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OPEN Parity Deformed Jaynes-Cummings

Model: “Robust Maximally
Entangled States”
received: 04 May 2016 A. Dehghani1, B. Mojaveri2, S. Shirin1 & S. Amiri Faseghandis2
accepted: 28 October 2016
Published: 05 December 2016
The parity-deformations of the quantum harmonic oscillator are used to describe the generalized
Jaynes-Cummings model based on the λ-analog of the Heisenberg algebra. The behavior is interestingly
that of a coupled system comprising a two-level atom and a cavity field assisted by a continuous
external classical field. The dynamical characters of the system is explored under the influence of the
external field. In particular, we analytically study the generation of robust and maximally entangled
states formed by a two-level atom trapped in a lossy cavity interacting with an external centrifugal
field. We investigate the influence of deformation and detuning parameters on the degree of the
quantum entanglement and the atomic population inversion. Under the condition of a linear interaction
controlled by an external field, the maximally entangled states may emerge periodically along with
time evolution. In the dissipation regime, the entanglement of the parity deformed JCM are preserved
more with the increase of the deformation parameter, i.e. the stronger external field induces better
degree of entanglement.

The Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM) which is used extensively in quantum optics describes the interaction of
a single quantized radiation field with a two-level atom. The solvability and applications of this model has long
been discussed1,2. This simple model describes various quantum mechanical phenomena, for example, Rabi oscil-
lations2,3, collapse and revivals of the atomic population inversion4 and entanglement between atom and field5.
Specifically, it plays an important role in recent quantum information processing6–11. Furthermore, JCM is one
of the several possible schemes for producing the nonclassical states12–15. The dynamics predicted by JCM have
been proven in experiments with Rydberg atom in high quality cavities16. Since JCM is an ideal model in quantum
optics, its various extensions such as intensity dependent coupling, two photons or multi-photon transitions, two-
or three- cavity modes for three-level atoms and the Tavis-Cummings model have been proposed17,18. In 1984,
Sukumer and Buck studied the above mentioned models by using algebraic operator methods19. On the other
hand, the supergroup theoretical approach to JCM leads to the exact solvability of this model and the representa-
tion theory of super-algebras20. More recently, a lot of researchers have found that the ordinary creation and anni-
hilation operators in JCM may be replaced by the q-deformed partners, namely, the q-deformed JCM21. Later on,
JCM has been adopted with a Kerr nonlinearity within the framework of f-oscillator formalism22. Furthermore,
the investigations of a class of shape-invariant bound state problem, which represents a two-level system, leads to
the generalized JCM23.
In addition to the above -cited generalizations, in recent years, a lot of interest has been given to to the exten-
sion of the boson oscillator algebra. One of the most interesting cases which is not related to the q or f-calculus is
R-deformed Heisenberg algebra (RDHA). Such generalized schemes naturally lead to the concept of para-fields
and para-statistics18–36. The same RDHA was also used for solving the quantum mechanical Calogero model or
pseudo harmonic oscillator (PHO) 37–41. Recently, this algebra has been employed for bosonization of
super-symmetric quantum mechanics41–43 and for describing anyons in (2 +​  1)42,44 and (l +​  1) dimensions45,46. All
the applications as well as the para-bosonic constructions32,33 have used infinite-dimensional unitary representa-
tions of RDHA. According to Wigner’s new quantization method, the RDHA is raised as a unital algebra by the
generators {1, a , a†, Rˆ }, which satisfy the (anti-) commutation relations

1
Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, I.R. of Iran. 2Department of Physics,
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. Box 51745-406, Tabriz, Iran. Correspondence and requests for materials
should be addressed to A.D. (email: [email protected]) or B.M. (email: [email protected]) or S.S.
(email: [email protected])

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[a , a†] = 1 + 2λRˆ , {Rˆ , a} = {Rˆ , a†} = 0 . (1)

