Chapter 10 GPS
Chapter 10 GPS
Introduction to
GNSS
By
Raghunath Jha
GNSS
• GNSS stands for Global Navigation Satellite
System
• GNSS is a satellite system that is used to pinpoint
the geographic location of a user's receiver
anywhere in the world.
• Two GNSS systems are currently in operation:
– the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS)
total no of Satellites: 31 and
total no. of Satellites: 31 and
– the Russian Federation's Global Orbiting Navigation
Satellite System (GLONASS). total no. of Satellites: 24
– A third, Europe's Galileo, total no. of Satellites: 3
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GPS
• GPS stands for Global Positioning System, which
is a system of satellites, ground stations, and
receivers that allow you to find your exact
l ti
location on Earth.
E th
• GPS Provides highly accurate continuous three
dimensional positioning 24 hours a day, all
weather, real time through out the world to the
military and civilian users.
• The accuracy of the data is from 10m to
The accuracy of the data is from 10m to
Navigation purpose to sub‐meter accuracy to
mapping to sub millimeter accuracy to geodetic
survey.
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History of GPS
• GPS was created by US department of Defense (DoD)
in 1973
• 1st GPS satellites blocks were launched in Feb 1978.
• Operation GPS satellites were launched in Feb 1989
(Phase II). Constellation of 24 satellites were
completed in 1993
• Initial operational capability was declared in Nov
1993
• Full operational capability (FoC) was announced by
DoD on July 17 1995.
• This technology will available upto 2020 by DoD
GPS Elements
• GPS consists of three major segments: the
space segment, the user segment, and the
t th t d th
control segment
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Space Segment
The Space Segment of the system consists
of the GPS satellites.These space vehicles (SVs)
send radio signals from space.
24 GLONOSS Satellites
24 satellites in three orbital planes, with eight satellites per plane
inclinations of 64.8 degrees and an orbital height of
about 19,140 km,
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Control Segment
The Control Segment consists of a system
of tracking stations located around the world.
The Master Control facility is located at Schriever
Air Force Base (formerly Falcon AFB) in Colorado.
User Segment
Navigation in three dimensions is the primary function
of GPS. Navigation receivers are made for aircraft,
ships, ground vehicles, and for hand carrying by
individuals.
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Where Are The Satellites ?
• satellite position and orbital information is called the
“Ephemeris,” or, as plural, “Ephemerides.” (Orbital position
i
is constantly changing, thus the term, based on the word
l h i h h b d h d
“ephemeral,” meaning lasting only a short time.)
• Ephemeris‐A GPS ephemeris is the predictions of current
satellite positions. Accurate GPS planning is only
accomplished when a current ephemeris is used for the
GPS planning. Current ephemeris can be obtain by the
following methods:
– 1
1. Downloading the ephemeris from the internet
D l di th h i f th i t t
– 2. Observing the satellites for a minimum of 15 minutes and
downloading from the receiver
• Trimble: http://www.trimble.com/gpsdataresources.html
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GPS Configuration
• GPS configuration consists of three parts:
– 24 US Navy satellites orbiting the earth.
– Portable mobile receiver (aerial plus portable console).
– Base station receiver positioned at a known geographic position,
in order to perform differential correction of the raw satellite
signals.
• Each satellite in orbit carries a computer and an accurate
(atomic) clock. The computer onboard calculates the
satellite's orbit a week or so into the future, predicts
ionospheric conditions over that period. By consulting its
conditions over that period By consulting its
clock and computer‐generated data, the satellite can tell
where it is in the sky at any given microsecond, and
transmits its position and the current time continuously.
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GPS
• Each GPS satellite transmits on three frequencies. These transmissions can
be used to (i) identify the transmitting satellite, and (ii) find the exact
transmission time.
• L1/L2 Career L3 Career
• 19 cm wavelength 24 cm wavelength
• 1575.42 M Hz 1227.6 M Hz
• C/A Code P Code
• Navigation Navigation Message
– P Code : Reserved for direct use only by the military
– C/A Code : Used for rougher positioning
– For Single frequency use only L1 career is used
– For Double frequency, L1/L2/L3 career is used
• Using these data a GPS receiver calculates the time taken for the signal to
get from the satellite to the ground, which can by converted into a
measurement of distance.
