Laboratory Design

I. Objectives

1. To be able to measure the mass, volume, and density of the

following; stone, water, oil, wooden block and metal ball.
2. To be able to determine the proper way of heating chemicals by
the use of Test tube and Erlenmeyer flask.
3. To be able to determine the proper way in the distillation of salt
water.
4. To be able to determine the proper way of transferring liquid
from one container from another.

II. Materials
III. Procedure

A-1. To determine the mass of the water we need the following

materials:

o Beaker
o 50 ml of water
o Triple Beam Balance
Procedure:
1. Place the Triple Beam Balance on a flat surface.
2. When starting to use the Triple Beam Balance make sure
that the riders are aligned and pointing to zero and the
pointer or the zero marker is also resting at zero.
3. Measure the mass of the beaker first because we cannot
simply put the water on the pan of the Triple Beam
Balance.
4. Place the beaker on the pan of the Triple Beam Balance.
Move the largest rider or the rider that has the measure of
100 grams. After moving the 100 grams rider and once the
pointer drops below the central point it will indicate that it
is too much mass so adjust the rider. Next, move the rider
 with that measures in increments of 10 grams. Again, make
sure that the pointer drops before you alter it so that you
will get the exact measurement of the beaker for later.
Finally, move the smallest rider or the rider that measures
from 1 up to 10 grams. After moving it, the pointer of the
Triple Beam Balance must be pointing on the zero point so
that you can get an accurate result. Record the mass of the
beaker
5. Sum up the numbers that you can find on the beam and
where the riders stopped or pointing at. Record the mass of
the beaker.
6. Now pour the 50ml water inside the beaker. Place all the
riders on zero and also the zero marker is resting on zero.
Now you have to start all again. Move the largest rider or
the rider that has the measure of 100 grams up to 500
grams. After moving the 100 grams rider and once the
pointer drops it will indicate that it is too much mass so
adjust the rider. Next, move the medium-sized rider that
measures in increments of 10 grams. Finally, move the
smallest rider or the rider that measures of 1 to 10 grams.
7. Add the values on where the three riders is pointing.
Record also the measurement of both water and beaker but
we need to get only the mass of the water.
8. To get only the mass of water subtract the mass of the
beaker to the mass of water inside the beaker.
9. And now you can finally have the mass of the water only.
This way of measuring the mass of water by subtracting the
mass of beaker is called finding the Mass by Difference.

A-2. To determine the mass of the stone we need the following

materials:

o Stone
o Triple Beam Balance
Procedure:
1. In determining the mass of the stone, we only need to
measure it directly. First, place the triple beam balance on
a flat surface.
2. Adjust the three riders to zero grams and the pointer must
be pointing on the zero marker.
 3. Directly place the stone on the pan of the Triple Beam
Balance.
4. Move the largest rider. Wait until the pointer drops below
central point and after that adjust the rider back. Move the
second rider that has the measurement from 10 grams up
to 100 grams. Again wait until the pointer drops below
zero and before you alter the rider. Lastly, move the
smallest rider ranging from 1 gram to 10 grams. Ensure
that the pointer is aligned or points on the number zero.
5. Add the numbers on each riders. You can now have the
mass of the stone.

Guide Question:
What is the first thing that you need to do when you
are about to use the Triple Beam Balance?

B-1. To determine the volume of the oil we need the following

materials:

o Oil
o Graduated cylinder
Procedure:
1. First, collect all the materials needed in measuring the
volume of the oil.
2. Second, put the graduated cylinder on a flat surface.
3. The first thing you should know before measuring the
volume of the oil or any other liquids is to know what is
the “Meniscus” or the curves seen on the top of a liquid in
response to its container. To get the accurate results in
finding the volume of the oil, you must measure at the
bottom of the curve or at the bottom of the Meniscus
because if not or if you measure at the top of the curve you
will get inaccurate results.
4. Now you can pour the oil on the graduated cylinder slowly
and surely.
5. After pouring, first thing is never look at the graduated
cylinder from up or at the top, you must get down eye
level with the oil.
6. Now count each marks. Each marks measures one
milliliter.
 7. After counting the marks, now you have the volume of the
oil.

B-2. To determine the volume of the wooden block we need the

following materials:
o Wooden block
o Ruler
Procedure:
1. First we need to get the length of the wooden block. To
measure it we have to use a ruler. Measure the length of the
wooden block by centimeters. Record the result.
2. Next is we need to figure out the width of the wooden block.
To measure it use again a ruler and measure the width by
centimeters. Record the width.
3. Lastly, record the height of the wooden block repeat the same
process like you did on procedures 1 and 2.
4. Since the formula for volume is length x width x height (v=l
x w x h) you have to multiply the values of the length, the
width and the height of your wooden block.

Guide Question:
Where you should measure the volume of the liquid to
get actual results using Graduated Cylinder?