Here, λ ∈  is called Wigner’s deformation parameter and R̂ is a parity operator with the following properties
2 † −1
Rˆ = I , Rˆ = Rˆ = Rˆ , (2)
This acts in the Hilbert space of eigenfunctions as follows

R̂ n = ( − 1)n n , (3)
which means that R̂ commutes with number operator N̂ that includes the eigenvector n , such that N̂ n = n n .
The number operator N̂ is in general different from the product a†a , and is postulated to satisfy the following
relations:

[Nˆ , a] = − a , [Nˆ , a†] = a†, (4)

a†a = Nˆ + λ(1 − Rˆ ), (5)

which provide us with the following irreducible representation of the RDHA

a 2n = 2 n 2 n − 1 , a 2n + 1 = 2n + 2λ + 1 2n , (6)

a† 2n = 2n + 2λ + 1 2n + 1 , a† 2n + 1 = 2n + 2 2n + 2 . (7)
†
The explicit differential forms of the generators a , a in terms of the well known annihilation and creation opera-
tors a, a† are obtained37 as follows:

1 d λ  λ ˆ
a=  + x − Rˆ  = a − R,
2  dx x  2x (8)

1  d λ  λ ˆ
a† =  − + x + Rˆ  = a† + R,
2  dx x  2x (9)
which provide us with the coordinate representation for the position x̂ and its λ−​deformed canonical pair p̂ as

a + a†
xˆ = ,
2 (10)

a − a† d λ
pˆ = = −i + i Rˆ .
i 2 dx x (11)
It is evident that the above representation is really different from the f- deformed realization of the Heisenberg
algebra47. Therefore, the introduced RDHA in (1) can be considered as a new deformation of the simple harmonic
oscillator with significant features in quantum optics48,49.
Due to the physical significance of the deformed JCM in quantum optics on the one hand, and the central role
of the parity operator in the theory of deformation on the other hand, we then generalize the well-known JCM to
a parity deformed-Hermitian case in terms of parity deformed boson operators which are not related to the q or
f-deformation. It should be noted that the parity deformed JCM introduced here could be compared, with a major
difference, to what has been already discussed in other studies as the q-, f-deformed JCM and so on. It is one of
the most interesting cases of the parity operator R̂ appeared in the context of quantization schemes generalizing
bosonic commutation relations. These Hermitian operators arise from a special deformation of canonical bosonic
commutation relations, allowing us a mathematically rigorous treatment of our deformed interaction
Hamiltonian, extraction of the energy spectrum, and the corresponding eigen-vectors. Preparing the initial field
in the λ−​deformed cat states, we investigate the collapse and revival phenomena in the Rabi oscillations of the
atomic inversion.
Considering the experimental realization, interaction with the environment is an unavoidable feature of real
quantum systems. Dissipation phenomenon of energy into the environment is the main feature of such real sys-
tems which leads to the loss of entanglement generated in those systems. Some scholars have studied this subject
and found interesting phenomena such as entanglement revival50, entanglement sudden death51,52 and sudden
change for quantum discord53. The description of dissipative systems Hamiltonian is a polemic topic in the lit-
erature54,55. The dissipative systems can be studied in a phenomenological way in which a closed system formed
by the cavity including its environment is considered. This larger system is therefore closed, and it is possible to
apply quantum mechanics to it in a usual way56. The mentioned environment can be regarded as a discrete set of
degrees of freedom, or a set of harmonic oscillators57. In addition, the surrounding environment can be modeled
as a set of continuum harmonic oscillators58. The Hamiltonian describing this model of dissipation is called the
Gardiner-Collett Hamiltonian59. Also, based on the dissipation of the atomic upper level, a model describing