• Using broadcasts from four satellites simultaneously gives four different
paths. The path intersection gives latitude, longitude and elevation of the
GPS receiver (plus a correction for timing inaccuracy).
Parameters
Details GLONOSS GPS
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Five Logical Steps
1. Triangulation from the satellite is the basis of the
system.
2. To triangulate, the GPS measures the distance
using the travel time of the radio message.
3. To measure travel time, the GPS need a very
accurate clock ,.This can be achieved with a trick.
4. Once the distance to a satellite is known, then
we need to know where the satellite is in space.
dt k h th t llit i i
5. As the GPS signal travels through the ionosphere
and the earth's atmosphere, the signal is
delayed.
If the circles do not converge then the correction in time calculation
for all satellites are used. The new distance is calculated. And it tries
to converge. It still not converge then the correction in time is
continue until it converged.
d1’
d1 d2’
d2
d3’
d3
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(x3,y3,z3)
(x2,y2,z2)
d3 d2
X(x y z)
X(x,y,z)
The position on the earth can be calculated using three GPS satellites
(x3,y3,z3)
(x2,y2,z2)
d3 d2
d4
(x4,y4,z4)
X(x,y,z)
d1
Ce is the error and Fourth satellite is used to calculate the error
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Types of GPS Data Mode uses
Absolute GPS Observation
Differential GPS
• Using a known base station position you can vastly
i
improve the normal GPS capability.
th l GPS bilit
• Accuracy’s of within centimeters are possible when
using differential GPS.
• Where greater positional accuracy is required, the
underlying carrier wave of the signals can be analyzed
after capture, and compared with signals received
simultaneously at a control ground station. The
simultaneously at a control ground station. The
difference between these two sets of data yields more
accurate information. This procedure is known as
differential correction.
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Errors in GNSS
GPS Heights?
• Heights, as measured by GPS, are of particular concern
as they are not what we ordinarily think of when we
think of elevation. GPS heights are defined with respect
to the ellipsoid and not to the geoidal surface, or MSL
(Mean Sea Level
• The height of the surface of the infinitely lumpy actual
surface of the Earth above (or occasionally below) sea
level is referred to as the Orthometric Height, or the
height orthogonal (“square‐to”)
height orthogonal ( square to ) to the geoidal
to the geoidal surface,
surface,
• rule of thumb, potential vertical error for any GPS
position will be around two times greater than the
horizontal error for that same position
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EARTH Surface
• a. Topographic. The surface most apparent is the actual topographic
surface of the earth. This includes the mountains, valleys, and other
continental and oceanic forms. The surveyor makes the actual
continental and oceanic forms. The surveyor makes the actual
measurements on these surfaces, but because of the irregularities of the
land, this figure is not suitable for mathematical computations. This
surface generally concerns the topographer and the hydrographer but
interests the geodesist only with regard to the effect of the terrain
features on gravity.
• b. Ellipsoid.. The shape of the earth is more precisely represented
mathematically by an ellipsoid of revolution, which is made by rotating
an ellipse around its minor axis. The radius of the equator usually
designates the si e of an ellipsoid. The radius is called the Semi major
designates the size of an ellipsoid. The radius is called the Semi‐major
axis. The shape of the ellipsoid is given by a flattening, which indicates
how well an ellipsoid approaches the shape of a sphere
• c. Geoid. In geodesy, precise computations are made by using an
ellipsoid. Unfortunately, measurements made on the earth's surface are
not made on a mathematical ellipsoid. The surface is called a geoid.
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Satellite Geometry
Almanacs
• “Almanacs” which are libraries of satellite orbit
data such as rise and set times, angles of
elevation, positions in space, etc.
• Almanac data are periodically sent up to each of
the satellites on an as‐needed basis by the Control
Segment and are good for 60 days.
• Almanacs can be downloaded directly from the
satellites by the receiver This is done
satellites by the receiver. This is done
automatically whenever the unit collects data for
approximately 12.5 minutes of continuous and
unbroken lock on a satellite
Satellite Geometry
• A minimum of four satellites are required to survey with GPS.
• A minimum of five satellites is recommended.
• The configuration of the visible satellites the receiver is able
to track in relation to each other will make a significant
difference in the data that is being collected.
• Satellite geometry is expressed as a numeric value known as
Dilution of Precision (DOP).
