International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)|Volume I, Issue I, January 2017|ISSN 2454-6186

Impact of Age on Emotional Intelligence and Its

Components
Deeksha Sharma
Senior Research Fellow Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract: The present study involves the analysis of Emotional The core capabilities which are developed at childhood stage
Intelligence(EI) for different age-groups ranging from 17- are malleable, changeable and capable of being developed
60years. The age taken as continuous statistic for every (Ho¨pfl and Linstead, 1997). Further, the life and workplace
respondent and clustered as:Young-Adulthood(17-23 years), experience has an impact in shaping it. EI has an impact on
Middle-age(24-34 years) and Mature-age(35-60) for analysis. EI
work performance (Carmeli 2003; O‘Boyle et al. 2011) and
and its components:Emotional-Competency, Emotional-
Sensitivity and Emotional-Maturity were measured for 186 on psychological and physical health (Ciarrochi et al. 2002;
respondents. The results indicated significant impact of age on Tsaousis and Nikolau 2005). That‘s main reason to find the
the EI and its components. Total EI increased with age. relevance and measure of EI at different stages of EI.
Emotional-Competency decreased from young adulthood to
middle age and then increased for mature age. Maturity was
An individual moves through different stages of life in age
maximum for mature age, whereas competency and sensitivity spans. And each stage exhibits a characteristic which comes in
were maximum for middle age. through learning and experience. EI in particular when taken
as ability (Mayer & Salovey) also exhibit different patterns
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence (EI), Emotional Competency, with age. It becomes imperative to understand the EI levels
Emotional Sensitivity, Emotional Maturity, Age
and its nature in different age groups. The present study aims
to find the EI of different age groups involved and to find the
I. INTRODUCTION differences among age groups for EI components. The age

―I t is very important to understand that emotional

intelligence is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not
the triumph of heart over head — it is the unique intersection
groups taken for the study are three- Young Adulthood(17-23
years), Middle age (24-34 years), Mature age(35-60).

of both.‖ — David Caruso 1.1 Emotional Intelligence

Emotions have a significant role in defining the activities and Emotions are the reactions to stimuli (1579) and Intelligence
behaviour of an individual on personal and professional front. comprises the mental abilities necessary for adaptation to, as
And Emotional intelligence (EI) defines the ability of the well as shaping and selection of, any environmental context
individual to sense, access, control and manage emotions of (Sternberg, 1997). EI is considered as intelligence as it has the
oneself and others. EI is the construct that ‗‗involves the ability to solve problems and monitor emotions in themselves
ability to perceive accurately, appraise, and express emotion; and others. The term EI came into account in 1985 in their
the ability to access and/or generate feelings when they doctoral thesis, ―A study of Emotion: Developing Emotional
facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion and Intelligence.‖ by Wayne Payne. The term EI was used in
emotional knowledge; and the ability to regulate emotions to publication by Keith Beasley in article in British Mensa
promote emotional and intellectual growth‘‘ (Mayer & Magazine in 1987. Also this term was used in work of
Salovey, 1997). EI was defined as an aptitude by Mayer and Beldoch (1964), Leuner (1966).Mainly, there are three basic
Salovey (1997) and as mix of skills and traits (Bar-On, 1996; models of EI- Ability Model(John Mayer and Peter
Goleman, 1995; Schutte et al., 1998; Petrides, 2004). salovey),Mixed Model( Daniel Goleman) and Trait Model( K
V Petrides). Mayer, Salovey and colleagues have defined EI
The Emotional Intelligence is the key factor ability which can as ability which emphasis on individual differences in
be developed (Emmerling & Goleman, 2003) and learned cognition of impactful information and considered as an
(Shapiro 1997; Goleman, 1998) at all ages as per most of the ability which can be learned and is not innate characteristic.
EI theories. EI is neither developed at early childhood age nor Mixed models (Bar-On, 1997; Goleman, 1995) have included
is hereditary. With age, one becomes more socially and emotional abilities together with personality, motivation and
emotionally intelligent (Bar-On, 2006). EI has tremendous affective dispositions, i.e., emphasising on array of
impact and potential value not only for managers and HR competencies and skills. Ability EI has typically been
professionals but also for educationalists, teachers and assessed by maximal-performance measures, like IQ measures
counsellors (Higgs and Dulewicz, 1999). This has led to , and such measures have generally been more correlated to
questions on its role and ability to develop within learning intelligence constructs than to personality (Brackett & Mayer,
managerial aspect (Fineman, 1997; Ho¨pfl and Linstead, 2003; Lopes, Salovey, & Straus, 2003; O_Connor & Little,
1997).

