cHdñ;sl yev;, Ndú;fhka

ks¾udKlrKh
02
2'1 WmlrK y`ÿkd .ksuq' yev;, w`Èuq'

wm wjg mßirfha we;s ks¾ñ; iEu fohl u cHdñ;sl yev;, ±lsh yels fõ'
iEu ks¾udKhl u lsishï yev;,hla fyda yev;, lSmhl tl;=jla ±lsh yels h'

cHdñ;sl we`§u" f¾Ldj,ska yd ixfla; rdYshlska iukaú; jQ úYaj NdIdjla
f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuu cHdñ;sl we`§u" fowdldrhlska y`ÿkd .; yels h'

01' ;, cHdñ;sh

;, rEm Ndú; lr w`Èk ,o úúO ks¾udK ;, cHdñ;sh f,i ye`Èkafõ'

02' >k cHdñ;sh

>k jia;=ka Wmfhda.S lr w`Èk ,o ks¾udK >k cHdñ;sh hkqfjka
ye`Èkafõ'

1' ;, cHdñ;sh 2' >k cHdñ;sh

12
 cHdñ;sl WmlrK lÜg,hg wod< WmlrK yd øjH y`ÿkdf.k tajd
Ndú;fhka l< yels ld¾hhka y`ÿkd .ksuq

cHdñ;sl WmlrK lÜg,h

fldaÿj - RULER

² ñkqï ,nd .ekSug Ndú; lrhs

² fldaÿfõ tla mfil fikaáóg¾ tallfhka o wfkla
mi w`.,a tallfhka o l%udxlkh lr we;'

úys; p;=ri% hq.,h - SETSQUARE

² tla úys; p;=ri%hl fldaK folla 45x l w.hla

.kakd w;r úYd, jQ wks;a fldaKfha w.h 90x fõ' fuh
iDcqfldaKsl ;%sfldaKhla f,i o" iuoaúmdo ;%sfldaKhla
f,i o ±laúh yels h'
² wks;a úys; p;=ri%fha úYd, jQ fldaKfha w.h
90x o wfkla fldaKj, w.h ms<sfj<ska 60x yd 30x o
fõ' fuh o iDcqfldaKsl ;%sfldaKhla f,i yd úIumdo
;%sfldaKhla f,i ±laúh yels h'
² fuu úys; p;=ri% hq.,h Ndú; lr ir, f¾Ld" ir, f¾Ldjlg ,ïn f¾Ld"
iudka;r f¾Ld we`§u fuka u" wxYl 90" 180" ;sria yd isria f¾Ld yd wxYl 60" 30"
45" l w.he;s wdk; f¾Ld" we`§u o l< yels h'
² 15x .=Kdldrfhka hq;a w.hhka iys; fldaK blaukska we`o .ekSugo" fuu úys;
p;=ri% ;ks j fyda hq.,h u jYfhka o fhdod.; yels h'
fldaKudkh - PROTRACTOR

² fuu WmlrKh Ndú;fhka fldaK uekSu yd i,l=Kq

lsÍu l< yels h'

13
 ljlgqj - COMPASS

² fuu WmlrKh Ndú;fhka" jD;a; we`§u" pdm we`§u" jl% f¾Ld

we`§u" hkd§ úúO cHdñ;sl ks¾udK l< yels h'

fnÿï lgqj - DIVIDER

² cHdñ;sl we§fï§ ´kE u f¾Ldjla iudk fldgiaj,g

ksjerÈ j fnod .ekSug;a" ñkqï mÍCId lsÍug;a" Ndú;
lrhs'

cHdñ;sl we`§fï øjH

we`§fï lvodish - DRAWING PAPER
841
cd;Hka;rj iïu; jQ lvodis j¾.SlrK
j¾.SlrKh A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
ñ,sóg¾ 841« 594« 420« 297« 210« 148« 105«
A1
1189 841 594 420 297 210 148

841mm « 1189mm } A0 lvodish

² fuu lvodis i`oyd cd;Hka;rj iïu; jQ A6 A6

1189

A4
m%udKhka y`ÿkajd § we;' by; olajd we;af;a A2 A5
tu m%udKhka h'
A3

14
mekai, - PENCIL

24 mm
HB

8 mm

² cHdñ;sl yd hdka;%sl we`§fï § w;HdjYH u jQ WmlrKhls" mekai,'

² mekai, Ndú;fha § uymg we`.s,a, yd on/`.s,a, w;r lerleùug ie,eiaúh
hq;= h' fuh f¾Ldj we`o wjidk jk ;=re u isÿúh hq;= h' túg mekaif,a ;=v
taldldß j f.ùu isÿùfuka w`Èk f¾Ldj o tlu >klulska mj;ajdf.k hd
yels h'
² fufia lrleùu jvd;a myiq" rjqï mekai, ksid cHdñ;sl ks¾udKj, § jvd;a
iqÿiq jkafka rjqï mekai, h'
² ,S l+rl ueo l=yrhla idod ta ;=<g ñksrka l+rla hjd mekai, idod we;' fufia
fhdok ñksrka l+f¾ ;onj yd j¾Kh wkqj mekai,a j¾. flf¾' mekaif,a tla
fl<jrl wCIrhlska yd wxlkhlska igyka
lr we;af;a tu j¾.SlrKh hs' Wod (- '''''''''2H, H, HB, B, 2B...... wd§ jYfhks'
² fuys§ B (Black) wCIrfhka olajkafka ñksrkaj, uDÿ .;sh fkdfyd;a msá
iajNdjh hs' B wCIrh iu. fhfok b,lalfï w.h jeäjk úg ñksrkaj,
uDÿ .;sh o jeä fõ' jeä uDÿ .;shlska hq;a mekai,la Ndú;fhka w`Èk
lvodish" wmsßisÿ ùug bv we;s fõ'
² H (Hard) hkq ñksrka l+f¾ ;o .;shhs' fï H wCIrh iu. fhfok b,lalfï
w.h jeäjk úg ;onj jeäùu ksid w`Èk lvodish o bÍhdug bv we;'
² tksid cHdñ;sl ks¾udK i`oyd jvd;a iqÿiq mekai, jkafka" 2H, HB, 2B hk
rjqï yevfhka hq;a mekai,a h'
² cHdñ;sl we`§fï§ mekai,a ;=v b;d jeo.;a fõ' mekai,a ;=v W,a lsÍu by;
±la jQ wdldrhg úh hq;= h' ;=fvys m%udKh wkqj w`Èk f¾Ldfõ .klu ;SrKh fõ'

ulkh - ERESER

² iqÿ j¾Kfhka yd uDÿ rn¾ ñY%Khlska ksmojd we;s

ulk ld¾ñl we`§u i`oyd jvd;a fhda.H jk w;r
fuh wvqfjka u Ndú; l< hq;= fuj,uls'

15
 we`§fï mqjrej - DRAWING BOARD

² we`§fï lvodis iú lr r`ojd ;nd.kq

,nkafka fuu mqjre u; h' tys tlsfklg iïnkaO
odrhka wxYl 90 fldaKhg msysgd ;sìh hq;=
w;r" u;=msg ;,h iqug yd iu;,d jk mßÈ
ilia ù ;sìh hq;= h'

² we`§fï mqjre A0, A1, A2, A3 yd A4 m%udKfhka ksmojd we;s w;r iEu we`§fï
lvodishlg jvd uola È. m<, jeä jk fia ilia lr we;'

² we`§fï mqjrefõ m<, me;a;g f.ùug Tfrd;a;= fok ,Sfhka iE¥ máhla ju;
yqre whg ol=Kq me;a;g o ol=K yqre whg jï me;a;g o iúlr we;' à
rE, tyd fuyd ksjerÈ j f.k hkafka fï máhg fya;a;= lrñka h'

