Scribd
Upload
51 views

A Vapor (American English Spelling) or Vapour (British) Is A Substance in

Vapor refers to a gas phase that exists below the critical temperature of a substance, where the substance can also exist as a liquid or solid. The critical temperature is the highest temperature at which the substance can exist as a liquid, and above it the substance cannot be liquefied by any increase in pressure. The critical pressure is the pressure required to liquefy the gas at its critical temperature. At or above the critical point of temperature and pressure, the distinction between gas and liquid phases disappears and the substance exists as a supercritical fluid.

Uploaded by

Harsh Tripathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

A Vapor (American English Spelling) or Vapour (British) Is A Substance in

Vapor refers to a gas phase that exists below the critical temperature of a substance, where the substance can also exist as a liquid or solid. The critical temperature is the highest temperature at which the substance can exist as a liquid, and above it the substance cannot be liquefied by any increase in pressure. The critical pressure is the pressure required to liquefy the gas at its critical temperature. At or above the critical point of temperature and pressure, the distinction between gas and liquid phases disappears and the substance exists as a supercritical fluid.

Uploaded by

Harsh Tripathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

DONE

BASE: Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor (a state of substance
below critical temperature and critical pressure) that occurs at temperatures below the
boiling temperature at a given pressure

WHAT IS VAPOR AND BASICALLY CRITICAL TEMPERATURE AND


PRESSURE

A vapor (American English spelling) or vapour (British) is a substance in


the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which means that
the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without
reducing the temperature. A vapor is different from an aerosol. An aerosol is a
suspension of tiny particles of liquid, solid, or both within a gas.[2]
For example, water has a critical temperature of 647 K (374 °C; 705 °F), which is the highest
temperature at which liquid water can exist. In the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures,
therefore, gaseous water (known as water vapor) will condense into a liquid if its partial
pressure is increased sufficiently.
A vapor may co-exist with a liquid (or a solid). When this is true, the two phases will be in
equilibrium, and the gas-partial pressure will be equal to the equilibrium vapor pressure of the
liquid (or solid).[1]
Vapor refers to a gas phase at a temperature where the same substance can also exist in
the liquid or solid state, below the critical temperature of the substance. (For example, water has
a critical temperature of 374 °C (647 K), which is the highest temperature at which liquid water
can exist.) If the vapor is in contact with a liquid or solid phase, the two phases will be in a state
of equilibrium. The term gas refers to a compressible fluid phase. Fixed gases are gases for
which no liquid or solid can form at the temperature of the gas, such as air at typical ambient
temperatures. A liquid or solid does not have to boil to release a vapor.
Vapor is responsible for the familiar processes of cloud formation and condensation. It is
commonly employed to carry out the physical processes of distillation and headspace
extraction from a liquid sample prior to gas chromatography.
The constituent molecules of a vapor possess vibrational, rotational, and translational motion.
These motions are considered in the kinetic theory of gases.

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE: the temperature of a gas in its critical state, above which it
cannot be liquefied by pressure alone.

Critical Temperature

Gases can be converted to liquids by compressing the gas at a suitable temperature.

Gases become more difficult to liquefy as the temperature increases because the
kinetic energies of the particles that make up the gas also increase.
Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid.

The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which


vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is
applied.

Tubes containing water at several temperatures. Note that at or above


374oC (the critical temperature for water), only water vapor exists in
the tube.

Critical Pressure

The critical pressure of a substance is the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its
critical temperature.
However, the liquid-vapor boundary terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature
Tc and critical pressure pc. This is the critical point. In water, the critical point occurs at
around 647 K (374 °C or 705 °F) and 22.064 MPa (3200 psia or 218 atm).
For eg. Critical temperature of CO2 is 31.2°C and critical pressure is 73 atm.

above 31.2°C, CO2 can't be liquified wether you apply 100 atm pressure. At 31.2 °C of
you apply 73 atm pressure, the gas will start to liquify and further increase in
pressure will lead to liquid CO2.

Critical temp and pressure are important terms as far as liquefaction of gases is
concerned. We need liquid Nitrogen and Helium for low temp experiments.

compressing gases with high pressure liquefy gases at particular temperature.

Critical temp: The temp at or above which we cannot liquefy gas/vapor into liquid no
matter how much pressure you apply.

Critical pressure: Pressure required to liquefy gas at critical temp.


But wait a second, we said before gases cannot be liquefy at or above critical temp. So
what will happen now ? It will go to its supercritical fluid state which is called super
critical fluid state. Super critical fluid is the state in which gas and liquid states are
not distinct/clear. You can say that its a critical/complex kind of state (No it is not
gas, it is liquid, no it is not liquid it is gas; actually it is super critical fluid).

The diagram from wikipedia is good to understand super critical fluid state

As we increase pressure , temperature also increases. A point comes when entire


liquid directly gets converted into vapour , means no phase boundary. Ex:-
supercritical boiler

Critical point or critical state denotes a point at which phase equilibrium occurs i.e. it
is the end point of the phase equilibrium curve. if we take water as an example then
these values are equal to 373 c and 212 bar. At this state water will exist in both
liquid and vapor state simultaneously. Below this point latent heat is required to
convert water into vapor but at this point there is no need of latent heat i.e at this
point latent heat equals to zero. In p-v diagram of water at this state there exist an
inflection point on the isotherm, so at that point we can say that

" partial derivative of pressure w.r.t volume (at constant temperature) equals to
zero". i.e. at that point slope equals to zero on p-v diagram.

so, critical point is nothing but the point at which phase boundaries vanishes.

It means it is that pressure above which 2 phase region is not encountered during
phase transformation from liquid to vapor state.
i.e. Latent heat of vaporization is zero at and above critical pressure.

THIS PICTURE IS CALLED THE PHASES DIAGRAM


OF A PURE SUBSTANCE. LET IT BE WATER.
IF YOU GOT WATER IN A PRESSURE AND TEMP
THAT LAYS ON THE L OF liquid THEN IF YOU COOLED
IT THE TEMP WOULD DROP TO THE L OF solid
THAT HAPPENS IN THE FREEZER WHEN P= 1ATMF

IF STARTING AS BEFORE WE KEEP TEMP CONSTANT


BUT APPLIED A HIGH VACUUM. WATER WILL BOIL
AND WE GET VAPOR.

THE TEMP AND PRESSURE OF THE POINT C


ARE CALLED THE CRITICAL POINT OF THIS SUBSTANCE
IN THIS CASE WATER

You might also like