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dissipative atom-field system is introduced60. This model described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian is called
damping JCM. The authors have studied decaying behaviour of the entanglement between atom and field. Also,
one of the interesting topics in dissipative systems is to find a way to fight against the decay of the entanglement.
Many schemes have been proposed in order to preserve entanglement in such systems. For instance, it has been
shown that, the addition of a laser field leads to high stationary entanglement57. Another approach to overcome
this problem, relies on active feedback61–63. In addition to these, the quantum Zeno effect is a promising way to
avoid the decaying behaviour of the entanglement in dissipative systems64–68. In the dissipation regime, we use
the damping deformed JCM to describe a two-level atom interaction with the dissipative cavity and investigate
individually and simultaneously the effects of dissipation and detuning parameters on the entanglement between
the two-level atom and the deformed field. It has been shown that by detuning modulation, and setting the defor-
mation parameter, coupling constant and average photon number of the field, the degree of entanglement of the
atom-field states, and the atomic population inversion may be controlled.

Parity Deformed JCM and Interpretation

The system we introduce here is a parity extension of the standard Jaynes-Cummings model in the rotating-wave
approximation, as follows
ω ω
Hλ : = {a , a†} + 0 σ 3 + g (a†σ− + aσ +),
2 2 (12)
along with substitution Eqs (8) and (9) in Eq. (12), we can recast the Hamiltonian Hλ into

ω ω λ (λ − 1) ω 2 gλ ˆ
Hλ = {a, a†} + 2
+ 0 σ 3 + g (a†σ− + aσ +) − i Rσ y ,
2 2 x 2 x (13)

ω λ (λ − 1) 2 gλ ˆ
= H JCM + −i Rσ y .
2 x2 x (14)
It recalls a system of a two-level atom coupled simultaneously to a single-mode of the quantized electromag-
netic field and a centrifugally external classical field. It reduces to an ordinary JCM, while λ →​0. Here, σ± and σ3
are usual rising (lowering) and inversion operators for the atomic states, |±​〉​, satisfying [σ +​  , σ−] =​  σ3 and
[σ3, σ ±] =​  ±​2σ±, a† and a are the creation and annihilation operators for the cavity mode [a, a†] =​  1, g is the
coupling constant between the atom and the cavity field mode, ω and ω0 are the cavity as well as the external mode
frequency and the atomic transition frequency, respectively, λ represents the strength of the external field,
E ext d ≡ x Rˆ is the coupling constant between the atom and the external classical field where d recalls the
2 gλ

atomic dipole matrix element for the transition and Eext refers to the amplitude of the external field. It is notewor-
thy that the Hamiltonian Hλ is super-symmetric when ω =​  ω0 (exact resonance) and g =​ 0 (absence of coupling).
This exactly solvable model includes the inversely quadratic potential, 1 λ (λ −2 1) , first proposed by Post in 1956
2 x
when he studied the one-dimensional many identical particles problem in the case of the pair-force interaction
between the particles69. In addition to the two typical model potentials such as the Morse potential and Poschl-
Teller potential, this an-harmonic oscillator potential can be considered as a good candidate to describe the
molecular vibrations too70–72. Since 1956, this quantum system was studied by other researchers, extensively. For
example, Landau and Lifshitz studied its exact solutions in three dimensions73. Recently, Sage has studied the
vibrations and rotations of the pseudo-gaussian oscillator in order to describe the diatomic molecule74, in which
he briefly reinvestigated some properties of the PHO in order to study the pseudo-gaussian oscillator. Advantages
of the pseudo-harmonic potential have been considered for improvements in the conventional presentation of
molecular vibrations75. Hurley found that this kind of PHO interaction between the particles can be exactly
solved by the separation of variables while studying the three-body problem in one dimension76. A few years later,
Calogero studied the one-dimensional three- and N-body problems interacting pairwise via harmonic and
inverse square (centrifugal) potential77,78. On the other hand, this potential was generalized by Camiz and
Dodonov et al. to the non-stationary (varying frequency) PHO potential79,80. In addition, such a physical problem
was also studied in arbitrary dimension. Also, Dong et al. have studied its dynamical group in two dimensions81.
This parity deformed JCM model possesses an exact solution because of the existence of an integral of motion,
1
a†a + 2 σ 3, which commutes with the Hamiltonian Hλ and allows us to decompose all the representation space of
the atom-field system as the tensor product of the Hilbert space associated with the field, λ , times the Hilbert
space associated with the spin, f ,
∞
  2n    
 :=
 ⊗ f =  2n, + =   , 2n + 1, − =  0   ,
λ
  0   2 n + 1  
n =0 (15)
or
∞
  2n + 1  0  
 2n + 1, + = 
  , 2n + 2, − =  2n + 2   .
 0    
n =0 (16)

