INVERSE TRIGO

IIT – ian’s P A C E
216 - 217 ,2nd floor , Shopper’s point , S. V. Road. Andheri (West) Mumbai – 400058 . Tel: 26245223 / 09

DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS

GENERAL DEFENITION(S) :
1. sin1 x , cos1 x , tan1 x etc. denote angles or real numbers whose sine is x , whose cosine
is x and whose tangent is x , provided that the answers given are numerically smallest
available . These are also written as arc sinx , arc cosx etc .
If there are two angles one positive & the other negative having same numerical value,
then positive angle should be taken.
2. PRINCIPAL VALUES AND DOMAINS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :
 
(i) y = sin 1 x where 1  x  1 ;  y and sin y = x .
2 2
(ii) y = cos1 x where 1  x  1 ; 0  y   and cos y = x .
 
(iii) y = tan1 x where x  R ;  x and tan y = x .
2 2
 
(iv) y = cosec1 x where x   1 or x  1 ;  y , y  0 and cosec y = x .
2 2

(v) y = sec1 x where x  1 or x  1 ; 0  y   ; y  and sec y = x .
2
(vi) y = cot1 x where x  R , 0 < y <  and cot y = x .
NOTE
(a) 1st quadrant is common to all the inverse functions .
(b) 3rd quadrant is not used in inverse functions .

(c) 4th quadrant is used in the CLOCKWISE DIRECTION i.e.  y0 .
2

3. PROPERTIES OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :

A (i) sin (sin 1 x) = x , 1  x  1 (ii) cos (cos1 x) = x , 1  x  1
 
(iii) tan (tan 1 x) = x , x  R (iv) sin 1 (sin x) = x ,  x
2 2
 
(v) cos1 (cos x) = x ; 0  x   (vi) tan 1 (tan x) = x ;  x
2 2
1
B (i) cosec1 x = sin 1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(ii) sec1 x = cos1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(iii) cot1 x = tan 1 ; x>0
x
1
=  + tan 1 ; x<0
x

C (i) sin 1 (x) =  sin 1 x , 1  x  1

(ii) tan 1 (x) =  tan 1 x , x  R
(iii) cos1 (x) =   cos1 x , 1  x  1
(iv) cot1 (x) =   cot1 x , x  R
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 INVERSE TRIGO

 
D (i) sin 1 x + cos1 x = 1  x  1 (ii) tan 1 x + cot1 x = xR
2 2

(iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = x  1
2
xy
E tan 1 x + tan 1 y = tan 1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy < 1
1  xy


Note that : xy < 1  tan 1 x + tan 1 y <
2
xy
=  + tan 1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy > 1
1  xy


Note that : xy > 0  < tan 1 x + tan 1 y < 
2
xy
tan 1 x  tan 1y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0
1  xy

F (i) sin 1 x + sin1 y = sin 1 x 1  y2  y 1  x2 

 where
x  0 , y  0 & (x2 + y2)  1

Note that : x2 + y2  1  0  sin 1 x + sin 1 y 
2

(ii) sin 1 x + sin1 y =   sin 1 x 1  y2  y 1  x2 

 where
x  0 , y  0 & x2 + y2 > 1

Note that : x2 + y2 >1  < sin 1 x + sin 1 y < 
2

(iii) cos1 x + cos1 y = cos1 x y  1  x2 1  y2 

 where x  0 , y  0

 x  y  z  xyz 
G If tan 1 x + tan 1 y + tan 1 z = tan 1  1  x y  y z  z x  if,
 
x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1
Note : (i) If tan 1 x + tan 1 y + tan1 z =  then x + y + z = xyz

(ii) If tan 1 x + tan 1 y + tan1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2

2x 1  x2 2x
H 2 tan1 x = sin1 = cos1 = tan 1
1  x2 1  x2 1  x2

 2 tan 1 x if x 1
2x  1 1  x2  2 tan 1 x if x  0
sin 1 =    2 tan x if x1 cos1 =  1
1  x2 1  x2   2 tan x if x  0
 
    2 tan 1 x
 if x  1

 2 tan 1 x if x 1
2x 
tan 1 =   2 tan 1 x if x  1
1  x2
 
    2 tan 1 x
 if x1

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 INVERSE TRIGO
NOTE :
3
(i) sin 1 x + sin 1 y + sin 1 z =  x=y= z= 1
2
(ii) cos1 x + cos1 y + cos1 z = 3  x = y = z = 1
(iii) tan 1 1+ tan 1 2 + tan 1 3 =  and tan 1 1 + tan 1 12 + tan 1 13 = 2
EXERCISE I

