Overview of Independence Requirements in Code (July 2009)1

This paper provides an overview of independence requirements contained in Section 290

of the Code of Ethics released by the International Ethics Standards Board for
Accountants in July 2009 that relate to rotation, cooling off period, provision of non-
assurance services, fees and compensation and evaluation policies. The text of the Code
can be downloaded free of charge from Code of Ethics.

Public Interest Entities

• Listed entity provisions to be applied to all public interest entities.
• Public interest entities defined as:
o Listed entities;
o Entities defined by regulation or legislation as a public interest entity; and
o Entities for which the audit is required by regulation or legislation to be
conducted in compliance with the same independence provisions as apply
to listed entities.

Cooling-off Period
• Applies to public interest entities.
• “Cooling-off” period required before Senior or Managing Partner of the firm joins
an audit client that is a public interest entity or a Key Audit Partner joins the
partner’s public interest entity audit client.
• Key audit partners defined as:
o Engagement partner;
o Engagement quality control reviewer; and
o Other audit partners, if any on the engagement team, who make key
decisions or judgments on significant matters with respect to the audit of
the financial statements.
• Cooling-off period for Senior or Managing Partner – one year.
• Cooling-off period for key audit partners – one audit opinion covering a period of
not less than 12 months for which the partner was not a member of the audit team.
• Cooling-off period required before individual takes on of the following positions:
o Director;
o Officer; or
o Employee in a position to exert significant influence over the preparation
of the accounting records o financial statements.

Partner Rotation
• Applies to public interest entities.
• Key audit partners – rotate after seven years with time-out period of two years.

1
This document has been prepared by the IESBA staff to assist people with implementation. It is a non-
authoritative document issued for information purposes.
 • In rare cases, due to unforeseen circumstances outside of the firm’s control, may
be permitted to stay on the engagement if continuity is especially important to
audit quality.
• Rotation not required when:
o Independent regulator has provided an exemption from partner rotation
where firm has only a few people with necessary knowledge and skill to
serve as key audit partner; and
o Independent regulator has provided alternative safeguards

Non-assurance services
Management Functions
• A firm shall not perform management functions for an audit client
• Management functions:
o Leading and directing an entity, including making significant decisions
regarding the acquisition, deployment and control of human, financial,
physical and intangible resources
• When providing non-assurance services management responsible for:
o Making the significant decisions and judgments; and
o Accepting responsibility for the actions to be taken as the result of the
service

Accounting and Bookkeeping Services

• Non-public interest
o Can provide services related to the preparation of accounting records and
financial statements if services are of a routine or mechanical nature
• Public interest
o Except in emergency situations, shall not provide accounting and
bookkeeping services, including payroll services, or prepare financial
statements or financial information which forms the basis of the financial
statements

Valuation Services
• Non-public interest
o Cannot provide valuations services that are material and involve
significant subjectivity
o Guidance on meaning of significant subjectivity – when the results of the
valuation performed by two or more parties not likely to be materiality
different
• Public interest
o Cannot provide valuation services if would have a material effect,
separately or in the aggregate, on the financial statements

Tax Return Preparation

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 • Such services do not normally create threats to independence provided
management takes responsibility for the returns, including any significant
judgments made:
o The services are typically provided based on facts already in existence or
transactions that have already occurred;
o Analysis and presentation of historical information under existing law;
o Tax return is subject to whatever review or approval process the tax
authority considers is appropriate.

Tax Calculations
• Non-public interest
o Preparing calculations of current and deferred tax liabilities for the
purpose of the preparation of the accounting entries may create a self-
review threat. The significance of the threat will depend on:
 Degree of subjectivity involved in the calculations; and
 Materiality
• Public interest
o Except in emergency situations, cannot provide service if for the purpose
of preparing accounting entries that are material to the financial statements

Tax Planning and Other Advisory Services

• Self-review threat may be created when advice affects matters reflected in the
financial statements. Significance depends on:
o Degree of subjectivity and materiality
o Level of tax expertise of client
o Extent to which advice is supported by law or regulation
o Whether effectiveness of the advice depends on accounting treatment and
there is reasonable doubt as to the appropriateness of the treatment
• Where the effectiveness of tax advice depends on a particular accounting
treatment or presentation, and
o Reasonable doubt as to appropriateness of the related accounting treatment
or presentation; and
o Outcome of tax advice will have a material impact on the financial
statements
• Self-review threat would generally be so significant no safeguards could reduce
the threat to an acceptable level

Assistance in Resolution of Tax Disputes

• Advocacy threat may be created when firm represents audit client in resolution of
a tax dispute once tax authorities have rejected client’s argument and are referring
the matter for determination in a formal proceeding. Significance depends on:
o Whether firm has provided tax advice on the matter
o Materiality
o Extent to which matter supported by tax law or regulation
o Role management plays in the resolution of the dispute

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 • If services involve acting as an advocate for an audit client before a public
tribunal or court in the resolution of a tax matter and the amounts are material to
the financial statements created would be too significant
• What constitutes a public tribunal or court depends upon how the tax proceedings
are heard in the particular jurisdiction

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Internal Audit Services
• Non-public interest
o Shall only provide internal audit services if firm is satisfied that
management takes responsibility for the services
o Shall not assume a management responsibility
o Performing a significant part of the internal audit activities increases
possibility of assuming a management responsibility
• Public interest
o Shall not provide internal audit services that relate to:
 A significant part of the internal controls over financial reporting
 Financial accounting systems that generate information that is,
separately or in the aggregate, material to the financial statements
 Amounts or disclosures that are, separately or in the aggregate,
material to the financial statements

Information Technology Services

• Non-public interest
o Design or implement likely to create too significant a self-review threat
unless specified safeguards are applied
• Public interest
o Shall not provide design or implementation services
• All entities
o Installation of pre-packaged software is acceptable provided required
customization is insignificant

Litigation Support Services

• Non-public interest
o Shall not provide services involving estimation of damages if matters are
material and involve a significant degree of subjectivity
• Public interest
o Shall not provide services involving estimation of damages if matters are
material

Corporate Finance Services

• Public interest
o Shall not provide services when
 Effectiveness of advice depends on a particular accounting
treatment
 Advice is material
 Reasonable doubt as to appropriateness of accounting treatment

Recruiting Services
• Public interest

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 o Shall not provide the following services with respect to a director or
officer or senior management in a position to exert significant influence
over the preparation of the accounting records or financial statements
 Search for or seek out candidates
 Undertake reference checks of prospective candidates

Fees
• Public interest
o If total fees from an audit client exceed 15% of total fee of the firm for
two years
 Pre-issuance review performed by professional accountant who is
not a member of the firm: or
 Post-issuance review performed by professional accountant who is
not a member of the firm

Partner Compensation and Evaluation

• Key audit partners shall not be evaluated on or compensated based on the
partner’s success in selling non-assurance services to their audit clients
• Compensating or evaluating other members of the audit team for selling non-
assurance services may create a threat

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