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±
Figure 1.  Dependence of eigenvalues En, λ on detuning Δ. The continuous curve corresponds to g =​  0.01. The
dashed curves (a) and (b) correspond to (g =​  0, λ​  =​ 0) and (g =​  0, λ​  =​ 50), respectively. The dashed curves with
positive and negative slopes correspond respectively to En,+λ and En,−λ . Lower part of the figure is for n =​  1 and
upper part for n =​  2.

Here, 2n, + is the bare state in which the atom is in the excited state + and the field has 2n photons, and a
similar description holds for the bare state 2n + 1, − , where − is the atom ground state. Using the Fock space
 given in (15), we can find the following matrix representation of the λ−​deformed JC Hamiltonian Hλ:
  
 ω 2n + λ + 1  + ω0 g 2n + 2λ + 1 
  2 
 2 
Hλ =   .
  3 ω 
 g 2n + 2λ + 1 ω 2n + λ +  − 0 
  2  2  (17)
It is easy to see that the corresponding dressed eigen-states of Hλ are

En+ = c1 2n, + + c 2 2n + 1, − , (18)

En− = c 2 2n, + − c1 2n + 1, − , (19)

where the coefficients c1(2) are given by:
∆ − Ωn , λ
c1 = ,
∆ + 4g 2(2n + 2λ + 1)
2
(20)

2g 2n + 2λ + 1
c2 = ,
(∆ − Ωn , λ )2 + 4g 2(2n + 2λ + 1) (21)
2 2
in which Δ​(= ω −​  ω0) and Ωn, λ ( = ∆ + 4g (2n + 2λ + 1) ) are defined as detuning parameter and a general-
ized Rabi frequency, respectively. The energy eigenvalues corresponding to the eigen-states in Eqs (18) and (19)
are
Ωλ
En,±λ = (2n + λ + 1)ω ± .
2 (22)
The energy difference between the levels En,+λ and En,−λ
is Ωn,λ. The minimum of the separation occurs when Δ​
equals to zero and the corresponding difference is 2g 2n + 2λ + 1 . In Fig. 1(a) and (b), respectively, we have
plotted the energy eigenvalues En,+λ and En,−λ as functions of Δ​for given values of λ​  =​ 0, 50. The dotted lines rep-
resent the eigenvalues when g =​  0, i.e. En,±λ = (2n + λ + 1)ω ± ∆ . In this case, the eigenvalues cross each other
2
as they increase from negative to positive values. The continuous lines represent the energy eigenvalues for
g =​ 0.01. The diverging eigenvalue separation beyond the minimum separation indicates level repulsion in the
eigenvalues of the dressed states. As Fig. 1(a) and (b) show, the repulsion between energy levels increases as the
deformation parameter λ​gets bigger. The latter, also, leads to shift the energy levels to the positive side.