C. To determine the density of the metal ball we need the

following materials:

o Metal Ball
o Graduated Cylinder
o Digital Weighing Scale
o Tongs
o Water
Procedure:
1. The first thing we need to do is to measure the mass of the
metal ball. To measure it, place first the digital weighing
scale on a flat surface. Next, put the metal ball on the digital
weighing scale.
 2. After getting the mass, we need to get the volume of the
metal ball. In doing it, fill up the graduated cylinder with
water. Next, measure the volume of the water. After getting
the volume of the water we need to place the metal ball
inside the graduated cylinder so that we can get solely the
volume of the metal ball. With the help of tongs grab the
metal ball and place it in the graduated cylinder. After
placing the metal ball inside the graduated cylinder with
water you can notice that the water original volume of water
rise up. Now, to solve for the volume of the metal ball
simply subtract the new volume of water or the volume of
water with metal ball on it and the volume of the old water
level or the volume of water without the metal ball inside.
Finally, you can solve for the density of the metal ball.
3. We know that to compute for the density we need to divide
the mass of an object over its volume (p=m/v). Now, divide
the mass of the metal ball over its volume. And finally, you
have now the density of the metal ball.

Guide Question:
What is the formula for getting the density of an
object?

D-1. To show you the proper way of heating chemicals using test
tube we need the following:

o Test tube
o Test tube holder
o Test tube rack
o Bunsen Burner
o Water
o Laboratory Goggles
Procedure:
1. The first thing you need to do is to put laboratory goggles
on for safety purposes.
2. Next, light the Bunsen burner.
3. Open the air holes of the Bunsen burner so blue heating
flame is used.
4. After the Bunsen burner is turned on, you need to get your
test tube. To get your test tube use the test tube holder.
 First thing to do is to squeeze the test tube holder and
clamp it on near the top of the test tube so that the metal
or you test tube holder wouldn’t catch a flame. Next, put
your index finger on the hole of the test tube holder to
suspend it because if you don’t the tendency is you will
accidentally squeeze the test tube holder and your test tube
will fall.
5. Hold the test tube holder at a 45 degree angle. Make sure
the mouth of the test tube is not pointing towards other
persons or towards your face because the test tube will
spit out hot water or liquids when it is being heated.
6. When heating move the test tube side wards or moving in
circles around the hottest part of the flame which is the tip
of the inner blue cone because if you don’t move it while
heating the glass or the bottom of the test tube overheats
and it will crack causing the heated liquid to spill.
7. After finished heating the water place the test tube on the
test tube rack and turn off the Bunsen burner.

D-2. To heat the liquid using Erlenmeyer flask we need the

following:

o Erlenmeyer flask
o Tripod
o Bunsen burner
o Wire Gauze
o Water
o Laboratory goggles
Procedure:
1. First put your laboratory goggles on.
2. Next, turn on the Bunsen burner and slide the tripod into
the lighted Bunsen burner.
3. Place the wire gauze on the top of the tripod so that we can
regulate the heat coming out of our Bunsen burner.
4. Position or put the Erlenmeyer flask on the top of the wire
gauze.
5. Open up the air holes of the Bunsen burner until it reaches
the blue flame.
Guide Question:
When heating chemicals or objects using the Bunsen
burner what flame will they always need to use?

E. To perform distillation process of salt water we need the

following materials.

o 2 Iron clamp and 2 Iron Stand

o Rubber tubing
o Heat mantle
o Florence flask
o Collecting flask
o Distillation head
o Thermometer holder
o Thermometer
o Condenser
o Distillation adapter
o Salt water
Procedure:
1. Using iron clamp and iron stand clamp the neck of the first
Florence flask in the heating mantle.
2. Insert the distillation head on the Florence flask.
3. Add on the condenser on the distillation head.
4. Clamp the second iron clamp and iron stand in the middle
of the condenser for support but make sure it is but too
tight because the condenser might break.
5. Put on the distillation adapter and also put on or connect
the distillation adapter to your collecting flask.
6. Next is put your thermometer into your thermometer
holder. You can notice that there is a small rubber washer
the purpose is that when you insert the thermometer in the
thermometer holder the little rubber washer will clamp the
thermometer in place. So, insert the thermometer in the
thermometer holder and then screw the small rubber
washer.
7. Put the thermometer on the distillation head to measure
the temperature of the gas entering the condenser so that
you can measure the right boiling point.
8. Plug-in the rubber tubing in the condenser. Remember the
water goes from the top to bottom but it doesn’t matter the
 top and bottom of the condenser because the water just go
in the lower and out in the upper.
9. Now, turn the heat of your heating mantle and wait for the
water to boil and you will see that there are some droplets
of water going to your collecting flask. And now you
separated the salt to the water using distillation process.

Guide Question:
Why do we need to have a thermometer when we are
conducting a distillation process?