¼‚è «õ‡´‹,
ãªùQ™ Üõ˜èœ ݬôJ™ ðE¹K»‹ áNò˜è÷£™ èF˜i„² ªðø‚ô‹.
zz ܵ I¡ G¬ôòƒèœ âFK ï£´èœ ñŸÁ‹ ðòƒèóõ£Fèœ «ð£¡øõŸP¡
Þô‚è£è Þ¼‚A¡øù. Ýè«õ ܵ I¡ G¬ôòƒèÀ‚° ܼA™ °®J¼Š¹
°®J¼Š¹èœ è†ìŠðì‚Ã죶.

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