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OVERHEAD
Overview of this chapter
 Overhead means indirect cost. Indirect cost is sum of Indirect material cost, Indirect labour cost &
Indirect Expenses.
 Overhead cost is not incurred for a particular product i.e. indirect cost is incurred and company
produce multiple products with the help of it e.g. factory rent is overhead cost. Company took a factory
on rent and makes multiple product under this factory.
 Under this chapter, we will learn the ways by which we apportion this common cost into various
product and finally calculate cost per unit of a product

Overheads Recovery Rates / Overhead absorption rate

Company use following methods to charging overheads cost to various products

a) Percentage of direct material cost = x 100

b) Percentage of direct labour cost = x 100

c) Percentage of prime cost = x 100

d) Direct labour hours rate =

e) Machine hour rate =

Example The following information relates to the production department for a certain period in a factory:

Direct Materials consumed Rs. 75,000

Direct Wages Rs. 50,000
Production Overheads Rs. 1,50,000
Labour Hours 30,000 hours
Machine Hours 25,000 hours
For one Order No. 101 carried out in the department during the period, the relevant data were:
Direct Material consumed Rs. 14,000
Direct Wages Rs. 11,000
Machine hours worked 5000 hours
Labour hours worked 7000 hours
Required: Prepare a Comparative Statement of Cost of this order by using the following methods:

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(i) Direct Material Cost Percentage; (ii) Direct Labour Cost Percentage; (iii) Prime Cost Percentage; (iv) Labour Hour
Rate; (v) Machine Hour Rate.
Solution:
Step 1 Computation of Production Overhead Rate
Production Overheads 1,50,000
(i) Direct Material Cost Percentage = × 100 = × 100 = 200% of DMC
Direct Material Cost 75,000

Production Overheads 1,50,000

(ii) Direct Labour Cost Percentage = × 100 = × 100 = 300% of DLC
Direct Labour Cost 50,000

Production Overheads 1,50,000

(III) Prime Cost Percentage = × 100 = × 100 = 120% of Prime Cost
Prime Cost 1, 25,000

Production Overheads 1,50,000

(iv) Labour Hour Rate = = = Rs. 5 per labour hour
Direct Labour Hours 30,000

Production Overheads 1,50,000

(v) Machine Hour Rate = = = Rs. 6 per machine hour
Machine Hours 25,000

Step 2 Comparative Statement of Cost of Order No. 101

Particulars DMC% DLC% Prime Direct Machine
Cost% Labour Hour Rate
Hour Rate
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
Direct Material Cost 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000
Direct Labour Cost 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000
Prime Cost 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000
Production Overheads
200% of DMC 28,000 — — — —
300% of DLC — 33,000 — — —
120% of Prime Cost — — 30,000 — —
@ Rs. 5 per Direct Labour — — — 35,000 —
Hour
@ Rs. 6 per Machine Hour — — — — 30,000
53,000 58,000 55,000 60,000 55,000

Allocation of overheads VS apportionment of overheads:-

Allocation means charging a full amount of overhead directly to a department for which this amount has been incurred.

For example, suppose in factory there are 3 departments namely Dept. 1, Dept. 2 and Dept. 3. A supervisor is appointed in each
department and salary paid to supervisor of dept. 1 is Rs. 10,000, salary paid to supervisor of dept. 2 is Rs. 15,000 and salary
paid to supervisor of dept. 3 is Rs. 20,000. Hence total Rs. 45000 has been paid for whole factory. Now Rs. 10000 will be
charged to Dept. 1, Rs. 15000 will be charged to Dept. 2 and Rs. 20000 will be charged to Dept.3.
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Apportionment of overheads:- when separate identification of overhead department-wise is not possible then we have to divide
cost of whole overheads among all departments on logical basis then it is called apportionment of overheads.

For example, factory rent paid for whole factory as whole shall be divided to all departments on the basis of floor area
occupied.

Common Expense, i.e. Overhead Basis of Apportionment(Multiple Options)

Rent ofFactory Building  Area of Deptt. If Area Given
 Equal if area not given
Factory Lighting Expenses  Number of Light Points or
 Area if light points not given
Depreciation of machines  Number of machines of each deptt if value not given
 Value of machines
Power for Machines  Horse Power (HP) Rating or
 HP Rating × Machine Hours
 Machine hours
Indirect Wages  Direct Wages

Treatment of under/over absorption (Recovery) of overheads:-

Meaning of unabsorbed OH:- When overhead cost has been incurred more and overhead has been recovered less then in such
situation, difference is called less recovery of overhead cost. Technically calls it unabsorbed overheads.