Evolution of Atom-Field State

In order to study the influence of the deformation on the dynamics of the parity-deformed JCM, firstly we decom-
pose the Hamiltonian (12) as follows:
H λ = H 0 + H ′, (23)
where

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 1  1
H 0 = ω a†a + + λRˆ  + ω0σ 3,
 2  2 (24)

H ′ = g (a†σ− + aσ +) . (25)
In the interaction picture generated by H0, the Hamiltonian of the system can be written as

H I = e iH 0tH ′e iH 0t = g (a†σ−e i ∆t + aσ +e−i ∆t ) . (26)

We now proceed to solve the equation of motion of this system in an interaction picture, that is
∂
H I Ψ (t ) = i Ψ (t ) .
∂t (27)
At any time t, the wave function Ψ​(t) is expanded in terms of the states 2n, + and 2n + 1, − as follows
∞
Ψ (t ) = ∑ [c+,2n (t ) 2n, + + c−,2n +1(t ) 2n + 1, − ]
n =0 (28)
Clearly, Ψ​(t) is determined completely once the coefficients c+,2n(t) and c−,2n+1(t) are known. Inserting (28)
into (27), we obtain the following general solution for the probability amplitudes, c+,2n(t) and c−,2n+1(t), as:

  Ω  ∆ Ω 
c +,2n (t ) = c +,2n(0)cos  n , λ t + i sin  n , λ t 

   2  Ωn , λ  2  

2n + 2 λ + 1  Ω   ∆
− 2ig c−,2n +1(0) sin  n , λ t  e−i 2 t ,
Ωn , λ  2   (29)


  Ω  ∆ Ω 
c−,2n +1(t ) = c−,2n +1(0)cos  n , λ t − i sin  n , λ t 

   2  Ωn , λ  2  

2n + 2 λ + 1  Ωn , λ   i ∆ t
− 2ig c +,2n(0) sin  t  e 2 ,
Ωn , λ  2   (30)

where the constants c−,2n+1(0) and c+,2n(0) are determined from the initial conditions of the system, which is sup-
posed initially in the upper level, i.e. c+,2n(0) =​  c2n(0) and c−,2n+1(0) =​ 0. Here, the initial condition for the field is
described by c2n(0). For this case in particular, we have
 Ω  ∆ Ω  ∆
c +,2n (t ) = c 2n(0)cos  n , λ t + i sin  n , λ t  e−i 2 t ,

  2  Ωn , λ 
 2   (31)

2n + 2λ + 1 Ω  ∆
c−,2n +1(t ) = − 2ig c 2n(0) sin  n , λ t e i 2 t ,
Ωn , λ  2  (32)
This set of equations gives us the solution for the problem. In order to calculate some physical quantities of
interest, we need only to specify the initial photon number distribution of the field |c2n(0)|2.
The field we are considering in this work is being treated as an λ​-deformed oscillator which could be described
in different ways. We focus on the situations in which the field as an eigen-state of the λ​-deformed annihilation
operator is introduced48, i.e. a2 W = w 2 W λ, +, and its number state expansion is
λ, +

( )
2λ− 1
w
2
∞
w 2n
w λ, +
:=
I λ− 1 ( w 2
)
∑ 2n 1
2n .
2
n =0 2 n ! Γ (n + λ + 2 ) (33)
Therefore, in this case, we have

( )
4n + 2λ− 1
w
2
c 2n(0) 2 = 1
.
n! Γ (n + λ + 2 ) I λ− 1 (|w|2 ) (34)
2

It needs to be noted that, as a second option, one may choose the initial state of the field as the Wigner neg-
ative binomial states already studied49. They are mathematically equivalent to those nonlinear ones and may be
expected to bring new quantum features.

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1.0 1.0

b
0.5 0.5

0.0 0.0

0.5 0.5

Z
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80

gt gt
1.0

c
0.5

0.0

0.5

Z
1.0
0 20 40 60 80

gt

Figure 2.  Temporal evolution of the atomic inversion 〈σz〉 for the field initially prepared in WCS, w ,
λ, +
with |w|2 = 30 and g = 0.01. The parameters are (a) λ​  =​  0, Δ​  =​  0, (b) λ​  =​  0, Δ​  =​ 0.01 and (c) λ​  =​  50, Δ​  =​  0.01.