à rE, - T - RULER

² we`§fï mqjrej Ndú; lsÍfï § ;sria f¾Ld we`§ug à rE, Ndú;

lrhs'
² à rE,a o foj¾.hls' ju; yqre whg à rEf,a ndyqj ol=Kg;a
ol=K yqre whg tu ndyq fldgi ju;g;a iúlr we;'
² fuu isria ndyqj rE,g wxYl 900 fldaKh msysgk fia iúlr
we;'

mqjre lgq - DRAWING CLIPS

² we`§fï mqjrejl we`§fï lvodish fkdfi,ajk fia

r`ojd ;nd .ekSug ;djld,sl j iúlr .kS'

16
cHdñ;sl ks¾udKlrKfha § úúO f¾Ld j¾. Ndú; lrkq ,efí' tjeks
f¾Ld j¾. y`ÿkd .ksuq

f¾Ld j¾.

ir, f¾Ld jl% f¾Ld

;sria f¾Ld isria f¾Ld wdk; f¾Ld iudka;r f¾Ld jl% iudka;r f¾Ld

iEu f¾Ldjla u ,CIhlska wdrïN ù jHdma; fõ'

2' iïu; f¾Ld
ld¾ñl we£u úIhfha § muKla Ndú; jk iïu; jQ f¾Ld j¾. lsysmhla we;'
fïjd iïu; lr we;af;a cd;Hka;r m%ñ;s ixúOdkfhks' ld¾ñl we£u kï jQ úYaj
NdIdfõ" wlaIr f,i fuu f¾Ld Ndú; lrhs' f¾Ld j¾. lsÍu my; j.=fjkaa ±lafõ'

iïu; f¾Ldj ku Ndú; jk wjia:d

>k wLKav f¾Ld jia;=jl fmfkk Þr ±laùu i|yd
isyska wLKav f¾Ld ñkqï f¾Ldj" w`ÿre lsÍï f¾Ld" §¾> lsÍfï
f¾Ld i`oyd
lv f¾Ld ieÕs Þr ±laùu i|yd
isyska Þu f¾Ld uOH wlaIh fyda iuñ;sl nj ±laùu i|yd
fofl<jr >k Þu f¾Ld fþokh l< hq;= ia:dk ±laùu i|yd
ksoyia w;ska w`Èk f¾Ld fþokh jk ia:dkh ±laùu i|yd

f¾Ld j¾. y`ÿkd.;a Tn ir, f¾Ldjla iudk fldgiaj,g fnok wdldrh
y`ÿkd .kak'
fok ,o ´kEu ir, f¾Ldjla fok ,o ´kEu fldgia .Kklg fn§fï
l%uh my; l%shdldrlfuka ±lafõ'
l%shdldrlu 2'1
fi'ó 6 È. AB kï ir, f¾Ldj iudk fldgia y;lg fnod we;s wdldrh fyd`Èka
ksÍCIKh lrkak' imhd we;s Wmfoia ms<smÈñka l%shdldrlfuys kshef,kak'

17
 ² ir, f¾Ldjla iudk fldgia y;lg fn§u'
6 cm ² m%:ufhka fok ,o ir, f¾Ldfõ È.g iudk
A0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B f¾Ldjla w`Èkak'
1 ² bkamiqj A ,CIHfha isg AB g iq`M fldaKhla
2 iEfok fia AC keue;s wdOdrl mdoh w`Èkak'
3
4 ² ´kEu flá ÿrla ljlgqjg f.k A ,CIHfha isg
5 AC mdoh ir, f¾Ldj fnÈh hq;= fldgia .Kkg
6
7 C iudk jk fia fnod th 0"1"2"3''''''''' hkd§ jYfhka
wxlkh lrkak'
² wjika ,CIHfha isg ^tkï 7& B ,CIHhg f¾Ldjla
we`o tu f¾Ldjg iudka;r j wfkl=;a wxlj, isg
AB f¾Ldj olajd f¾Ld w`Èkak'
² túg AB ir, f¾Ldj wjYH iudk fldgia
.Kkg fnfoa'

l%shdldrlu 2'2
01' 88mm È. ir, f¾Ldjla we`o th AB f,i kï lrkak'
02' wdk; f¾Ld" isria f¾Ld" ;sria f¾Ld ;=k ne.ska" tlsfkl w;r 2mml
mr;rh we;sj w`Èkak'
03' ´kEu ir, f¾Ldjla we`o th iudk fldgia 9lg fnod olajkak'
04' 69mm È. ir, f¾Ldjla we`o th iudk fldgia 8lg fnokak'
05' 76mm È. ir, f¾Ldjla we`o th iudk fldgia 8lg fnokak'
06' 65mm È. lvodishla f.k th iudk ;Sre 06lg fnod olajkak'
07' iudk ;Sre má fhdod .ksñka l< yels ks¾udK folla olajkak'
08' 4mml ;Sre má 15 la lemSug wjYH lvodisfha È. fidhkak'

18
 2'2 fldgia y`ÿkd .ksñka jD;a; ks¾udKh lruq'
² jD;a;h hkq fufia w¾: olajuq'
hïlsis wp, ,CIHhlg iu ÿßka msysá ;j;a ,CIHhl .uka m:h jD;a;h
f,i y`ÿkajhs'
ks¾udK l%shdj,sfha§ jD;a; wdY%s; yev;, wOHhkh lsÍu Tng b;d jeo.;a h'
ljlgqj yd mekai, Ndú; lr ksjerÈ j jD;a; we`§fï l%u Ys,am
m%dfhda.sl j w;ayod n,uq'
1' jD;a;h ks¾udKh lsÍu
² wjYH wrfha ÿr ljlgqjg .kak' w`Èk lvodisfha wod< ia:dkfhys ksYaÑ; ,CIHh
,l=Kq lr tu wp, ,CIHh flakaø lr.ksñka ljlgq ;=v tys ;nd ljlgq ysfika
w,ajdf.k mekai, iys; ndyqj N%uKh lrùfuka ksjerÈ j jD;a;h we`§ug Tng
yelsjkq we;' fkdie,ls,su;a f,i ljlgq ndyqfjka we,a,Sfuka yd ljlgq ysi fodaI
iys; ùfuka w`Èk jD;a;fha .uka m:h fjkia ùu fkdje<elaúh yels njo Tng
jegfykq we;'
2' jD;a;hl fldgia y`ÿkd .ksuq
mß
êh fl wrh
akaø úYalïNh
h w¾O jD;a;h

isria f¾Ldj jD;a; mdoh ^uyd& jD;a;LKavh

wNs,ïNh
jD;a; mdoh flakaøsl LKavh pdm
2 1 ,laIHh
;sria f¾Ldj
oh

3 4 cHdh
md

jD;a; mdoh ^l=vd& jD;a;LKavh

;a;
jD

,laIHh

² wrhka follska yd ta ;=< jQ pdmhlska fjka jQ ^wka;¾.; jQ& fldgi flakaøsl

LKavh f,i y`ÿkajhs' tysjQ l=vd fldgi l=vd flakaøsl LKavh f,i o
úYd, jQ fldgi uyd flakaøsl LKavh f,i o y`ÿkajhs'
² pdmhlska yd cHdfhka wka;¾.; jQ fldgi jD;a; LKavh f,i y`ÿkajhs'