Example:- A company started to produce a product named as ―B‖. The company provided following information to you.
Factory Rent (Annual) = Rs. 10,00,000
No. of units expected to be produced in a year = 10,000 units
Actually produced units = 9,000 units
Calculate amount of under absorbed Overhead?

Answer:- Overhead Recovery Rate = = Rs. 100 per unit

Actually absorbed Overhead amount = Rs. 100 per unit x 9000 units = Rs. 9,00,000
Under absorption OH (Rs.) = Rs. 10,00,000 – Rs. 9,00,000 = Rs. 1,00,000

Under absorption of OH means that amount of OH absorbed over products is less than the amount of actual OH incurred.
Over absorption of OH means that amount of OH absorbed over products is more than the amount of actual OH incurred.

Accounting Treatment:- Under or over absorbed overheads are disposed off by any of following methods:-

a. One method suggest that the under or over absorbed overheads should be charged to costing profit & loss
account as loss or profit.

b. Second method suggest that unabsorbed / over-absorbed overheads should be charged to WIP, Finished
goods- stock and units sold

 by using supplementary rate OR

 in the ratio of their value in case units are not given in question.

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Note 1:- supplementary rate =

Note 2:- The under absorbed overhead relating to inefficiency or defective planning or defective production policy is
abnormal loss hence it is charged to profit and loss account as loss.

Note 3:- For calculation of unabsorbed / over absorption OH, Actual overhead incurred should not include non-recurring
expenses
 amount paid to worker as per court order
 previous years‘ expenses booked to current year
 wages paid in strike period
 obsolete stores written off.

Re-distribution of overheads
There are 2 kinds of departments in all companies – first is production departments & second is service departments. Production
Deptt. Earns income & incur expenditure but service septt. Does not earn income and it only incurs expenditure. So We need to
re-distribute cost of service departments over production departments to calculate Overhead recovery rate. 4 methods are used
for re-distribution

1) Repeated / continuous distribution method:- Following steps shall be applied under this method assuming 3
production deptt. As P1, P2, P3 and 3 service deptt. S1, S2 and S3.

S.1 Original Cost of S1 is distributed among P1, P2, P3, S2 and S3 in given %.(1:5)
S.2 Original Cost of S2 Plus shared cost from S1 is distributed among P1, P2, P3, S1, S3 in given %.(1:5)
S.3 Original cost of S3 plus shared cost from S1 & S2 is distributed among P1, P2, P3, S1 and S2 in given %.(1:5)
S.4 Repeat the above step -1, step – 2 and then step -3 until cost of S1, S2 and S3 becomes small figure.
(Rs. 1 or Rs. 2). Now distribute this small figure over P1, P2 and P3

Example:- Distribution of Service Department Expenses (Repeated Distribution Method)

Particulars Production Deptt. Service Deptt.
Machine Packing General Plant Stores &
Shop (Rs.) Plant(Rs.) (Rs.) Maintenance
(Rs.)
Total Overhead 83,920 30500 20000 30000
Distt. Of OH of Stores to OtherDeptt. 15000 6000 9000 (30000)
(5:2:3)
Distt. Of OH of General Plant to Other 16,571 8,286 (29000) 4,143
Deptt. (20:10:5)
Distt. Of OH of Stores to Other Deptt. 2072 829 1242 (4143)
(5:2:3)
Distt. Of OH of General Plant to Other 710 355 (1242) 177
Deptt. (20:10:5)
Distt. Of OH of Stores to Other Deptt. 88 36 53 (177)
(5:2:3)
Distt. Of OH of General Plant to Other 30 15 (53) 8
Deptt. (20:10:5)
Distt. Of OH of Stores to Other Deptt. 2 (8)
(5:2:3) 4 2
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Distt. Of OH of General Plant to Other (2) --