• Good satellite geometry will have small DOP values while
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poor satellite geometry will have large DOP values.
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• As a guideline DOP values of six or lower are required for GPS
surveys.
• The ideal satellite geometry is one which has the visible
satellites distributed throughout the sky.
• Good satellite geometry will yield a higher precision.
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Satellite Geometry
• Satellite geometry factors that must be considered when
planning a GPS survey are:
– 1. Number of satellites available
– 2 Minimum elevation angle above the horizon (elevation mask)
2. Minimum elevation angle above the horizon (elevation mask)
– 3. Obstructions limiting satellite visibility
– 4. Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP)
– 5. Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP)
– 6. Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP)
– 7. Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP
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• A DOP value of less than 2 is considered excellent‐about as
good as it gets, but it doesn’t happen often, usually
requiring a clear view of the sky all the way to the horizon.
ii l i f h k ll h h h i
• DOP values of 2 to 3 are considered very good.
• DOP values of 4 or below are frequently specified when
equipment accuracy capabilities are given.
• DOP values of 4 to 5 are considered fairly good and would
normally be acceptable for all but the highest levels of
survey precision requirements.
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• A DOP value of 6 would be acceptable only in low precision
conditions, such as in coarse positioning and navigation.
• Position data should not be recorded when the DOP value
exceeds 6.
Weather Conditions
• Generally, weather conditions do not affect GPS
surveying, however the following conditions must be
considered when planning a GPS survey:
– 1. GPS Observations should never be conducted during an
electrical storm.
– 2. Significant changes in weather or unusual weather
conditions should be noted either in the field notes, data
collector, or receiver.
– 3. Horizontal and vertical GPS observations can at times be
affected by severe snow, hail and rain storms, high
accurate GPS surveys should not be conducted during
these periods.
– 4. Sunspots or magnetic storms can affect GPS
observations, care needs to be taken to avoid GPS
surveying during these periods.
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Elevation Mask Angle
• the receiver can be set to ignore any satellite
signals that come from below a user definable
signals that come from below a user‐definable
angle above the horizon, or “mask” them out.
The most typical mask angle is usually
somewhere between 10 and 15 degrees
• eliminates the ionospheric refraction problem
• Recommendation: As a guideline an elevation
mask setting of 15 degrees for all GPS surveys.
Signal Strength
• the strength of the GPS signal is very small, equivalent
to the tail light of a car seen from 2,500 kilometers
to the tail light of a car seen from 2,500 kilometers
away
• the receiver has an internal copy of the satellite’s PRN
(pseudo‐random noise) code. The receiver can take its
copy of that code and “lay it down” over the incoming
noise (which contains the satellite code signal), and
then “slew”
then slew its replica slightly back and forth. When
its replica slightly back and forth. When
the replica code and “hidden” satellite code align, they
will reinforce each other resulting in a slightly stronger
code signal.
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Multi‐Path Errors
• Another potential, though relatively minor, source of signal
error is Multi‐Path. Multi‐Path is simply the reception of a
reflected satellite signal. With multi‐path reception, the
fl d lli i l Wi h li h i h
receiver collects both the direct signal from the satellite and
a fractionally delayed signal that has bounced off of some
nearby reflective surface then reached the receiver
• Since the reflected multi‐path signal has traveled a longer
path, it will arrive a fraction of a second later, and a fraction
weaker than the direct signal. By recognizing that there are
two signals one right after another and that one is slightly
two signals one right after another, and that one is slightly
weaker than the other, the receiver can reject the later,
weaker signal, minimizing the problem.
Human Error
• The greatest contributor to error in GPS measurement is
human error. Care must be taken while performing any
GPS survey to keep human error to a minimum by
GPS survey to keep human error to a minimum by
proper procedures, redundant checks, repeat
measurements and GPS observation log reports. The
following are some examples of human error:
1. Misreading antenna height measurements
2. Transposing numbers entered electronically and/or on the
GPS observation log
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3. Rushing observations
4. Poor centering and leveling over points
5. Observing the wrong survey point (for example, observing
a reference mark instead of the actual mark itself)
6. Incorrect equipment configuration settings
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GPS POSITIONING Techniques
• Autonomous Positioning
Also referred to as Stand Alone, Point, You are Here, or Absolute
Positioning. GPS method by which only one receiver is employed,
position is determined from satellite obser ations onl Acc rac of
position is determined from satellite observations only. Accuracy of
about 10 meters. Recreational GPS receivers rely on this method.