19
 3' jD;a; fldgiaj,g fn§fï l%u Ys,am
01' jD;a;hla brÜfÜ .=Kdldrj,g fnouq'
¸ mshjr --- m<uq j jD;a;hla ks¾udKh lrkak'
P C ¸¸ mshjr --- - flakaøh yryd hk mßÈ ;sria yd isria f¾Ld
we`o tu f¾Ld AB iy CD f,i o fþok
,CIHh O f,i o kï lrkak'
¸¸¸ mshjr --- - lsishï wrhla ljlgqjg f.k A ,CIHhfha
A B isg jD;a;fhka msg; pdmhla we`o tu pdmh
o C ,CIHfha isg tu wrfhka u fþokh lr
tu fþok ,CIHh P f,i kï lrkak'
¸¹ mshjr --- - ±ka tu P ,CIHh yd O ,CIHh hd lr tu
D
f¾Ldj jD;a;fha mßêh olajd Èla lrkak'
¹ mshjr --- - fï wdldrhg b;sß fldgia o iuÉfþol
l%shdj,sh fhdod .ksñka tu jD;a;h 4"8"16"'''''
jYfhka iudk fldgiaj,g fnod .kak'
úys; p;=ri%hka fhdod .ksñka o jD;a;hla iudk fldgiaj,g
fnÈh yels h'
jD;a;hla ´kEu fldgia ixLHdjlg fnÈh yels h'
E ¸' m<uq j jD;a;hla ks¾udKh lrkak'
¸¸' flakaøh yryd hk mßÈ AB hd lrkak'
¸¸¸' AB f¾Ldjg wdOdr f¾Ldjla ks¾udKh lr th C hehs
kï lrkak'
¸¹' AC f¾Ldj wjYH fldgia ixLHdjg fnod wxl
A 1 2 3 4 5
0 B lrkak'
O
1 WodyrK(- fldgia 06 g
2 ¹' tu AC f¾Ldfõ we;s wxl wärE, yd úys; p;=ri%h
3 Ndú; lr AB f¾Ldjg m%lafIamKh lrkak'
4
¹¸' AB f¾Ldfõ we;s ,CIHh hd lrkak'
5
C ¹¸¸' AB ,CIhhkaj, ljlgq ;nd D ,CIHh ks¾udKh
lrkak'
¹¸¸¸' D ,CIHh AB f¾Ldfõ 2 ,CIHh yryd mßêhg Èla
lrkak' th E f,i kï lrkak'
D º¸' AE ÿr ljlgqjg f.k mßêfha pdm 6la ks¾udKh
lrkak'
º' jD;a;hla ´ku fldgia ixLHdjlg fnÈh yels h'

20
 idrxYh
cHdñ;sl ks¾udK ksjerÈ j we`§ug cHdñ;sl WmlrK wod< lr.;
hq;= h' tys§ wod< ks¾udKhg iqÿiq WmlrK f;dard f.k Ndú; l< hq;= h' tu
WmlrK ksjerÈ l%u Ys,am wkqj Ndú; lsÍfuka ks¾udK l%shdj,sfhys
id¾:l;ajh ±lsh yels h' úúO l%ufõo wkqj úis;=re ks¾udK l< yels h' iEu
ks¾udKhl§ u ie,iqï.; l%shdj,shl ksr; ùu jeo.;a h'

l%shdldrlu 2'2'1
01' 50 mml wrh we;s jD;a;hla we`o th iudk fldgia 4"8"16 g fnokak'
02' 30 mml wrh we;s jD;a;hla we`o th iudk fldgia 6"12"24 g fnokak'
03' 40 mml wrh we;s jD;a;hla we`o th iudk fldgia 4 g fnokak'
04' 60 mml úIalïNh we;s jD;a;hla we`o th iudk fldgia 8"16 g fnokak'

21
 2'3 jD;a;dldr yevhg u,a iliuq tl<ia lruq

wm wjg mßirfha jQ fndfyda u,a" jD;a;dldr

yevhla f.k we;s nj" Tno ±l we;s nj fkdryils' u,a
jD;a;dldr yevfhka hq;= jQj;a tys u,a fm;s úúO wdldrhg
fn§ fjka ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

fâ,shd u,a
jD;a;h ks¾udKh ms<sn`o l=i,;d ,nd.;a Tn jD;a; iuÉfþokh lrñka
úúO ks¾udK lsÍug fhduqjkak'
1' jD;a; iuÉfþokh lrñka lvodis wdY%s; u,a l<Ula iliuq
lvodis u,a l<U iE§ug wjYH øjH yd WmlrK$fuj,ï y`ÿkd .kak'
m<uq j wjYH øjH" WmlrK yd fuj,ï /ialr .kak'
øjH WmlrK$fuj,ï
² j¾Kj;a lvodis ^A4$ jd¾ksIa$ iõ$ ² ljlgqj
äuhs lvodis&' ² mekai,
² f.%aÊ 24 lñì ² fldaÿj
² mq`Mka ² l;=r
² kQ,a ² w`vqj
² .ïfÜma
² .ï
² >k lvodis

u,a l<Ula iE§ug wjYH øjH iy WmlrK$fuj,ï y`ÿkd .;a Tn fâ,shd

u,a lsks;a;la iE§ug wjYH Ys,amSh l%u y`ÿkd .kak'
fâ,shd u,a b;a;la ks¾udKh lruq
mshjr
² fâ,shd uf,a fm;s m%udK 3lska iukaú; jk ksid úlik ;=kla we`§u wjYH fõ'
² m<uq úlikh" wrh 50mm jk fia jD;a;hla we`o jD;a;h iudk fldgiaj,g
fn§fï cHdñ;sl l%uh wkq.ukh lrñka fldgia 12g fnod.kak'
^>k lvodishla u; jD;a;hla we`o cHdñ;sl l%uh wkq.ukh lr fmr fia
fldgia 12g fnod .kak&'

22
 ² fojeks úlikh" 40mm m%udKfha wrh
isák fia >k lvodishla u; jD;a;hla
we`o cHdñ;sl l%u wkq.ukh lrñka
iudk fldgia 12g fnokak'
10 mm
² ;=kajeks úlikh" 30mm m%udKfha
wrhla isák fia jD;a;hla >k
lvodish u; we`o cHdñ;sl l%u Ndú;
lr fldgia 12g fnod .kak'
² l=vd úlikh Ndú; lr ;o meye;s
j¾K lvodisj,ska jD;a;dldr yev;,
3 la lmd .kak' tys ueo wrh 10mm l jD;a;hla b;sß jk fia w. isg ueog
l;=frka fm;s lmd fjkalr .kak'
² fojeks úlikh f.k fmr .;a j¾Khg ;rula ,d j¾K lvodisj,ska jD;a;
03 la lmd .kak' tys ueo wrh 10mm l jD;a;hla b;sß jk fia w. isg ueog
lmd fm;s ilia lr .kak'
² ;=kajeks úYd, m;frdu f.k wvqu j¾K iys; lvodisfhka jD;a; 03 la lmd
fmr fiau uOH ,CIHh olajd u`ola ÿrg fm;s lmd .kak'
² iEu u,a fm;a;la u w. fldgi ;=vq wdldrhg fyda rjqug isák fia lmd" w.
isg ueog tk fia folg kjd ksh .d .kak' u,a fm;s" l;=re ;=fvka msß
ueo yev lr .kak'

u,a ueo ilia lr .ekSu

² fufia yev lr.;a u,afm;s 9 mfil ;nd 200mm la muK È. lïì

lene,a,la f.k" tys w. fldlalla fia kjd .kak' uf,a mdákau lvodis
lene,a,la f.k ^m<, 2'5 cm È. 5 cm& tys tla mil isyska ;Sre lmd .kak'
;Sre lmd.;a tu lvodis lene,a, rEm igyfka mßÈ jfÜg ;nd kQ,lska ;Èka
.eg .ikak'
² bkamiq m%:ujrg l=vd u m%udKfha u,afm;a;la f.k th 3 g lmd .kak' tla
tla fldgi f.k fmdfydÜgqj jgd th fkdfmfkk fia ojgd w,jd .kak'
bka miq ;j;a l=vd u,a fm;a;la f.k 2 g lmd m<uq fmdfydÜgqj jgd w,jd
.kak' B<`.g b;sß ;=kafjks u,a fm;a; ueo isÿre lr lïìh w.ska wuqKd
Wvg f.k m<uq fldgi jgd fyd`Èka w,jd .kak'