1. If cos1x + cos1y + cos1z =  , where  1  x , y  1 and x + y  0 then

x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (x + y + z)2 (D) xy + yz + zx

2. If 0  x  1 and  = sin 1x + cos1x  tan1x , then

(A)   /2 (B)   /4 (C)  = /4 (D) /4    /2

3. If x = 1/5 , the value of cos (cos 1 x + 2 sin 1 x) is

(A)  24 / 25 (B) 24 / 25 (C)  1/5 (D) 1/5

4. 2 tan1 (cosec tan 1 3  tan cot1 3 ) is equal to

(A) /16 (B) /6 (C) /3 (D) /2
 u
5. If u = cot1 tan   tan 1 tan  , then tan  4  2  is equal to
 
(A) tan  (B) cot  (C) tan  (D) cot 

6. cos1x = tan1x then

(A) x2 = ( 5  1)/2 (B) x2 = ( 5 + 1)/2
(C) sin (cos1x) = ( 5  1)/2 (D) tan (cos1x) = ( 5  1)/2

7. An integral solution of the equation tan 1x + tan 1(1/y) = tan 13 is
(A) (2 , 7) (B) (4 , 13) (C) (5 , 8) (D) (1 , 2)

8.  = tan 1 (2tan 2)  tan1((1/3) tan) if :

(A) tan  = 2 (B) tan  = 0 (C) tan  = 1 (D) tan  = 2
9. If tan 1y = 4 tan 1 x , then y is infinite if
(A) x2 = 3 + 2 2 (B) x2 = 3  2 2 (C) x4 = 6x2  1 (D) x4 = 6x2 + 1
1  3 sin 2  
10. If sin 1  5  4 cos 2  = , then tan  is equal to
2 4
(A) 1/3 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) none of these

11. If tan 1 (x + 1) + tan 1 (x  1) = tan 1 (8/31) (|x| < 2 ) then x is equal to

(A) 8 (B) 1/4 (C) 2 (D) none of these
1 1 1 1
12. If tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1 + .......+ tan 1 1  n( n  1) = tan 1 , then  is equal to
1 2 1  2.3 1  3.4
n n n 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
n2 n 1 n

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 INVERSE TRIGO
1 1 1
13. If sin x + cos (1  x) = sin ( x) , then x is equal to
1
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) (D) none of these
2

    3
14. The solution of the equation sin 1  tan 4   sin 1  x   = 0 is
  6
(A) x = 2 (B) x =  4 (C) x = 4 (D) none of these
 1 1   1 1 
15. The equation tan  4  2 cos x + tan  4  2 cos x = 1 has
(A) no solution. (B) one solution (C) three solutions (D) none of these
1 1 2
16. The solution of the equation tan 1 + tan 1 = tan 1 2 is
2x  1 4x  1 x
(A) x = 3 (B) x = 2/3 (C) x = 2/3 (D) none of these

17. If cos –1  + cos–1 + cos –1 v = 3 then  + v + v is equal to

(A) –3 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) –1
2n 2n
18. If  sin 1 xi = n then  xi is equal to
i 1 i 1

n ( n 1)
(A) n (B) 2n (C) (D) none of these
2

 1 x 2 
2 2 x
19. cos 1  x  1 x . 1  = cos–1  cos–1x holds for
 2 4  2
(A) | x |  1 (B) x  R (C) 0  x  1 (D) 1  x  0

20. The number of real solutions of equation 1  cos 2x = 2 sin –1 (sin x) ,   x , is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite

21. The number of real solutions of (x , y) where |y| = sin x , y = cos –1 (cos x), 2  x  2 is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4

22. The set of values of k for which x2  kx + sin –1 (sin 4) > 0 for all real x is
(A)  (B) (2, 2) (C) R (D) none of these

2
 1 1 2 x 1 1 1  x 
23. 
The value of tan  2 sin  cos  is
 1  x2 2 1  x 2 

2x 2x
(A) 2 if 0  x  1 (B) if x < 1 (C) not finite if x >1 (D) none of these
1 x 1  x2

24.  and  are three angles given by

1  1 1
 = 2tan –1 ( 2  1),  = 3sin –1 + sin –1   2  and  = cos–1 . Then
2 3
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) none of these