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)|Volume I, Issue I, January 2017|ISSN 2454-6186

2003). Mixed EI models have been assessed by self-report age, this study tries to find the pattern by groping age in three
measures, which tend to correlate with personality dimensions different stages(Young Adulthood (17-23 years), Middle age
(Dawda & Hart, 2000; Saklofske, Austin, & Miniski, 2003; (24-34 years), Mature age (35-60)). This helps in giving a
Van Der Zee, Thijs, & Schakel, 2002). The measure of ability defined pattern for each age group. These age groups are
EI is MSCEIT and for mixed model it is ECI-Emotional inspired and directed by Erik Erikson (1950, 1963)
Competency Inventory and ESCI-Emotional Social psychosocial stages.
Competency Inventory. The third model is trait model by K V
The Young Adulthood group is youngest group of all which
Petrides. It is based on self-perception of emotional abilities.
has the basic learning stage. This stage is also considered
The components of EI considered in the present study are - inexperienced and naïve. The Middle age group is considered
Emotional Competency, Emotional Sensitivity and Emotional to be the mid-life experience where the maximum events are
Maturity (Dr Dalip Singh & Dr. N.K. Chadha, 2003). to be handled on professional and personal front. The Mature
Emotional Competency consists of Tackling emotional upsets, age is also experienced by complexities but the maturity and
High self‐esteem, Tactful response to emotional stimuli, experience makes this stage more responsible and it is able to
Handling egoism. Emotional Sensitivity contains convert their knowledge into wisdom. These definitions of the
Understanding threshold of emotional arousal , Empathy, age groups are generic and may differ person to person with
Improving inter‐personal relations and Communicability of certain exceptions.
emotions .Emotional Maturity consist of Self‐awareness,
II. METHODS
Developing others, Delaying gratification and Adaptability
and flexibility. 2.1 Participants, procedure and statistical approach
1.2 Emotional Intelligence and Age The study was conducted with a sample of 186 respondents in
the age group of 17-60years. The respondents were of Indian
There is a positive relation between EI and age. EI develops
origin living in North India. All the participants were well
or increases with age and experience (Goleman, 1998;
educated with their educational background ranging from high
Salovey & Mayer, 1990; Maddocks & Sparrows, 1998). In
school education to higher level education (post-graduation).
certain studies it has been found that EI increases with age at
Young-adulthood age group consisted of engineering students
least up to (40-50 years of age) fourth or fifth decade in life
and higher age groups consisted of engineers working in
(Bar-on, 2000; Kafetsios, 2004; Stein, 2009; Bradberry &
firms. This sampling helped in neutralizing the effect of
Greaves, 2005; Singh 2006). There are certain aspects of EI
regional and professional bias. The continuous age was
that can only be developed with training (Fariselli, Ghini, &
clustered as Young-Adulthood (17-23 years), Middle-age (24-
Freedman, 2006). Research was conducted for EI Bar- on
34 years) and Mature-age (35-60). The age groups had
model (Bar-on, 1988) with the use of EQ-i (Emotional
continuous respective EI score for each age value. Therefore
Quotient Inventory) tool on sample size of 3891 in the age
the data collected for age is interval data. The study is based
ranging 20 to 50 years. The study showed that older people
on exploratory research where a self-report questionnaire by
scored higher than the younger ones. Also respondent in their
Singh & chadha(2006) was filled on the basis of the EI and its
late 40s obtained highest mean scores (Bar-On,1997b; Bar-
components. Total sample size of 186 was taken for the study
On, 2004).Another study indicates that youth with age 7 to 18
in which regression analysis and ANOVA test was used to
years shows higher score for EI in the oldest groups of the
analyse the pattern of EI and its components. The analysis was
sample size( Bar-On & Parker, 2000b).
done using Eviews and Excel. The main objective of the study
Another research data collected from 2001 to 2010 for the is to analyse EI and its components among all the age groups.
responses collected on individual Effectiveness (i.e.) And then to find the impact of three components of EI on the
questionnaire of EI by JCA (Maddocks & Sparrow, 1998) on total EI among all the age groups and compare three
sample size of 12,417 with the age between 16 to 50 plus components of EI among all the age groups. The hypothesis
years. It showed that the overall score increases consistently formulated as per the previous studies and present objectives
with age. But one of the study conducted on sample of 405, of the study hypothesized for no significant change in the EI
ageing between 22 and 70 years using the tool SEI 2- Six score with age, no significant change in the Sensitivity,
seconds‘ Emotional Intelligence Assessment showed that Competency and Maturity with age, no significant impact on
some part of EI increases with age( r=0.13, p<0.01). This EI due to its components in respective age groups and no
change in EI with age is slight but significant but there are significant correlation between three components of EI.
certain elements of EI that do not increase with age indiacting
2.2 Measures
that certain competencies need to be developed by
training(Fariselli, Ghini & Freedman, 2006). Emotional Intelligence
As per the research studies discussed above, the present study The tool contains 22 situational questions with test-retest and
aims to find the pattern of change in EI and its components split-half reliability of 0.94 and 0.89 respectively and validity
with age (range of 17 to 60 years of age). As till now none of of 0.89 with sample size of 150.The empirical validity was
the studies gives a solid evidence for the pattern of EI with confirmed by correlating with Daniel Goleman test with 60