23
 u,a fm;s ilia lr .ekSfï mshjr uks m;%
² bkamiq B<`. u,a fm;s o ueÈka isÿre lr tu u,g u wuqKd w,jd .kak'
tf,ig u úYd, u,a fm;a; olajd b;sß u,a fm;s w,jd .kak' bkamiq b;sß
úYd, u,afm;s folo fkdmsgg isák fia yrjd u,g wuqKd w,jd .kak' bka
wk;=rej uks m;%hla fld< mdáka lmd uf,a w.g w,jd .kak'
² bkamiq lïìh jgd fld<mdg .ï fÜma fyd`Èka ;ojk fia T;d .kak'

² u,a ieliqug$ l<Ulg$ lsks;a;lg wjYH jk mßÈ l=vd iy úYd, u,a

lSmhla idod .kak' l=vd u,a iE§fï § tys w.g úYd, u,a fm;s fhdod
fkd.; hq;= h' u, ueo fldgi ieliQ wdldrhg fmdfydÜgq o lSmhla
;kd .kak'
² bkamiq u,a fuka u m%udK lSmhlska fld<mdg ^j¾K .ekajQ& lvodisj,ska
Tn leu;s mßÈ fld< lmd f.k tu fld< folla ne.ska f.k tys ueog
.ïfÜma T;k ,o lïìhla ;nd w,jd .kak' tu fld< o yevh fok fia
gQ,a lr .kak' uf,a kgqjg fhdod .;a lïìho .ïfÜma T;d ;Èka w,jd ksu
lr .kak'
² bkamiq 300mm È. lïìhl uqÿkg fmdfydÜgqjla .eg .id bkamiq l=vd
fld<hla fyda folla iïnkaO lrkak' bkamiq m%udKfhka l=vd u u,
^u,afm;s 2 l iys;& tu lïìhg iïnkaO lrk w;r l=vd fld<hla o
iïnkaO lrkak' fï wdldrhg l%u l%ufhka úYd, jk fia ieliQ u,a yd
fld<" uq,a lïìhg u wuqKd .kak'fufia ieliQ u,a lsks;a; u,a n`ÿkl ;nd
yev n,kak'
² fufia ieliQ u,a lsks;s 3la muK tlg tl;= lr u,a l<Ul isß krUkak
Tng yelsjkq we;'

24
² u,a l<Ula fia ieliSfï § u,a lsks;s w;rg fjk;a l=vd u,a yd iajdNdúl
fld< b;s fh§fuka Tn ;ekQ u,a l<fò isßh jeälr .ekSug yelsjkq
we;' ta i`oyd fldlafudg" ;=;a;sß.ia jeks ishqï iajdNdúl øjH fõ,d jd¾ksIa
wdf,am lr ilia lr .ekSu iqÿiq h'
² fjka fjka j ieliQ u,a" fld< yd fmdfydÜgq lsishï wdOdrlhla u;
.e<fmk fia /`oùfuka u,a ieliqula idod.; yels h'

idrdxYh
úúO udOH fhdod .ekSfuka úúO wdldrfhka lD;%Su u,a idod.;
yels h' jD;a; iuÉfþok l%shdj,sh ;=<ska fm;s fjkalr ksjerÈ yev ,nd f.k u,a
iEÈh yels h' u,l iajdNdúl .;s ,CIK we;s lsÍug u,g WÑ; j¾K fhdod.;
hq;= h' fndfyda u,aj, jD;a;dldr yevh ^Wvjeähd u,a yer& ±lsh yels h' iajdNdúl
u,l fmkqu ,efnk fia úúO u,a j¾. lvodis udOHfhka o iEÈh yels h'

wNHdih
01' jD;a;dldr yeve;s u,a j¾. 5 la kï lrkak'
02' u,a iE§ug iqÿiq udOH" WmlrK" fuj,ï ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
03' u,a l<Ula iE§ug jvd;a iqÿiq u,a j¾. 5 la kï lrkak'
04' u,a l<U jvd;a w,xldr lsÍug fhdod .; yels fjk;a iajdNdúl øjH 5la
kï lrkak'
05' iajhx ks¾udKhla f,i u,a lsks;a;la iE§fuka ;uka ;=< we;sjk hym;a
wdl,am fudkjd oe hs i`oyka lrkak'

25
 2'4 ;, .Kk jeä lrñka ksu jQ úúO weiqreï

fjf<`ofmdf<a we;s fndfyda NdKav i`oyd lsishï is;a.kakdiq¨ weiqreula

fhdod we;s nj Tn ±l we;' thska tu NdKavfha jákdlu o jeäjk nj
fkdryils' tfia u wm fj; ,efnk ;Hd. fuka u wm úiska fokq ,nk ;Hd. o
j¾Kj;a w,xldr weiqreul $ nyd¨ul oud §u w.h l< hq;= isß;ls'
cHdñ;sl yev;, lSmhl tl;=fjka ks¾udKh lr.kakd weiqreï ieliSug
W;aiql ùfuka Tnf.a ks¾udK yelshdj o jeä ÈhqKq lrk w;r wd¾Ól jdiso
tu.ska ie,fikq we;' ta wkqj úúO weiqreï ks¾udKh lsÍfï l=i,;d j¾Okh lr
.ekSug msKsi tys uQ,sl mshjr jk úúO ;, rEm we`§ug yqre fjuq'
fldaK ks¾udKh
flda
K ye¢kaùu
fldaKhla hkq ir, f¾Ld foll YS¾I folla tlg iïnkaO ùu ksid
iEfokakls' fuu f¾Ld fol w;r msysàu fldaKhla f,i y÷kajhs' fuu fldaKj,
w.h wxYlj,ska ukskq ,nhs'

flda
K j¾.

1' iq¿ fldaKh - fldaKfha w.h 900g jvd wvq h'

3 2' iDcq fldaKh - fldaKfha w.h 900 fõ'
2
4 1
3' uyd fldaKh - fldaKfha w.h 900 jeäh wxYl 1800 wvq h'
4' ir, fldaKh - fldaKfha w.h 1800 fõ'
5
5' mrdj¾: fldaKh - fldaKfha w.h 1800g jeä h'

fuu ish¨ u fldaK tl rEmigyklska ±lajQ úg fufia ±laúh yels h'

fldaK we`oSu yd ks¾udKh
1' ljlgqj yd fldaÿj Ndú;fhka fldaK ks¾udKh l< yels h'
2' úys; p;=ri% hq.,h Ndú;fhka fldaK we`§u l< yels h'
3' fldaKudkh Ndú;fhka fldaK we§u l< yels h'

26
 fldaK ks¾udKh
² 600 fldaKh ks¾udKh
) m<uq j AB kï ir, f¾Ldjla we| tys A ,CIHh ,l=Kq
lrkak' bkamiq ljlgqjg flá ÿrla wrh f,i f.k thska
A ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka pdmhla wÈkak'
) bkamiq tu ÿr fjkia fkdlr pdmfhka fþÈ; AB
f¾Ldfõ jq C ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka tu pdmh kej;
D
fþokh lrkak' tu fþÈ; ,CIHh D f,i kï lrkak'
) oeka tu fþÈ; D ,CIHh yd A ,CIHh hd lr Èla lrkak'
A C B
) ±ka Tng wxYl 600 fldaKhla ,eî we;s nj ±lsh yels h'
DAB = 600
fldaKudkh ;nd tu fldaKh uek n,kak'

² w¢k ,o 600 fldaKhla iuÉfþokh lsÍu'

) fmr mßÈ 600 fldaKhla ljlgqj Ndú; lr ks¾udKh

lrkak'
E
) bkamiqj ljlgqjg Bg u`ola jeä jq wrhla f.k uq,a
D
F pdmfha fþÈ; C yd D ,CIHhka u; ;nd tlsfkl
G
fþokh jk mßÈ pdm folla wÈkak tu ,CIHh E
A B f,i kï lrkak'
C
DAE = EAC = 300