Atomic Dynamics and Dissipative Limit

In this section, we are interested in studying the temporal evolution of atomic inversion, which, in turn, is speci-
fied by the expectation value of the inversion operator as:
∞
σz = ∑ ( c+,2n (t ) 2 − c−,2n +1(t ) 2 ) .
n =0 (35)
Substituting Eqs (31), (32) and (34) into (35), we obtain, for an atom prepared initially in the excited state,

∞   2  g 
2 
∆
σz = ∑ c 2n(0) 2    + (8n + 8λ + 4)  cos(Ωλ t )  .
n =0   Ωλ  Ω
 λ   (36)
 
The numerical results of the atomic inversion when the field is in a standard cat state (i.e. when λ​  =​  0), have
been shown against the scaled time gt in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively. The temporal evolution of the atomic
inversion 〈​σz〉​reveals significant discrepancies of the well-known phenomenon of collapses and revivals82. Note
that the collapse, i.e. when the envelope of the oscillations collapses to zero, is due to the destructive interference
among the probability amplitudes at different Rabi frequencies, Ωn,λ, for different photon number eigen-states. At
the revival times, on the other hand, constructive interference occurs. This phenomenon also takes place when
the initial field state is a WCS. In Fig. 2(c), we have pictured the function 〈​σz〉​for the value λ​  =​ 50. In this case,
〈​σz〉​exhibits quasi periodic behaviour very similar to the atomic inversion of a two-photon JCM83–85, with an
( ω
)
effective Hamiltonian defined as H eff = ω a†a + 1 + 0 σ 3 + g (a† 2σ− + a2σ +). However, in this case, note
2 2
how the structure of the oscillations is much more complex than the standard Rabi oscillations. As the detuning
factor Δ​increases, these structures are disappeared (see Fig. 3), i.e. the inhibition of the radiation decay is more
transparent. It is clear that the inhibited decay even occurs in the case λ =​ 0. This behaviour is due to the influence
of the parity deformation via the generalized Rabi frequency Ωn,λ. Figure 3(a–c) indicate that, with increasing λ​
the inhibition decay of the excited state will be balanced.
The finite lifetime of the atomic levels can be described by adding phenomenological decay terms, − i γ + + ,
2
to the Hamiltonian (9), where γ ∈  is a decay constant60. For an atom initially stated in the upper level, |+​〉​, the
population inversion dynamics are analyzed for a deformed JCM was surrounded by a dissipative environment
where the dissipation of the upper-level is considered (see Fig. 4). Here, we plot the dynamics of the population
inversion in the presence of the decay term against the scaled time gt. In Fig. 4, we compare the effects of increas-
ing γ on the Rabi oscillations, where the latter is destroyed. However, as is illustrated in Fig. 5, the patterns of the
revivals are restored while λ​is enhanced.

Fidelity
We now calculate the fidelity
2
F= Ψ(0) Ψ (t ) , (37)

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1.0 1.0

b
0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

Z
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

gt gt
1.0

c
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

Z
0.4

0.3
0 50 100 150 200

gt

Figure 3.  Temporal evolution of the atomic inversion with |w|2 = 30, g = 0.01 and Δ = 0.5. The parameters
equal to (a) λ​  =​  0, (b) λ​  =​ 30 and (c) λ​  =​  100.

1.0 1.0
a

b
0.5 0.5

0.0 0.0
Z

0.5 0.5

1.0 1.0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80

gt gt
1.0 1.0

0.8
d
c

0.5 0.6

0.4
0.0
0.2

0.0
Z

0.5
0.2

0.4
1.0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80

gt gt

Figure 4.  Temporal evolution of the atomic inversion with |w|2 = 30, g = 0.01, Δ = 0.5 and λ = 30. The
parameters equal to (a) γ =​  0, (b) γ =​  0.001, (c) γ =​  0.01 and γ =​  0.1.

which measures the “closeness” of the two quantum states Ψ (t ) and Ψ(0) = w ⊗ + , which indicate that
λ, +
F is unity when these two quantum states are identical. Figure 6 indicates that with increasing λ​the fidelity
decreases but remains close to its initial value ( see Fig. 5(a)–(d)). To obtain fidelity around 1, one needs to
enhance the deformation parameter λ​to 100 and gt =​ 95. In this case, Ψ (t ) becomes minimum uncertainty state
which minimize the uncertainty relation, Eq. (28) in ref. 48.