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 INVERSE TRIGO
EXERCISE II
1. Find the following :
 1  1      1 
(i) tan cos 1  tan 1    (ii) sin  3  sin 1   
 2  3     2 

 7   3 3
(iii) cos1  cos  (iv) tan sin 1  cot 1
6   5 2 
2. Find the following :
   3  1
  3   4
(i) sin   sin 1    (ii) cos cos     (iii) cos1 cos
 2  2     2  6   3 

 3 sin 2   tan  
(iv) tan 1   + tan 1   where  
<< 
 5  3 cos 2    4  2 2

3. Prove that :
3 41 
(a) 2 cos1 + cot1 16 + 1
cos1 7
=  (b) cot1 9 + cosec 1 =
13 63 2 25 4 4

2 6 1 
(c) arc cos  arc cos =
3 2 3 6

4. Prove that :
x2  1
(a) sin cot1 cos tan 1 x = (b) 2 tan 1 (cosec tan1x  tan cot1x) = tan 1x
x2  2

 2mn   2pq   2MN 

(c) tan 1   + tan 1   = tan 1   where M = mp  nq, N = np + mq
 m2  n 2   p2  q 2   M2  N2 
(d) tan (tan 1 x + tan 1 y + tan1 z) = cot (cot1 x + cot1 y + cot1 z)

5. If arc sinx + arc siny + arc sinz =  then prove that : (x, y, z > 0)
(a) x 1  x 2  y 1  y 2  z 1  z 2  2 xyz
(b) x4 + y4 + z4 + 4 x2y2z2 = 2 (x2 y2 + y2 z2 + z2x2)

6. Solve the following equations / system of equations :


(a) sin 1x + sin 1 2x = (b) tan 1(x1) + tan1(x) + tan1(x+1) = tan1(3x)
3
x2  1 2x 2 2 
(c) cos1 + tan 1 = (d) sin 1x + sin 1y = & cos1x  cos1y =
x2  1 x2  1 3 3 3

1  a2 1  b2
(e) 2 tan1x = cos1  cos1 a>0, b>0.
1  a2 1  b2

7.
(a) Find the value of sin 1 (sin5) + cos1(cos10) + tan 1 [tan (6)] + cot1[cot (10)] .
(b) Find the value of ;
 33   1  46   1  13   1   19   
sin 1  sin   cos  cos   tan   tan   cot  cot   
 7   7   8    8 

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 INVERSE TRIGO
8. Prove that :
 1 a  1 a 2b
(a) tan   cos 1 + tan   cos 1 =
 4 2 b   4 2 b  a

cos x  cos y  x y  ab x  b  a cos x 

(b) cos1 = 2 tan 1  tan . tan  (c) 2 tan 1  . tan  = cos1  
1  cos x cos y 2 2  a  b 2   a  b cos x 

9.
 1  x2  1  x2 
(a) If y = tan1   prove that x² = sin 2y .
 1  x2  1  x2 
 

(b) If u = cot1 cos2  tan1 cos2 then prove that sin u = tan 2  .

 1  x  1  x2 
10. If  = 2 arc tan   &  = arc sin  2
 for 0 < x < 1 , then prove that + =, what
 1  x 1  x 
the value of  +  will be if x > 1 .

11. Find the sum of the series :

1 2 1 n  n1
(a) sin 1 + sin1 + ..... + sin1 + ...... 
2 6 n ( n  1)

1 2 2 n 1
(b) tan1 + tan1 9 + ..... + tan1 1  2 2 n  1 + ..... 
3
(c) cot17 + cot113 + cot121 + cot131 + ...... to n terms .
1 1 1 1
(d) tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 1 to n terms.
x2  x  1 x2  3x  3 x2  5 x  7 x 2  7 x  13

12. Solve the following :

(a) cot1x + cot1 (n²  x + 1) = cot1 (n  1)
x x
(b) sec1  sec1 = sec1b  sec1a a1; b1, ab.
a b
x1 2x  1 23
(c) tan1 x  1 + tan1 2 x  1 = tan1
36

3 1  3 1 
13. Express cosec2  tan 1  + sec2  tan 1  as an integral polynomial in  &  .
2 2  2 2 

14. Find the integral values of K for which the system of equations ;
 2 K 2
 arc cos x  (arc sin y ) 
 4 possesses solutions & find those solutions .
4
(arc sin y) . (arc cos x) 
2 
 16

 
y 3  4 x2 3  4 x2
15. Express the equation cot1  
 =
2 2 tan2
1
4 x2
 tan1 x2
as a rational integral
 1 x  y 
equation is x & y .

