TERM PAPER

FLUID MECHANICS
(MEC 207)

TOPIC: -WHAT ARE DIFFERENT MANUFACTURING

PARAMETERS FOR THE SELECTION OF PUMPS FOR DIFFERENT
APPLICATIONS.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR.HIMANSHU SIR DHARMENDRA RAJ

ROLL NO:-A04
REGD. NO:-10905576
SECTION:-K4901
CLASS:-B.TECH-MBA (ME)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted
as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful
and satisfactory completion of this study.
We are really grateful to our HOD for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this
project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We are highly thankful to
Mr.Himanshu sir for his active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance,
sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the
assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated.
Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been
instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and
fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely
difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework.

DHARMENDRA RAJ
TABLE OF CONTENTS:-
1.Introduction
2. Types
1. Positive displacement pumps
 Gear pump
 Progressing cavity pump
 Roots-type pumps
 Peristaltic pump
 Reciprocating-type pumps
2. Buoyancy pump
 Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps
3. Impulse pumps
 Hydraulic ram pumps
4. Velocity pumps
 Centrifugal pump
 Radial flow pumps
 Axial flow pumps
 Mixed flow pumps
 Eductor-jet pump
5. Gravity pumps
6. Steam pumps
3 Applications
 Priming a pump
 Pumps as public water supplies
 Sealing Multiphase Pumping Applications
 Types and Features of Multiphase Pumps
4.Selection of pumps for different applications
5.References
1. Introduction
A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries.A pump displaces a
volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into five major groups: direct lift,
displacement, velocity, buoyancy and gravity pumps. Their names describe the method for
moving a fluid.

The selection of type and construction of a pump is very important to meet the process
specification and proper application. Knowledge of the variety of pumps in the market
should be review

A small, electrically powered pump

2. Types:-
1. Positive displacement pumps

A lobe pump
A positive displacement pump causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it then
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. A positive displacement pump
can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move the fluid:

Positive displacement rotary pumps are pumps that move fluid using the principles of rotation.
The vacuum created by the rotation of the pump captures and draws in the liquid. Rotary pumps
are very efficient because they naturally remove air from the lines, eliminating the need to bleed
the air from the lines manually.

Positive displacement rotary pumps also have their weaknesses. Because of the nature of the
pump, the clearance between the rotating pump and the outer edge must be very close, requiring
that the pumps rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the
fluids will cause erosion, much as ocean waves polish stones or erode rock into sand. Rotary
pumps that experience such erosion eventually show signs of enlarged clearances, which allow
liquid to slip through and detract from the efficiency of the pump.

Positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side
expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant
given each cycle of operation.

The positive displacement pumps can be divided into two main classes

 RECIPROCATING
 ROTARY

The positive displacement principle applies whether the pump is a

 rotary lobe pump

 progressing cavity pump
 rotary gear pump
 piston pump
 diaphragm pump
 screw pump
 gear pump
 Hydraulic pump
 vane pump
 regenerative (peripheral) pump
 peristaltic
Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, will produce the same
flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure.

1.1 Gear pump:-

This uses two meshed gears rotating in a closely fitted casing. Fluid is pumped around the
outer periphery by being trapped in the tooth spaces. Widely used on car engine oil pumps. It
is also used in various hydraulic power packs

1.2 Progressing cavity pump

Widely used for pumping difficult materials such as sewage sludge contaminated with large
particles, this pump consists of a helical shaped rotor, about ten times as long as its width.

1.3 Roots-type pumps

The low pulsation rate and gentle performance of this Roots-type positive displacement
pump is achieved due to a combination of its two 90° helical twisted rotors, and a triangular
shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge.
This design produces a continuous and non-vorticuless flow with equal volume

1.4 Peristaltic pump

Rotary peristaltic pump

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of
fluids. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing
(though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A rotor with a number of "rollers", "shoes"
or "wipers" attached to the external circumference compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor
 turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or "occludes") thus forcing the fluid to
be pumped to move through the tube.

1.5 Reciprocating-type pumps

Hand-operated, reciprocating, positive displacement, water pump

Reciprocating pumps are those which cause the fluid to move using one or more
pistons, plungers or membranes (diaphragms).