Generation of Maximally Entangled States

Entanglement is a striking feature of the quantum mechanics can be compared with the classical ones86. This
phenomenon as a nonlocal correlation between two (or more) quantum systems plays a fundamental role in
the quantum information science such as quantum computation and communication87–89, teleportation90, dense
coding91,92, cryptography93 and etc. Generally, characterization of amount of entanglement is achieved through
the well justified and mathematically tractable measures94. For bipartite states, a number of acceptable entangle-
ment measures such as the entanglement of formation and distillation95, concurrence, negativity96, Von Neumann
entropy and relative entropy97 have been proposed. In this section, in order to obtain the degree of entangle-
ment between atom and field, we choose the Von Neumann entropy. The Von Neumann entropy is a very useful

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1.0 1.0

a
0.8

b
0.8

0.6
0.6

0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2

Z
0.0
0.0
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

gt gt
1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

d
c

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
Z

Z
0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

gt gt

Figure 5.  Temporal evolution of the atomic inversion with |w|2 = 30, g = 0.01, Δ = 0.5 and γ = 0.05. The
parameters equal to (a) λ​  =​  0, (b) λ​  =​  200, (c) λ​  =​  500 and λ​  =​  1000.

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8
a

b
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
F

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt
1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8
d
c

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
F

0.2 0.2
F

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt

Figure 6.  Fidelity as a function of the scaled time of gt in the small coupling regime with g = 0.01 for
different λ( = −0.25, 0, 10, 100), other parameters are |w|2 = 9 and Δ = 0.1.

operational measure of the disorder of a system and of the purity of a quantum state. For given density operator
ρ the Von Neumann entropy is given by
S (ρ ) : = Tr[ρ ln ρ], (38)
where “Tr” often abbreviated to the trace and S(ρ) ranges from 0 for a separable state to 1 for a maximally entan-
gled one. As the deformed JCM is a bipartite system, a Schmidt decomposition is assured. Based on the solution
of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation (23), and according to the Schmidt decomposition, for any instant
in time t, we can always find the reduced density operator of the atom in the bare basis specified by |±​〉​and obtain

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1.0 1.0

b
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

SA
SA
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt
1.0 1.0

d
c
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
SA

SA
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt

Figure 7.  Plots of entropy SA versus gt with g =​  0.01, |w|2 =​  9 and Δ​  =​ 0.1 for various deformation parameters
respectively (a) λ​  =​  −​0.25, (b) λ​  =​  0, (c) λ​  =​ 10 and (d) λ​  =​  50.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 F
SA
0.0
95.0 95.5 96.0 96.5 97.0

gt
Figure 8.  The Von Neumann entropy (dash) and the fidelity (solid) are plotted together. In each case a
deformation parameter with λ​  =​  100, g =​  0.01, |w|2 =​  9, Δ​  =​ 0.1 is used.

∞ 
 ∑ c +,2n (t ) 2 0 
 n =0 
ρ A =   .
∞ 
 2
 0 ∑ c−,2n +1(t ) 
 n =0  (39)
Clearly, eigenvalues of the density operator for the atom, g±, can be expressed in terms of the coefficients c+,2n(t)
2 ∞ 2
and c−,2n+1(t) i.e. g + = ∑ ∞
n = 0 c +,2n (t ) and g − = ∑ n = 0 c−,2n + 1(t ) . Then, it is easy to obtain an expression for
the Von Neumann entropy. For atomic subsystem, this is:
S A = − g + ln g + − g − ln g −. (40)
In Fig. 7, for an atom initially in an excited state and the field initially in WCS, we plot the Von Neumann
entropy SA, all against the scaled time gt. We can also see that the entropy makes quasi-period oscillation. This
means that the deformed field can help to realize and stabilize the degree of entanglement between the atom and
the field at a high level. Sometimes, as the deformation parameter λ​is enhanced, the atom- field system becomes
maximally entangled (Fig. 7(c) and (d)). In Fig. 8, we compare the Von Neumann entropy and fidelity of the quan-
tum state, Ψ(​ t), associated with the λ​−d
​ eformed JCM investigated here. Bear in mind that entanglement between
the atom and field is maximized i.e. the quantum state Ψ​(t) becomes maximally entangled, where fidelity of the
quantum state passes the smallest value.