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)|Volume I, Issue I, January 2017|ISSN 2454-6186

subjects and it came out to be 0.92.Also for validity index the It can be seen that there is an increment in the total EI score
scale was co-related with EI scale developed by chadha with age (G1 < G2 <G3). Thereby meaning, the EI can be
(2001) for 60 subjects and it came out to be 0.78. To avoid considered as an ability which can be learned with experience,
socially desirable responses situation selection method was wisdom and knowledge (Fariselli, Ghini, & Freedman, 2006).
used in the scale. The situations are used which were Also, increment can be seen in emotional maturity which can
relatively neutral to avoid response bias. In order to achieve be explained with a positive correlation of age with maturity.
this, the situations were analysed by five experts/judges on The emotional sensitivity has almost remained constant not
psychological, emotional and behavioural aspects with nine showing any impact of increasing age. Whereas, a different
point rating scale ranging from ‗extremely desirable‘ to pattern can be seen in emotional competency that is low in
‗neutral‘ to ‗extremely undesirable‘. The instructions given to middle age, but increased in mature age (exhibiting pattern
experts were based on Edward socially desirable dimensions. from mean table above).
3.2 Impact of the Competency, Sensitivity and Maturity on EI
III. RESULTS
in all the age groups independently. (*percentile scores)
3.1 Measurement analysis of EI and its components
3.2.1 Competency within age groups
Table1: Measurement analysis of EI and its components: Figure 1: Regression Analysis of EI & competency for young adulthood-
Mean(standard deviation) G1(Eviews)

Mean Mean Mean

Mean EI
Sensitivity Maturity Competency
347.96(29.09) 86.76(11.65) 105.56(12.00) 155.63(17.54)
G1

342.74(40.10) 85.08(14.39) 105(14.17) 152.66(20.38)

G2

355.77(42.59) 85.87(13.16) 113.37(15.86) 156.54(22.87)

G3

Author‘s calculations

It can be seen that EI is highest for mature age (G3). Maturity

and competency is also highest for G3. But Sensitivity is
highest in Young adulthood (G1). The possible reason may be
early age of life is more sensitize to outer world as experience
and learning is in a naïve stage. A pattern can be analysed in Figure 2: Regression Analysis of EI & competency for middle
almost all components and in EI itself, the measure decreases age-G2(Eviews)
from G1 to G2 (except in emotional competency) but increase
from G2 to G3. It has the possible reasoning, the EI structure
if taken as ability, is active at young stage but with time in
middle age it may degrade due to pragmatic behavioural
pattern and may increase in mature age with more developed
thinking process (Fariselli, Ghini, & Freedman, 2006). But
with the standard deviation involved, the clear picture can be
taken from median values.