) oeka tu fþÈ; E ,CIHh yd A ,CIHhka hd lrkak' túg 600 fldaKh

iuÉfþokh ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h' EA f¾Ldfjka DC pdmh fþÈ; ,CIHh
F f,i kï lrkak'
) fldaKudkh ;nd tu fldaK uek n,kak'
) ±ka kej;;a fmr fiau F yd C ,CIHhka u; ljlgqj ;nd tlsfkl fþokh
jk mßÈ pdm folla w`Èkak' tu fþÈ; ,CIHh jk G ,CIHh yd A ,CIHh hd
lrkak'
) ±ka Tng tu EAB fldaKh kej; iuÉfþokh ù we;s nj;a" tu fldaKj,
^GAB yd GAE& w.h 150 nj ±lsh yels h'

27
 ² 900 fldaKh ks¾udKh yd ,ïnlh ks¾udKh lsÍu
01 ² ir, f¾Ldjl ueo jQ ,ËHhlg ,ïnlhla ks¾udKh
D
) m<uqj ir, f¾Ldjla we| th u; A ,CIHh ,l=Kq
lrkak'
) bkamiq ljlgqjg flá ÿrla iys; wrhla f.k A
,CIHh u; ;nd tu f¾Ldj lemS hk fia fomig
pdm folla w¢kak' tu fþÈ; ,CIHhka C yd B f,i
kï lrkak'
) ±ka tu pdmj,ska fþÈ; C yd B ,CIHhka u; ;nd
C A B
ljlgqfõ wrh Èla lr tlsfkl fþokh jk mßÈ pdm
folla CB f¾Ldjg by<ska w¢kak' tu fþÈ; ,CIHh
DAC = DAB = 900
D f,i kï lrkak'
) bkamiq D yd A ,CIHh hd lrkak'
) ±ka Tng 900 fldaKh ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h' tfiau CB mdohg DA
mdoh ,ïnl nj lsj yels h'
) fldaKudkh ;nd uek n,kak' fmr mßÈu tjeks fldaKhla ks¾udKh lr
iuÉfþokh lr olajkak'
² fldaK we`§u i`oyd fldaKudkh iy úys; p;=ri% fhdod .ekSfuka o l< yels
nj ksÍCIKh lr n,kak'

nyq - wi% ks¾udKh

;%sfldaKh p;=ri%h mxpdi%h IvdY%h

by; oelafjk fujeks jQ ixjD; ;, rEm nyq wi% f,i y`ÿkajhs' ta tla tla
nyqwi% thg wod< mdo ixLHdj wkqj kï lr we;'
mdo .Kk ;=klska iukaú; ixjD; ;, rEmh ;%sfldaKh fõ' tu ;%sfldK
mdoj, msysàu yd fldAKj, w.h wkqj kej; j¾. lr olajhs' ;%sfldaKj, mdo
msysgd we;s wdldrh u; ;%sfldaK j¾. lsysmhlg fnfoa'

28
 I' iumdo ;%sfldaK -
II' iuoaúmdo ;%sfldaK$ ;%sfldaK
III' úIumdo ;%sfldaK

• nyqwi% - ;%sfldaK
01 02 03

60

iumdo úIumdo
iuoaúmdo
;%sfldaK ;%sfldaK
;%sfldaK
60 60

mdo ;=ku iudkhs' mdo folla muKla iudkhs' tu mdo ;=k tlsfklg wiudkhs'
fldAK ;=k u iudkhs' mdo folg iïuqL fldaK folo tksid fldaK ;=k u wiudk fõ'
fldaKhl w.h 60xls' iudk hs

I' iumdo ;%sfldaK - mdo ;=k u iudkhs'

iumdo
;%sfldaK

iq`M fldaKS ;%sfldaKhls'

fldaK 90xg wvq w.hla .kS'
fldaKhl w.h wxYl 600 hs

II' iuoaúmdo ;%sfldaK - mdo folla muKla iudkhs'

iq`M fldaKS uyd fldaKS

iDcq fldaKS

fldaK ;=fkys u w.h 90x g wvqh' tla fldaKhla 90x fõ' mdo folla tla fldaKhl w.h 90xg jeäh
iudk mdo folg iïuqL jQ fldaK iudk neúka b;sß fldaKj, w.h b;sß fldaK fofla w.h tlsfkl
fol iudkhs' 45x ne.ska fõ' iudk h'

29
 III' úIumdo ;%sfldaK

iq`M fldaKS iDcq fldaKS uyd fldaKS

úIumdo úIu mdo
úIumdo ;%sfldaKh ;%sfldaKh ;%sfldaKh

mdo ;=ku wiudk h' fldaK ;=fkys mdo ;=k u wiudk h' tl fldaKhl mdo yd fldaK wiudk h'
w.h o wiudk h' muKla w.h 90x fõ' tla fldaKhl muKla w.h
yeu fldaKhlu w.h wxYl 900g 900g jvd jeä h'
jvd wvq h'

;%sfldaK ks¾udKh
² iumdo ;%sfldaK
C

) m<uqj ir, f¾Ldjla fok ,o ñkqug wkqj we| th A

60
yd B f,i kï lrkak' ±ka AB w;r ÿr ljlgqjg
f.k tlsfkl fþokh jk mßÈ A yd B ,CIHhkaj,
isg pdm folla wÈkak' tu fþÈ; ,CIHh C f,i kï
lrkak'
) oeka tu C yd A ,CIHhka iy C yd B ,CIHhka hd
lrkak'
60 60 ) túg ,efnk ;s%fldaKh iumdo ;%sfldaKhls' tys È. yd
A B
fldaK w.hhka uek n,kak'
180 = 60 0

3 ² cHdñ;sl ks¾udKhlg wkqj iuoaúmdo ;%sfldaK yd úIu

mdo ;%sfldaK ks¾udKh lrkak'
p;=ri%
mdo y;rlska iukaú; jQ ;, rEmh p;=ri% kñka y`ÿkajhs' tajdo yevh
wkqj fufia j¾.lr olajhs'

I'
wdh; p;=ri% - ² mdo yd fldaKj, w.h wiudk fõ'
wdh; p;=ri%h ² iïuqL mdo iudka;r fkdfõ'

30
 II'
;%smSishu - ² iïuqL mdo folla muKla iudka;rj msysghs'
² mdo È.ska wiudkhs'
;%smSishu

III'
iup;=ri%h - ² mdo yd fldaK iudk fõ'
² fldKhl w.h 90x fõ'
iup;=ri%h ² úl¾K tlsfkl iudkjk w;r iDcqfldaKS j
tlsfkl iuÉfþokh fõ'
² YS¾I fldaK o iuÉfþokh fõ'
² iïuqL mdo iudka;r fõ'

IV'
frdïnih - ² mdo iudk jk w;r iïuqL fldaK iudk fõ'
frdïnih
² úl¾K wiudk kuq;a tlsfkl iDcq fldaKS j
iuÉfþokh lrhs'
² iïuqL mdo iudka;r fõ'

V' iDcqfldaKdi%h - ² iïuqL mdo iudk yd iudka;r fõ'

iDcqfldaKdi%h
² fldaK iDcq fldaKS fõ'
² úl¾K iudk fõ'
² úl¾K iuÉfþokh fõ'

VI'
frdïndNh - ² iïuqL mdo iudk yd iudka;r fõ'
² iïuqL fldaK iudk fõ'
frdïndNh
² úl¾K È.ska wiudk fõ'
² úl¾K iuÉfþokh fõ'

• iup;=ri%h" iDcqfldaKdi%h" frdïnih yd frdïndNh hk p;=ri% fmdÿfõ

iudka;rdi% f,i y`ÿkajhs'
• iup;=ri% yd iDcqfldaKdi%" iDcq iudka;rdi% f,io frdïnih yd frdïndNh"
we, iudka;rdi% f,io y`ÿkajhs'