Reciprocating-type pumps require a system of suction and discharge valves to ensure that the
fluid moves in a positive direction. Pumps in this category range from having "simplex" one
cylinder; to in some cases "quad" four cylinders or more. Most reciprocating-type pumps are
"duplex" (two) or "triplex" (three) cylinder. The pumps can be powered by air, steam or
through a belt drive from an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the early
days of steam propulsion (19th century) as boiler feed water pumps. Reciprocating pumps are
now typically used for pumping highly viscous fluids including concrete and heavy oils.

2. Buoyancy pump:-
2.1 Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive displacement diaphragm pumps is compressed-air-powered

double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air these pumps are intrinsically safe by design,
although all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation.
Commonly seen in all areas of industry from shipping to processing, Sandpiper, Wilden Pumps
or ARO are generally the larger of the brands. They are relatively inexpensive and can be used
for almost any duty from pumping water out of bunds.

3. Impulse pumps
3.1 Hydraulic ram pumps

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower. It functions as a hydraulic transformer

that takes in water at one "hydraulic head" (pressure) and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher
hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device utilizes the water hammer effect to develop
pressure that allows a portion of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point
higher than where the water originally started.

4. Velocity pumps

A centrifugal pump uses a spinning "impeller" which has backward-swept arms

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is
added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain
in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump
into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure can be explained by the
First law of thermodynamics or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle. Dynamic pumps can
be further subdivided according to the means in which the velocity gain is achieved.

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:

1. Continuous energy
2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head

 Centrifugal pump:-
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the
pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump
used to move liquids through a piping system. Centrifugal pumps are typically used for
large discharge through smaller heads.
 Radial flow pumps:-
Often simply referred to as centrifugal pumps. The fluid enters along the axial plane, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially). Radial flow
pumps operate at higher pressures and lower flow rates than axial and mixed flow pumps.
  Axial flow pumps:-
Axial flow pumps differ from radial flow in that the fluid enters and exits along the same
direction parallel to the rotating shaft. The fluid is not accelerated but instead "lifted" by
the action of the impeller.
 Mixed flow pumps;-
Mixed flow pumps, as the name suggests, function as a compromise between radial and
axial flow pumps, the fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the
impeller somewhere between 0-90 degrees from the axial direction.
 Eductor-jet pump
This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid
and propels it into a higher pressure region.

5. Gravity pumps
Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain - and there also important qanat or
foggara systems which simply use downhill flow to take water from far-underground aquifers in
high areas to consumers at lower elevations. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes referred to as a
gravity pump.

6.Steam pumps
Steam pumps are now mainly of historical interest. They include any type of pump powered by a
steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's pump and the Pulsometer
steam pump.

4.Applications

Metering pump for gasoline and additives.

PUMPS are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications include the use
of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply,
gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration, chemical movement, sewage movement,
flood control, marine services, etc.
Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from
very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low
pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

3.1Priming a pump
Liquid and slurry pumps can lose prime and this will require the pump to be primed by adding
liquid to the pump and inlet pipes to get the pump started. Loss of "prime" is usually due to
ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps used for liquids
and other more viscous fluids cannot displace the air due to its lower density.

3.2Pumps as public water supplies:-

First European depiction of a piston pump, by Taccola, c.1450.

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump over a water well
where people could work it to extract water, before most houses had individual water supplies.

Today, hand operated village pumps are considered the most sustainable low cost option for safe
water supply in resource poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump
opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a
well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps like the Afridev pump
are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts.

3.3Sealing Multiphase Pumping Applications:-

Multiphase pumping applications also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil
drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream
operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and
improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream
properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller
multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump.

3.3.1 Types and Features of Multiphase Pumps:-

  Helico-Axial Pumps (Centrifugal): A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft
requiring two mechanical seals. This pump utilizes an open-type axial impeller. This
pump type is often referred to as a "Poseidon Pump" and can be described as a cross
between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump.
 Twin Screw (Positive Displacement): The twin screw pump is constructed of two
intermeshing screws that force the movement of the pumped fluid. Twin screw pumps are
often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and fluctuating
inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.
 Progressive Cavity Pumps (Positive Displacement): Progressive cavity pumps
are single-screw types typically used in shallow wells or at the surface. This pump is
mainly used on surface applications where the pumped fluid may contain a considerable
amount of solids such as sand and dirt.
 Electric Submersible Pumps (Centrifugal): These pumps are basically multistage
centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method for artificial
lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped fluid is mainly liquid.
 Buffer Tank: A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in
case of a slug flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smoothes any
fluctuations in the incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.