Deptt. (20:10) 1 1
Total of Overhead Cost
1,18,396 46,024 -- --

2) Trial and error method:-Following steps are applied under this method assuming 3 production deptt. As P1, P2, P3
and 3 service deptt. S1, S2 and S3.
S.1 Original Cost of S1 is distributed among S2 and S3 in given %.(1:2)(No amount shall be reduced from S1)
S.2 Original Cost of S2 along with shared cost from S1 is distributed among S1 & S3 in given %.(1:2)(No amount shall
be reduced from S2)
S.3 Original Cost of S3 along with shared cost from S1 & S2 is distributed among S1 & S2 in given %.(1:2)(No amount
shall be reduced from S3)
S.4 Repeat the process of distribution again beginning with S1 until the additional amount becomes small amount (Rs.1 or
Rs.2)

S.5 Now distribute the [100% - Share of other Service Deptt. ] cost of S1, S2 and S3 among P1, P2 and P3 only once.

Example: Redistribution of Service Department’s expenses:

Service Departments
X (Rs) Y (Rs)
Overheads as per primary distribution 4,750 5,350
(i) Apportionment of Dept-X expenses to Dept-Y
--- 475
(10% of Rs 4,750)
(ii) Apportionment of Dept-Y expenses to Dept-X
291 ---
[5% of (Rs 5,350 + Rs 475)]
(i) Apportionment of Dept-X expenses to Dept-Y
--- 29
(10% of Rs 291)
(ii) Apportionment of Dept-Y expenses to Dept-X
2 ---
(5% of Rs.29)
Total 5,043 5,854
Observation:- Amount to be distributed has increased hence this amount shall be reduced that‘s why 90% or 95%.

Distribution of Service departments’ overheads to Production departments

Production Departments
A (Rs) B (Rs) C (Rs)
Overhead as per primary distribution 2,700 3,700 6,000
Dept- X (90% of Rs. 5,043) (in 45:15:30) 2,269 756 1,513
Dept- Y (95% of Rs. 5,854) (in 60:35:0) 3,513 2,049 ---
8,482 6,505 7,513

Please Note:-
1. 90% of Rs. 5043 + 95% of Rs.5854 = Rs. 10,100
2. Rs. 4,750 + Rs. 5,350 = Rs. 10,100

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3) Simultaneous equation method:- Following steps are applied under this method assuming 3 production deptt. As
P1, P2, P3 and 2 service deptt. S1 and S2.
S.1 Make2 equation to show the total cost of S1 & S2 including its share (%) in S2 & S1 respectively.
S.2 Solve these 2 equationsto find out the cost of S1 and S2.(Called Calculated Cost)
S.3 This calculated cost of S1 and S2 is then distributed only once over production deptt and service deptt. in given %.

Example to Recall
Simultaneous equation:- Cost of deptt. X= x & Cost of deptt. Y = y
x = 20000 + 0.05y
y= 10000 + 0.10x
On solving:- x= 20603 and Y = 12060
Statement showing O.H. Distribution
Particulars Basis of Production Deptt. Service Deptt.
allocation A B C X Y
Allocated OH Given 80000 40000 20000 20000 10000
cost
Distribution of:
Cost of Deptt. X 20:30:40:10 4121 6181 8241 (20603) 2060
Cost of Deptt. Y 20:25:50:5 2412 3015 6030 603 (12060)
Total 86533 49196 34271 0 0

4) Step ladder method:- following steps are applied under this method assuming 3 production deptt. As P1, P2, P3 and
4 service deptt. S1, S2, S3 & S4.
 S1 provide services to P1, P2, P3, S2, S3 & S4. (1:6)
 S2 provide services to P1, P2, P3, S3 & S4. (1:5)
 S3 provides services to P1, P2, P3 and S4. (1:4)
 S4 provides services to P1, P2 & P3.(1:3)
S.1 Original Cost of S1 is distributed among P1, P2, P3, S2, S3 & S4.
S. 2 Original Cost of S2 along with shared cost from S1 is distributed among P1, P2, P3, S3 & S4.
S.3 Original Cost of S3 along with shared cost from S1 & S2is distributed among P1, P2, P3 and S4.
S.4 Original Cost of S4 along with shared cost from S1, S2& S3is distributed among P1, P2 & P3.