31
 iup;=ri% ks¾udK lsÍu
) m<uqfjka u fok ,o È. wkqj ir, f¾Ldjla we| th AB f,i kï
lrkak'
) AB f¾Ldfõ A ,CIHhg ,ïnlhla ^iDcqfldaKhla& w¢kak'
ie'hq' 1' ir, f¾Ldjl fl<jrl jQ ,CIHhlg ,ïNlhla we`§fï l%uh Ndú;
l< yels h'

) ta i`oyd ljlgqjg flá ÿrla wrh f,i f.k A ,CIHh flakaø

C D
lr .ksñka AB f¾Ldfõ isg pdmhla w¢kak' ^th w¾O jD;a;hlg
wdikak úh hq;=h'& AB f¾Ldfõ fþÈ; ,CIHh E f,i kï
lrkak'
) ±ka tu wrh fjkia fkdlr E ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka"
G F w¢k ,o pdmh fþokh lrkak' thska fþÈ; ,CIHh F f,i
kï lrkak'
A B
E

) bka miq tu F ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka wrh fjkia fkdlr tu pdmh u

kej; fþokh lrkak' tu fþÈ; ,CIHh G f,i kï lrkak'
) ±ka tu F yd G ,CIHhka flakaø lr .ksñka ljlgqfõ wrh uola jeälr"
tlsfkl fþokh jk mßÈ by<ska kej; pdm folla w¢kak' fþÈ; ,CIHh E
f,i kï lrkak'
) bka miq A ,CIHh yd pdm fol fþÈ; E ,CIHhka hd lr Èla lrkak' B <Õg
AB wrh jYfhka f.k A ,CIHh flakaø lr f.k B ,CIHh yryd" w¢k ,o
,ïnl f¾Ldjg pdmhla w¢kak' túg tu ,ïnl f¾Ldj fþÈ; ,CIHh C f,i
kï lrkak'
) bka miq wrh fjkia fkdlr C ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka bÈßmiska pdmhla
we|" B ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka wÈk ,o tu pdmh fþokh lrkak' tu
fþÈ; ,CIHh D f,i kï lrkak'
) ±ka fuu C yd D ,CIHhka yd B yd D ,CIHhka hd lrkak' túg Tng
iup;=ri%h ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h'
ie'hq' 2( fuu ks¾udKfha§ A ,CIHhg ,ïnlhla we| .ekSug" AB mdohg iudka;rj
fldaÿj ;nd tA u; úys; p;=ri%hla wxYl 900 fldaKh A ,CIHh u; ;nd tys Þrh
Tiafia A ,CIHfhka bÈßhg f¾Ldjla we§fuka o l< yels nj i,lkak'

32
ie'hq' 3( tu ks¾udKfha§" A ,CIHh u; fldaKudkfha uOH ,CIHh uOHfha jQ
wxYl 90 f¾Ldj lvodish u; ,l=Kq lr tu ,CIHh yd A ,CIHh hd lsÍfuka o
,ïnlhla we| .; yels nj i,lkak'

frdïnihla ks¾udKh lsÍu'
C
C D

fuys§ tla mdohl fyda fldaKhl w.h

,nd § ;sìh hq;= h' tu fldaKfha w.h 900 g
jvd wvq w.hla úh hq;= h' 600 w.hla § we;s úg
fldaKh we`Èug ljlgqj u Ndú; l< yels h'
Bg fjkia w.hla ÿka úg fldaKudkh Ndú;
600
A E 4 cm B l< hq;= h'

² frdïnih hkq (- iup;=ri%h hï lsis w.hl fldaKhlg" we, l< úg ,efnk
rEmhhs
) m<uq j fok ,o mdofha È. wkqj" w`Èk ,o ir, f¾Ldjl fofl<jr A yd B
f,i kï lrkak' f¾Ldj uOHfha ñkqï igyka lrkak'
) B <Õg A ,CIHh u; fldaKudkh fyda ljlgqj Ndú; lr" § we;s w.hg
iudk fldaKhla we| .kak' 600 l w.hg wÞ<j cHdñ;sl ks¾udKh lrkak'
) bka miq fldaKhg wÞ< f¾Ldj bÈßhg Èla lrkak' B <Õg AB ÿr wrh f,i
f.k A ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka B ,CIHfha isg w¢k ,o f¾Ldj foig
pdmhla w¢kak' tu f¾Ldj fþÈ; ,CIHh C f,i kï lrkak'
) bka miq wrh fjkia fkdlr C ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka bÈßmiska pdmhla
we`o" B ,CIHh flakaø lr .ksñka w`Èk ,o tu pdmh fþokh lrkak' tu
fþÈ; ,CIHh D f,i kï lrkak'

) bka miq C yd D ,CIHhka yd B yd D ,CIHhka hd lrkak' túg Tng

frdïnihl ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

33
 iDcqfldaKdi%hla ks¾udKh lsÍu'

) fuys§ iDcqfldaKdi%fha È. yd m<, me;s foflys w.h

C D
,nd § ;sìh hq;= h'
) fuys§ m<uqfjka u È. mdofhys È. wkqj ir, f¾Ldjla
we| th AB f,i kï lrkak'
G F

E
) bkamiq A ,CIHhg" fmr ,nd .;a ±kqu Ndú; lr
A B
,ïnlhla we`o bÈßhg tu mdoh Èla lrkak'

) bkamiq tu mdoh u; iDcqfldaKdi%fha m<, me;af;a È. ljlgqjg f.k A

,CIHfha isg ,l=Kq lr tu fþÈ; ,CIHh C f,i kï lrkak'
) bkamiq AB w;r ÿr wrh f,i f.k C ,CIHfha isg bÈßhg pdmhla w¢kak'
bkamiq AC ÿr wrh f,i f.k B flakaø lr .ksñka l,ska weÈ pdmh fþokh
lr tu fþÈ; ,CIHh D f,i kï lrkak'
) bkamiq C yd D ,CIHhka fuka u B yd D ,CIHhka hd lrkak' túg Tng
iDcqfldaKdi%hla ks¾udKh ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h'
² fufia ,nd.;a cHdñ;sl ks¾udK ±kqu Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka frdïndNh" wdh;
p;=ri%h" ;%smSishu o ks¾udKh lrkak'
mxpdi%
1' wúêu;a l%uh -- fuys§ ks¾udKhla isÿfkdfõ' wúêu;a f,i ksoyia w;ska fyda
fldaÿjla muKla Ndú; lr kshñ; ñkqula fkdue;sj we`Èh yels h' tjeks
rEmj, iunr njla" mdoj, yd fldaKj, w.fhys iudk njla ±lsh fkdyels h'
2' úêu;a l%uh - c
- Hdñ;sl WmlrK Ndú; lr cHdñ;sl l%u Ys,am fhdod .ksñka
isÿjk ks¾udK l%shdj,shla u.ska ks¾udKh lsÍula isÿ fõ' tu ks¾udKj,
iunr nj;a" mdo yd fldaKj, iudk nj;a ±lsh yels h'
úêu;a f,i nyqwi% ks¾udKh lsÍu'
1' fmdÿ l%uh - ) jD;a;hla ;=< nyq - wi% ks¾udKh lsÍu'
) mdohl È. ÿkaúg nyq - wi% ks¾udKh lsÍu'
2' úfYaI l%uh - ) jD;a;hla ;=< nyq - wi% ks¾udKh lsÍu'
) mdohl È. ÿkaúg nyq - wi% ks¾udKh lsÍu'