Selection of Pumps for different applications

Pumps transfer liquids from one point to another by converting mechanical energy from a
rotating impeller into pressure energy (head).The pressure applied to the liquid forces the fluid to
flow at the required rate and to overcome friction (or head) losses in piping, valves, fittings, and
process equipment. The pumping
System designer must consider fluid properties, determine end use requirements, and understand
Environmental conditions. Pumping applications include constant or variable flow rate
requirements, serving single or networked loads, and consisting of open loops (nonreturn or
liquid delivery) or closed loops (return systems).

FLUID PROPERTIES:-
The properties of the fluids being pumped can significantly affect the choice of pump. Key
considerations include:
• Acidity/alkalinity (pH) and chemical composition.Corrosive and acidic fluids can degrade
pumps, and should be considered when selecting pump materials.
• Operating temperature. Pump materials and expansion, mechanical seal components, and
packing materials need to be considered with pumped fluids that are hotter than 200°F.
• Solids concentrations/particle sizes. When pumping abrasive liquids such as industrial slurries,
selecting a pump that will not clog or fail prematurely depends on particle size, hardness, and the
volumetric percentage of solids.
• Specific gravity. The fluid specific gravity is the ratio of the fluid density to that of water under
specified conditions. Specific gravity affects the energy required to lift and move the fluid, and
must be considered when determining pump power requirements.
• Vapor pressure. A fluid’s vapor pressure is the force per unit area that a fluid exerts in an effort
to change phase from a liquid to a vapor, and depends on the fluid’s chemical and physical
properties. Proper consideration of the fluid’s vapor pressure will help to minimize the risk of
cavitation.
• Viscosity. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to motion. Since kinematic
viscosity normally varies directly with temperature, the pumping system designer must know the
viscosity of the fluid at the lowest anticipated pumping temperature. High viscosity fluids result
in reduced centrifugal
Pump performance and increased power requirements. It is particularly important to consider
pump suction-side line losses when pumping viscous fluids.

End Use Requirements — System Flow Rate and Head

The design pump capacity, or desired pump discharge in gallons per minute (gpm) is needed to
accurately size the piping system, determine friction head losses, construct a system curve, and
select a pump and drive motor. Process requirements may be met by providing a constant flow
rate (with on/off control and storage used to satisfy variable flow rate requirements), or by using
a throttling valve or variable speed drive to supply continuously variable flow rates. The total
system head has three components: static head, elevation (potential energy), and velocity (or
dynamic) head. Static head is the pressure of the fluid in the system, and is the quantity measured
by conventional pressure gauges. The height of the fluid level can have a substantial impact on
system head. The dynamic head is the pressure required by the system to overcome head losses
caused by flow rate resistance in pipes, valves, fittings, and mechanical equipment. Dynamic
head losses are approximately proportional to the square of the fluid flow velocity, or flow rate.
If the flow rate doubles, dynamic losses increase fourfold.For many pumping systems, total
system head requirements vary. For example, in wet well or reservoir applications, suction and
static lift requirements may vary as the water surface elevations fluctuate. For return systems
such as HVAC circulating water pumps, the values for the static and elevation heads equal zero.
You also need to be aware of a pump’s net positive suction head requirements. Centrifugal
pumps require a certain amount of fluid pressure at the inlet to avoid cavitation. A rule of thumb
is to ensure that the suction head available exceeds that required by the pump by at least 25%
over the range of expected flow rates.

Environmental Considerations:-
Important environmental considerations include ambient temperature and humidity, elevation
above sea level, and whether the pump is to be installed indoors or outdoors.

Software Tools:-

Most pump manufacturers have developed software or Web-based tools to assist in the pump
selection process. Pump purchasers enter their fluid properties and system requirements to obtain
a listing of suitable pumps. Software tools that allow you to evaluate and compare operating
costs are available from private vendors.

References

 http://www.google.co.in/search?
hl=en&biw=965&bih=385&q=Pumps+transfer+liquids+from+one+point+to+&aq
=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=
 www.maintenanceworld.com/Articles/hiks/pump-selection.pdf
 http://pump-flo.com/
 http://sourcing.indiamart.com/engineering/positive-displacement-pump/