Table2: Measurement analysis of EI and its components:

Median(actual scores median)
Median Median Median
Median EI
Sensitivity Maturity Competency
G1 350.00 90.00 105.00 160.00
G2 355.00 90.00 107.50 155.00
G3 370.00 90.00 115.00 160.00
Figure 3: Regression Analysis of EI & competency for mature
Author‘s calculations age-G3(Eviews)

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)|Volume I, Issue I, January 2017|ISSN 2454-6186

From the figures 1, 2 and 3, it can be analysed that EI for From the figures 4, 5 and 6, it can be analysed that EI for
three age groups is dependent on emotional competency three age groups is dependent on emotional sensitivity
(p=0.00). But if see the adjusted r- square for three groups, (p<0.05). But if see the adjusted r- square for three groups,
(adjusted r*2, G1=0.25, G2=0.62, G3=0.59) and the F- (adjusted r*2, G1=0.11, G2=0.37, G3=0.32) and the F-
statistics (F-stat, G1=24.88, G2= 100.96, G3= 74.02), it shows statistics (F-stat, G1=9.58, G2= 36.36, G3= 24.75), it shows
that the emotional competency effects emotional intelligence that the emotional sensitivity effects emotional intelligence
maximum during middle age and higher during mature age. maximum during middle age and higher during mature age.
Meaning thereby, competency has a greater impact on EI in Meaning thereby, sensitivity has a greater impact on EI in
middle and mature stage than in young adulthood. The reason middle and mature stage than in young adulthood. The reason
may be as in young stage, the experience and learning is in may be as in young stage, the experiences are less and
naïve stage. decision making is weak. With time and learning, sensitivity
3.2.2 Sensitivity within age groups increases (Fariselli, Ghini, & Freedman, 2006).
Figure 4: Regression Analysis of EI & sensitivity for young adulthood-G1 3.2.3 Maturity within age groups
(Eviews)
Figure 7: Regression Analysis of EI & maturity for young adulthood-
G1(Eviews)

Figure 5: Regression Analysis of EI & sensitivity for middle age-G2 (Eviews)

Figure 8: Regression Analysis of EI & maturity for middle age-G2 (Eviews)

Figure 6: Regression Analysis of EI & sensitivity for mature age-G3(Eviews)

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)|Volume I, Issue I, January 2017|ISSN 2454-6186

Figure 9: Regression Analysis of EI & maturity for mature age-G3 (Eviews)