34
01' fmdÿ l%uh -
I. jD;a;hla ;=< nyq wdi% ks¾udKh lsÍu - fmdÿ l%uh
kso¾Ykh( wrh 30 mm la jQ jD;a;hla ;=< iúê ;%sfldaKh $ p;=ri%h$mxpdi%h$
Ivdi%h$ ima;di%h ''''ks¾udK lrkak'
l%uh (-
m<uqj wrh f,i 30 mm la ljlgqjg f.k
E
0 ,CIHh flakaøh lr .ksñka jD;a;h
w`Èkak'
) ljlgqj Ndú;fha§ kshñ; Ys,am l%uh
ms<sme§ug wu;l fkdlrkak' th
A 1 2 3 4 5 ks ¾ udKfha ks j erÈ njg fya ; = jkjd
0 B
O fkdwkqudk h'
1
2 ) bkamiq úIalïNh we`o th AB f,i kï
3 lrkak'
4 ) A ,CIHfha isg AB f¾Ldjg iq`M
5
C fldaKhla iEfok mßÈ wdOdrl f¾Ldjla
we`o th AC f,i kï lrkak' ljlgqjg
flá ÿrla wrh f,i f.k w`Èk ,o f¾Ldj
iudk fldgia 5g fnod tu fldgia 0 isg 5
D
olajd wxl lrkak' ^fuys§ we`§ug
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk nyq wdi%fha mdo .Kkg
iudk ixLHdjlg fuu mdoh fnod .ekSu
isÿúh hq;= fõ'&
) bkamiq wxl 5 ork ,CIHh yd B ,CIHhg hd lrkak'
) bkamiq úys; p;=ri%hl odrhla tu hd lrk ,o f¾Ldjg iudka;r j ;nkak'
) bkamiq úys; p;=ri%fha my<ska jQ odrhg fldaÿj ;nd ;Èka w,a,df.k úys;
p;=ri%h fldaÿj Èf.a fiñka by<g /f.k hkak' ta hk w;rjdrfha§ wxl
4"3"2"1 hk ,CIHhka yryd úIalïNh foig iudka;r f¾Ldjka w`Èkak'
) ±ka Tng úIalïN f¾Ldj o iudk fldgia 5g fn§ we;s nj ±lsh yels fõ'
) bkamiq AB úIaalïNh wrh f,i ljlgqjg f.k A yd B ,CIHhka ys ;nd
jD;a;hg my<ska tlsfkl fþokh jk mßÈ pdm we`o tu fþÈ; ,CIHh
D f,i kï lrkak'
) ±ka tu fþÈ; D ,CIHh yd úIalïNfha ,l=Kq l< wxl 2 ,CIHh hd lr tu
f¾Ldj mßêh olajd f.k hkak' mßêh fþÈ; tu ,CIHh E f,i kï lrkak'
) ±ka tu A yd E ,CIHhka fol hd lrkak' tu ÿr mxpdi%fha tla mdohla jk
neúka tu ÿr ljlgqjg f.k mßêh tu ÿr wkqj fnod .kak'

35
 ) ±ka tu fn¥ ,CIHhka hd l< úg Tng iúê jQ mxpdY%hla ks¾udKh ù we;s
wdldrh ±lsh yels fõ'
) fï wdldrhg wjYH" nyq wdi%hg wod<" mdo .Kkg wkqj" úIalïNh
fldgiaj,g fnod .ksñka fï wdldrhg u wjYH ks¾udKh l< yels nj
;yjqre lr .kak'

II. mdohl È. ,nd ÿka úg nyqwi% ks¾udKh lsÍu - fmdÿ l%uh

kso¾Yk (-
mdohl È. 40 mmla jQ ;%sfldaKh$ p;=ri%h$ mxpdY%h$ IvdY%h ks¾udKh
lrkak'
) m<uqj 40 mm l f¾Ldjla we`o th AB f,i kï lr tu f¾Ldjg
,ïn iuÉfþolhla w`Èkak' ta i`oyd AB f¾Ldfõ wvlg jeä ÿrla wrh f,i
f.k A yd B ,CIHhkays isg f¾Ldjg by<ska yd my<ska fþokh jk mßÈ pdm
fol ne.ska w`Èkak' ±ka tu fþÈ; ,CIHhka fol hd lr tu f¾Ldj CD
f,i kï lrkak' AB f¾Ldjg CD f¾Ldj ,ïn iuÉfþolhls'
) bkamiq ,ïn iuÉfþolh foig A ,CIHfha isg úys; p;=ri% fhdod .ksñka
wxYl 45x yd 60x la jQ wdk; f¾Ld we`o tu f¾Ld fþokh jk ,CIHh
ms<sfj<ska 4 yd 6 f,i wxlkh lrkak'
) bkaamiq wxl 4 yd 6 w;r fldgi kej; fmr mßÈu iuÉfþokh lr tu fþÈ;
,CIHh wxl 5 f,i kï lrkak'
) bkamiq 5 yd 4 w;r ÿr ljlgqjg f.k tu CD iuÉfþolh by<g yd my<g
iudk fldgiaj,g fnod ms<sfj<ska wxl lrkak'
) bkamiq we`§ug woyia lrkafka wIaGdY%hla kï wxl 8 fh¥ ,CIHfha isg A fyda
B ,CIHhg ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k 8 ,CIHhfha isg jD;a;hla w`Èkak' bkamiq
A yd B w;r ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k tu jD;a;fha mßêh fnokak' túg th
iudk fldgia 8g fn§ hk nj fmfka'
) fufia fnÿKq ,CIHhka hd l< úg iúê wIagdY%hla ±lsh yels h'
) fï wdldrhg wxl 6 flakaø lrf.k IvdY%hlao wxl 4 flakaø lr .;aúg
p;=rY%hla fuka u ta ta mdo .Kkg ysñ wxlh flakaø lr.;a úg wjYH nyqwi%h
ks¾udKh lr .ekSug Tng yelsjkq we;'
WodyrK (-
A yd B w;r ÿr wrh f,i f.k wxl 6 flakaøh lr.ksñka jD;a;h
ks¾udKh lr bkamiq A yd B w;r ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k mßêh fnod.;aúg
jD;a;h iudk fldgia 6g fn§ tu ,CIHhka hd lsÍfuka b;d myiqfjka IvdY%hla
ks¾udKh lr.; yels h'

36
 02' úfYaI l%uh
I. jD;a;hla ;=< nyq - wi%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'

^fuysÈ úfYaI l%uh f,i olajkafka tu nyq wi%h ks¾udKh lsÍug muKla u
fhdod .; yels úfYaI jQ l%uhhs' tu l%uhg fjk;a mdo .Kklska hq;a
nyq - wi%hla " ks¾udKh l< fkdyels h'
kso¾Yk - wrh 30 mmla jQ jD;a;hla ;=< mxpdY%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'

C ) m<uqj wrh 30 mm jQ jD;a;h ks¾udKh

lr tys úIalïNh yd uOH wCIh
we`o th AB yd CD f,i kï lrkak'
wCI fþÈ; ,CIHh O f,i kï lrkak'
G ) bkamiq OB kej; iuÉfþokh lrkak'
E tu fþÈ; ,CIHfha E f,i kï lrkak'
A O B
F ) bkamiq E ,CIHh flakaøh lr.ksñka tu
,CIHfha isg C olajd ÿr ljlgqjg f.k
C isg úIalïNh foig pdmhla w`Èkak'
tu fþÈ; ,CIHh F f,i kï lrkak'
) bkamiq C isg F olajd ÿr ljlgqjg f.k
D C flakaø lr.ksñka F isg mßêhg
pdmhla w`Èkak' tu mßêh fþÈ; ,CIHh
G f,i kï lr C yd G w;r ÿr hd lrkak'
tu ÿr mxpdY%fha mdohl È. jk neúka tu ÿr wrh f,i f.k jD;a;fha mßêh
iudkj fnod tu fþÈ; ,CIHhka hd lrkak' túg iúê mxpdY%hla ks¾udKh ù
we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