• Differential Positioning
Also referred to as relative positioning.
GPS method by which two receivers are
employed. One receiver is on a known
station (base), one receiver is on an
unknown station (rover). By observing
common satellites simultaneously, GPS
errors can be determined at the base
station and applied to the roving station.
• Carrier phase positioning
– Also referred to as survey grade GPS. Method by
which carrier phase GPS signals are used along
with Differential positioning techniques to
achieve survey grade <cm positions
• Real Time Differential Corrections
– Method by which differential corrections are
received and applied in real time
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Differential Global Positioning System
Carrier Phase Horizontal‐Positioning
Techniques
• Differential GPS carrier phase surveying is used to
obtain the highest precision from GPS and has direct
obtain the highest precision from GPS and has direct
application to most topographic and engineering
surveys. Manufacturers' procedures should be followed
for conducting a GPS field survey. The following four
basic DGPS techniques are in use:
– 1 Static.
1 Static
– 2 Fast static.
– 3 RTK.
•
Static DGPS Method
• when high accuracy positions are required by collecting simultaneous data
between stationary receivers for an extended period of time during which
time the satellite geometry changes. Static survey methods require the
creation of a GPS network and a schedule for the coordination of
receivers,
1. Only extended leg tripods or fixed height tripods shall be used for
any Static survey.
2. Antennas should have a ground plane in place for Static surveys.
3. Whenever feasible, all antennas for the survey should be of the
same make and model.
4. As a guideline NDDOT recommends an epoch setting of 1 second
and a sync time setting of 5 seconds for all Static surveys.
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RTK GPS Surveys
• RTK surveys are a “Radial” type survey that utilizes two or more
receivers with at least one receiver remaining stationary over a
known (reference or base station) project control monument
known (reference or base station) project control monument.
• Other receivers (rovers) are moved from point to point collecting
data in a short amount of time.
• Reference stations shall be of the same or higher accuracy as
required for the RTK survey.
• RTK surveys measure the baselines from the reference station to
the roving receivers point.
p
• A radio at the reference station broadcast the position of the
reference point to the rovers and the system processes the
baselines in “Real Time” allowing for project coordinate information
to be gathered and analyzed during the actual field survey
Post Processing Kinematic survey (PPK)
• PPK surveys are a “Radial” type survey similar
to an RTK survey however there is no radio at
to an RTK survey, however there is no radio at
either the reference station or the rover to
broadcast and the system does not process
the baselines in real time.
• Data is collected at both the reference station
and at the rover receivers The data is
and at the rover receivers. The data is
downloaded into a GPS processing software
program to process the baselines
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Summarizing
Mode of Differential GPS
• Static DGPS
– For High Accuracy data
– transferring the base stations
f i h b i
– mm accuracy
• Stop and GO Post Processing
– For Medium accuracy
– (sub Meter accuracy)
• Kinematic GPS
– Meter accuracy
• Real Time Kinematics
– Up to 1‐5 meter accuracy
Errors and Biases in GPS
• ERRORS
– Atmospheric delay (Ionosphere particles)
– Satellite Clocks
Satellite Clocks
– Orbital cycle slip
– Receive noises/Multi Path
– Multi Path
• BAISES
– Selective Availability
– Selective Availability (S/A) and Anti‐Spoofing (AS) are the
results of that directive. On 1 May 2000, the White House
announced a decision to discontinue the intentional
announced a decision to discontinue the intentional
degradation of the GPS signals to the public by
discontinuing the use of S/A.
• Anti‐Spoofing (AS)
– AS is the deliberate encryption of the P‐code. When the P‐
code is encrypted, it is referred to as the Y‐code.
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Typical Error Budgets
Error Types Absolute GPS DGPS
Satellite Clocks 15
1.5 0
Receiver Noise 03
0.3 03
0.3
SA 300 0
3M US$200
US$2000
$
Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Precise Positioning Service (PPS)
Anti‐Spoofing (AS) mode of operation: For Military Purpose
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Application of GPS
General Purpose Handheld
– Aviation
– Automobile Navigation, IVHS and Fleet Location
– Mapping & Data Collection
– Marine
– Surveying
Surveying
– Timing
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