Example to Recall
Schedule Showing the Distribution of Overhead Costs among Departments
Service Production
P (rs) Q (rs) R (rs) S (rs) X (rs) Y (rs) Z (rs)
Overhead costs 45,000 75,000 1,05,000 30,000 1,93,000 64,000 83,000
Distribution of over- 8,500
head cost of Dept. ‗P‘
No. of EEs
(0:50:40:50:100:125:85) (45,000) 5,000 4,000 5,000 10,000 12,500
Distribution of over 16,000
head costs of Dept. ‗Q‘ (80,000) 24,000 12,000 16,000 12,000

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(Direct Labour Hours)

(0:0:6:3:4:3:4)
Distribution of over- 28,500
head cost of Dept. ‗R‘
(Sq. Meter)
(0:0:0:10:30:15:15) (1,33,000) 19,000 57,000 28,500
Distribution of over- 24,000
head costs of Dept. ‗S‘
(Direct labour Hours)
(0:0:0:0:4:3:4) (66,000) 24,000 18,000
Total (A) 3,00,000 1,35,000 1,60,000

Different Capacity

Meaning Capacity of a factory refers to its ability to produce with the available resources and
facilities. It is expressed in terms of
(a) Units of product e.g. 100 cars per day [20 costing Question per day]
(b) Production Hours e.g.100 hours per day [Study 10 hours per day]

Types It refers to the maximum possible production capacity of a factory which can never be
1. Maximum / Rated achieved practically and it isonly a theoretical capacity.
Capacity Example A factorycan work 8 hours per day.
Here, Maximum capacity = 365 days × 8 = 2,920 hours
2. Practical Capacity It refers to the maximum capacity of a factory reduced by capacity lost due to Normal
repairs& maintenance, Sundays, Holidays etc. Thus,
Practical capacity = Maximum capacity – Normal loss of capacity

Example A factory can work 8 hours per day during a six day week and remains
closed for 18 holidays (exclusive of Sundays) during a year. Average idle hours per
month is 20 for cleaning and maintenance.
Maximum capacity (365 days × 8 hours) 2,920 hours
Less: Idle capacity due normal reasons:
Sundays (52 × 8) 416 hours
Holidays (18x8) 144 hours
Maintenance (20 × 12) 240 hours 800 hours
Practical Capacity 2,120 hours
3. Normal Capacity / It refers to average of capacity utilised of factoryduring one full business cycle which
Average Capacity may extend over 3 to 5 years ignoring the abnormal year of highest and lowest
utilisation.

Example Actual Capacity during the last 5 years was: I 30,000 II 38,000, III 31,000 IV
30,800, V 26,900.

Here year II being two high and Year V being too low are to be ignored.

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Hence, Normal Capacity = Average of (30,000 + 31,000 + 30,800) = 30,600 hours.

4. Actual Capacity It refers to the capacity actually utilised during a given period.

Machine hour rate

Machine hour rate =

 All expenses related to operating of machine are divided into fixed/standing charges and running/machine expenses.
 Comprehensive machine hour rate =Simple machine hour rate +direct wages per machine hour( )

STATEMENT SHOWING THE COMPUTATION OF MACHINE HOUR RATE

Particulars Amount (Rs.)
A. Fixed/Standing Charges:
(a) Rent & Rates XXX
(b) Heating & lighting cost XXX
(c) Supervision cost XXX
(d) Insurance cost XXX
(e) Department & general overheads XXX
(f) Sundry Shop Supplies XXX
(g) Depreciation of factory – building
Total Fixed/Standing Charges XXX
B. Machine Expenses per hour:
Original Cost  Installation Exp. – Scrap Value
(a) Depreciation =
Effective useful life  in hours 
(b) Powerconsumed cost / Electricity
(c) Repair & Maintenance
(d) Lubricating oil & Consumable stores
(e) Other running expenses
C. Machine Hour Rate

Note:- Calculation of Effective machine hours

Particulars Hours
Maximum Capacity (365 days x 8 hours in a day( XXX
Less:- Hours spent on holidays, festivals, Sundays, repair & maintenance (XXX)
Practical capacity (In hours) XXX
Less:- Set up time (If unproductive) (XXX)
Effective machine hours XXX

Note:- if set-up time is considered productive then it shall not be reduced.

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Note:- A student sit for study at 9 AM. He opened his books, pen, calculator to start study. This preparation took 15
minutes. These 15 minutes are set up time. He has right to decide it productive or Non-productive.

Note:-Depreciation of machine shall be fixed exp. if life of machine is based on Time OR Depreciation of machine shall be
variable exp. if life of machine is based on machine hours. Depreciation of factory building shall always be fixed.

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