II. IvdY%hla we`§u - ^jD;a;hla ;=<&

fuys§ o wrh 30 mmla jQ jD;a;h

m<uq j w`Èkak' bkamiq tu wrh fjkia
fkdlr mßêh fnokak' túg mßêh
o iudk fldgia 6g fn§ hhs' tu fþÈ;
,CIHhka hd l< úg iúê IvdY%hla ks¾udKh ù
we;s nj ±lsh yels h'

37
 II. mdohl È. § ;sfnk úg - Ivdi%hla we`§u
m<uq ir, f¾Ldjla we`o tys mdofha È. i,l=Kq
lr AB f,i kï lrkak' bkamiq tu ÿr wrh
jYfhka f.k A isg B yryd;a B isg A yryd;a
pdmhka tlsfkl fþokh jk mßÈ we`o tu
fþÈ; ,CIHh O f,i kï lrkak'
o
² OA fyda OB wrhjYfhka f.k O flakaøh
lr .ksñka jD;a;hla w¢kak'
² bkamiq AB ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k tu
jD;a;fha mßêh fnokak'
A B ² tu fn¥ ,CIHhka tlsfkl hd lrkak'
túg Tng iúê IvdY%hla ±lsh yels h'
úlikh

>k lvodisj,ska fyda f,dayj,ska ilia lrk ,o NdKav wm ks;r ±l we;'
fufia ilik ,o NdKav l=yrdldr jev fldgia hkqfjka y`ÿkajkq ,nhs'

fuu l=yrdldr NdKav uQ,sl >k jia;=j, uQ,O¾uhka u Wmfhda.S fldg f.k
ks¾udKh lr we;'

uQ,sl >k jia;=

1' m%siauh
2' msróvh
3' is,skavrh
4' fla;=j
5' f.da,h
hkqfjks'

fuu`.ska m%siaudldr l=yr jia;=j, úlikh ks¾udKh lrk wdldrh úia;r

flf¾' WodyrKhla f,i flala fmÜáhl úlikh ±laúh yels h'

38
cHdñ;sl yev;, Ndú; lrñka flala weiqreula iliuq
1' flala weiqreul úlikh ;ekSug wjYH øjH" WmlrK yd fuj,ï y`ÿkd
.ksuq
øjH WmlrK $ fuj,ï
ldâfndaâ ljlgqj
ì%is,afndaâ l;=r
/mska lvodis mekai,a
Bhï lvodis fldaÿj
frÈ len,s
úis;=re fld<
.ï
2' wod< weiqreu fi'ó' 6 È." fi'ó' 4 m<, jQ flala lene,a,la i`oyd hehs
Wml,amkh lruq'
tu ñkqï wkqj m<uqj flala weiqrefï úlikh we`o .ksuq' th tys m;frdu
kñka o y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
I. m<uq j wjYH úlikfha È. yd m<, ;SrKh lruq'
^ish¨u ñkqï fikaáóg¾j,ska .kak' >k lvodisfha .klu ñ'ó 1 f,i .kak&

l%shdldrlu 2'4'1
flala weiqreu ks¾udKh lsÍu i`oyd Wmfoia
² m<uq j >k lvodisfha fi'ó' 12'8 « 12'4 m%udKfha p;=ri%hla w`Èkak'
² bkamiq by; ±lajQ ñkqï ms<sfj<ska tu wdo¾Y úlikfha ,l=Kq lrkak'
² we;=<; jQ kejqï odr yryd lv f¾Ld folla tl <`. w`Èkak' f¾Ld w;r
mr;rh ñ,sóg¾ tlla úh hq;= h'
² kejqï jdish ,nd § A yd B mshkam;aj, fl<jr uq¨ wxYl 600 l wdk;shlg
w`Èkak'
² wod< fkdjk fldgia m<uq j w`ÿre lr .kak' bkamiq ;=vfudg jQ weKhlska
^lvf¾Ld folla w;ßka& we`o >k lvodisfha kejqï odr ^keófï myiqjg&
we;=<g kjd .kak'
² bkamiq w`ÿre l< fldgia lmd bj;a lr .kak'
² C yd D yd E yd F olajdo oaú;aj f¾Ld Èf.a lmd .kak' bkamiq we,jqï odrfha
.ï .d wxl 1 me;slvg w,jd .kak'
² ±ka kejqï odr Èf.a kjd flala fmÜáh ilia lr .ekSug fome;af;a jQ ;,
we;=<g kjd .kak'

39
 flala weiqrefï úlikh w`Èk wdldrh my; rEmfha olajd we;'

1.1
A
600 600
D F

2.1

C E

2.1 4.1
2.1 4.1

4mm
we,jqï odrh
12.4 3 4
1 2
6.1cm

C E
2.1

D F
600 600
B

12.8

oaú;aj lv bßj,ska olajd we;af;a fmÜáfha kejqï jdish jQ ñ,sóg¾ 1 l

m%udKhhs'

40
ksul< miq weiqreu

41
 l%shdldrlu 2'4'2
² § we;s úlikh Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;%sfldaKdldr yevfha weiqreula o ilia
lr .kak'

1cm
1cm
4'1

4'1cm 4'1 4'1cm 4'1cm

11cm

11cm

4'1cm 4'1cm 4'1cm '5

m
1c

m
1c

42
 idrdxYh
mdo ;=kla fyda Bg jeä .Kklska iukaú; jQ ixjD; ;, rEmhka
nyq wi% kñka ye`Èkaúh yels h' tjeks ;, rEm" tys jQ mdo ixLHdj wkqj kï
l< yels h' fuu ;, rEm wúêu;a f,i we`§u;a" úêu;a f,i ks¾udKh lsÍu;a
l< hq;= nj wjfndaO lr.; yels h' úêu;a f,i ks¾udKh lrk ,o nyq wi%j,
mdoj, È. fuka u" fldaK o tlsfklg iudk nj lsj yels h' ;%sfldaK yd p;=ri%
muKla" tajdfha yevh yd mdoj, msysàu;a fldaKj, w.h;a wkqj kej; j¾. lr
±laúh yels h' l%u Ys,am Ndú; lr ksjerÈ j w`Èk ,o cHdñ;sl yev ;, fhdod
.ksñka úúO weiqreï ilia l< yels h' tu weiqreï i`oyd m;frdï ilia l<
yels h' fuu m;frdu tu NdKavfha úlik f,i ±laúh yels h' úlikh hkq
l=yr iys; NdKavhl jQ ;, ish,a, u tl u ;,hlg È.yeßh úg ,efnk
iajrEmh hs' úúO ks¾udK weiqßka wd¾Ól jdis o ,eìh yels h'

l%shdldrlu 2'4'3
01' fldaKudkh Ndú; lr wxYl 38" 96" 32 fldaK w`Èkak'
02' úys; p;=ri%h Ndú; lr wxYl 105" 75" 150 yd 15 fldaK w`Èkak'
03' ljlgqj Ndú; lr wxYl 60" 30" 90 yd 15 fldaK ks¾udKh lrkak'
04' wxYl 36 l fldaKhla we`o th kej; msgm;a lrkak'
05' mdohl È. 50mm lao tla fldaKhl w.h wxYl 105 la o jQ ;%sfldaKh we`o
tu ;%sfldaKh kï lrkak'
06' mdohl È. 45mm la jQ ;%sfldaKhla we`o th kï lrkak'
07' mdohl È. 35mm la jQ mxpdi%h w`Èkak'
08' wrh 25mm la jQ jD;a;hla ;=< Ivdi%hla w`Èkak'
09' fok ,o m;frdu we`o ta wkqidrfhka .uka u,a,la ilia lrkak' tu u,a,
leu;s l%uhg w,xldr lrkak' wod< lr.;a cHdñ;sl yev;, kï lrkak'
10' ìialÜ weiqreulg iqÿiq wäh yd mshk jD;a;dldr fyda IvdY%dldr yevhe;s
fi'ó' 16 Wie;s wdo¾Y úlikhla ilikak'

43