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 INVERSE TRIGO

16. If X = cosec . tan 1 . cos . cot1 . sec . sin 1 a & Y = sec cot1 sin tan 1 cosec cos1 a ;
where 0  a  1 . Find the relation between X & Y . Express them in terms of ‘a’ .
1
17. Prove that the equation , (sin 1x)3 + (cos1x)3 = 3 has no roots for < .
32
18. Solve the following inequalities :
(a) arc cot2 x  5 arc cot x + 6 > 0 (b) arc sin x > arc cos x

(c) tan 2 (arc sin x) > 1

x y c2
19. If sin 1  sin 1  sin 1 , show that b2x2 + 2xy a 2 b2  c 4 + a2y2 = c4
a b ab

20. If tan 1 y : tan 1 x = 4 : 1, express y as an algebraic function of x. Hence or otherwise prove

1o
that tan 22 is a root of the equation x4 + 1 = 6x2 .
2

1 u u 1 1
21. Show that sin  sin 1  sin 1 , u > 1 is an identity..
1 u u 1 1 u

xr yr zr
22. Prove that , tan 1 yz
+ tan 1 zx
+ tan 1 xy
=  , where r = x + y + z .

EXERCISE III

1. Solve the equation , sin[2 cos 1{cot(2 tan 1x)}] = 0 . [ REE ’92 ]

y 3
2. Find all the positive integral solutions of , tan 1x + cos1 2
= sin 1 .
1 y 10

[ REE ’93 ]

3. If cos1 x + cos1 y + cos1 z =  , then find the value of x² + y² + z² + 2 xyz .

[ REE ’94 ]

4. Convert the trigonometric function sin (2 cos 1 (cot (2tan 1x))) into an algebraic function f
(x) . Then from the algebraic function , find all the values of x for which f (x) is zero .
Express the values of x in the form a ± b where a & b are rational numbers .
[ REE ’95 ]

1 1  3 sin 2 
5. If  = tan 1(2 tan 2 )  sin   then find the general value of 
2  5  4 cos 2 
[ REE ’97 ]


6. The number of real solutions of tan 1 x (x  1) + sin 1 x 2  x  1 = is :
2
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) infinite
[ JEE '99 ]

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 INVERSE TRIGO

7. Using the principal values, express the following as a single angle :

 1  1 142
3 tan 1   + 2 tan1   + sin 1 . [ REE '99 ]
 
2  
5 65 5
ax bx
8. Solve , sin 1 + sin 1 = sin1 x where a2 + b2 = c2 , c  0 .
c c
[ REE 2000 (Mains) ]

x2  1
9. Prove that , cos tan 1 sin cot 1 x = .
x2  2
[ JEE 2002 (Mains) ]

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 INVERSE TRIGO
ANSWER SHEET

EXERCISE I

1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. A 6. AC

7. ABCD 8. ABC 9. ABC 10. B 11. B 12. A 13. A

14. C 15. A 16. AC 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C

21. C 22. A 23. AC 24. BC

EXERCISE II

1 5 17 1 2
1. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) (iv) 2. (i) (ii) 1 (iii) (iv) 
3 6 6 2 3

1 3 1 1 1
6. (a) x = (b) x = 0 , , (c) x = 2 3 or 3 (d) x = ,y=1
2 7 2 2 2

ab 13 
(e) x = 7. (a) 8  21 (b) 10. 
1 ab 7
  2 n  5
11. (a) (b) (c) arc cot   (d) arc tan (x + n)  arc tan x
2 4  n 
4
12. (a) x = n²  n + 1 or x = n (b) x = ab (c) x = 13. (² + ²) (+ )
3
2 2 x2
14. K = 2 ; cos , 1 & cos , 1 15. y2 = (9  8x2)2 16. X = Y = 3  a2
4 4 27

 2   2   2
18. (a) (cot 2 , )  (, cot 3) (b)  , 1 (c)  , 1    1 ,  
 2   2   2 

EXERCISE III


1. x  1,  1,  2 1 ,    2 1 ,  2 1 ,    2 1  2. x = 1 ; y = 2 & x = 2 ; y = 7
3. 1 5.  = n, n + (/4), n tan 12 where n  I 6. C 7. 

8. x  { 1, 0, 1}

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