From the figures 7, 8 and 9, it can be analysed that EI for Figure 12: Regression Analysis of EI & its components for mature age-G3
(Eviews)
three age groups is dependent on emotional maturity (p<0.05).
But if see the adjusted r- square for three groups, (adjusted
r*2, G1=0.13, G2=0.23, G3=0.41) and the F-statistics (F-stat,
G1=11.74, G2= 18.82, G3= 37.16), it shows that the
emotional maturity effects emotional intelligence maximum
during mature age and higher during middle age. Meaning
thereby, maturity has a greater impact on EI in mature and
middle stage than in young adulthood. The reason may be as
in young stage, the maturity to access emotions is less.
It can be seen that unlike the similar patterns of competency
and sensitivity, maturity exhibit a different pattern. The
impact of maturity on EI is seen maximum in mature age,
whereas the impact of competency and sensitivity is seen
maximum in the middle age on EI. It states that competency
and sensitivity have better hand on defining EI in middle age,
with the possible reasoning of middle age being the most From the figures 10, 11 and 12, it can be analysed from the
interactive, good experience and learned stage of life three EI structures (different age groups: G1, G2, G3) that in
(Goleman, 1998; Salovey & Mayer, 1990; Maddocks & young adulthood G1 and middle age G2, the three
Sparrows, 1998). components of EI- Sensitivity, Competency and Maturity has
a significant impact on the respective EI (P<0.05) but in
3.3 Analysis of three age groups for EI and its components mature age G3, the impact of sensitivity is not significant
(p=0.0695, p>0.05). The adjusted r-squares of three
Figure 10: Regression Analysis of EI & its components for young adulthood- structures(adjusted R*2, G1: 0.42, G2:0.75, G3:0.75) shows
G1 (Eviews)
that middle age G2 and mature age G3 structure models are
better fit than young childhood G1. The F-Statistics
(probability) for three structures is p=0.0000(p<0.05), thereby
all having overall significance. But, F-statistics (G1: 17.57,
G2: 60.64, G3:52.32), showing again that G2 and G3 are
better fit than G1. This shows that the responses for the young
childhood G1 have more variations. This may be due to the
fact the young people may not have the right idea about their
own emotions as they must not be clear about their SWOT
(strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) analysis.
3.4 Correlation between components of EI in each age group
Table3: Analysis of Young Adulthood for EI components
G1 G1 G1
SENSITIVITY COMPETENCY MATURITY
G1
1.0000 0.1517 0.1818
Figure 11: Regression Analysis of EI & its components for middle age-G2 SENSITIVITY
(Eviews)

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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)|Volume I, Issue I, January 2017|ISSN 2454-6186

G1 (Fariselli, Ghini & Freedman, 2006). Also it was observed

0.1517 1.0000 0.3461
COMPETENCY that emotional sensitivity is not impacted by age.
G1 MATURITY 0.1818 0.3461 1.0000
The emotional competency significantly impacts EI in middle
Author‘s calculations and mature age than in young adulthood stage (Fariselli, Ghini
& Freedman, 2006). Also, emotional sensitivity and maturity
significantly impacts EI in middle and mature age than in
Table4: Analysis of Middle Age for EI components young adulthood stage. Maturity exhibits a different pattern
G2 G2 G2 than the competency and sensitivity, as maximum for mature
SENSITIVITY COMPETENCY MATURITY age, whereas competency and sensitivity are found maximum
G2
for middle age.
1.0000 0.5724 0.5247
SENSITIVITY
Young adulthood and middle age has significant impact of all
G2
0.5724 1.0000 0.4073
the three components on EI. Whereas, emotional sensitivity
COMPETENCY does not significantly impact EI in mature age (In direction to
G2 MATURITY 0.5247 0.4073 1.0000 the above finding of emotional sensitivity is not impacted by
age). The overall significance in middle and mature age is
Author‘s calculations
more than in young adulthood group, thereby depicting that
with age, these components of EI are more relevant and
significant due to constant learning, training and experience
Table5: Analysis of Mature Age for EI components
(Fariselli, Ghini, & Freedman, 2006).
G3 G3 G3
SENSITIVITY COMPETENCY MATURITY The young adulthood group has no significant correlation
between components of EI. The middle age has maximum and
G3
SENSITIVITY
1.0000 0.4465 0.5210 relevant correlation between sensitivity and competency,
meaning thereby that higher the sensitivity toward emotional
G3 stimuli, higher is the competency for emotional processing. In
0.4465 1.0000 0.5232
COMPETENCY
mature maximum correlation is between maturity and
G3 MATURITY 0.5210 0.5232 1.0000 sensitivity, meaning thereby higher the maturity for emotions,
Author‘s calculations higher is the sensitivity towards emotions. So, for young
adulthood no certain pattern was found but for middle and
mature age, it can be detected (Goleman, 1998; Salovey &
From the above correlation table, it can be observed that Mayer, 1990; Maddocks & Sparrows, 1998).
Young adulthood G1 does not show any significant
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