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1.0 1.0

b
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

SA
SA
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt
1.0 1.0

d
c
0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
SA

SA
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt

Figure 9.  The time evolution of atomic entropy SA in the dissipative regime for g =​  0.01, |w|2 =​  9, Δ​  =​  0.1 and
λ​  =​  2, (a) γ =​  0, (b) γ =​  0.01, (c) γ =​ 0.1 and (d) γ =​  1.

1.0 1.0

b
a

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
SA

SA

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

gt gt
1.0 1.0
c

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
SA
SA

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

gt gt

Figure 10.  The time evolution of atomic entropy SA in the dissipative regime with g =​  0.01, |w|2 =​  9, λ​  =​  2 and
γ =​  0.1, (a) Δ​  =​  0, (b) Δ​  =​  0.01, (c) Δ​  =​ 0.1 and (d) Δ​  =​  1.

Dissipative Regime and Robust Entangled states

Now, we consider the dynamics of entanglement between atom and field in dissipative regime. For this purpose,
the time evolution of the Von Neumann entropy for different decay coefficients near the resonant case has been
plotted in Fig. 9. In an ideal case which no decay rate is considered, as is shown in Fig. 9(a), SA suddenly increases
from 0 to its maximum value and then the collapse and revival patterns around the 0.8 (a amount near its maxi-
mum value) are presented. In the actual system, the atom is steady when it is in the ground state. However, when
the atom is in the excited state, some factors such as the spontaneous emission, the collision between atoms and so
on, will lead to the decay of the upper-level. In this case, SA attains a stable behaviour after some fluctuations at the
beginning of the interaction (see Fig. 9(b–d)). As is seen, the increment of the decay coefficients not only disap-
pears the rapidly oscillations of SA in the initial times, but also leads to a reduction of the amount of entanglement.
In Fig. 10, to investigate the influence of the field frequency modulation on the atom-field entanglement, we
set different modulation frequencies. When we compare Fig. 10 with Fig. 9, we find that the entanglement can last
a longer time as Δ​decreases. The entanglement decays to zero in the larger detuning parameter while the entan-
glement still exists in the resonant case. However, the maximum of the entropy decreases with an increase in Δ​
(see Fig. 10(b)). The small detuning, Δ​  <​ 1, reduces the maximum value of entanglement in the short time region,

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1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

b
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

SA

SA
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

d
c

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
SA

SA
0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

gt gt

Figure 11.  The time evolution of atomic entropy SA in the dissipative regime with g =​  0.01, |w|2 =​  9, γ =​  0.1 and
Δ​  =​  0.1, (a) λ​  =​  0, (b) λ​  =​  10, (c) λ​  =​ 20 and (d) λ​  =​  80.

while it prolongs the entanglement time. Comparison of Fig. 10(b) with Fig. 10(d), reveals that larger modulation
is unfavorable to the maintenance of the entanglement for a long time.
Fig. 11 refers to the effect of the parity deformation on time evolution of the entanglement. As is shown, in the
absence of λ​, the atomic entropy after suddenly increasing to its maximum value at the beginning of the interac-
tion, decay to a minimum asymptotic (stable) value in enough large times (see Fig. 11(a)). As is seen, the presence
of λ​not only decreases the decay time but also causes the enhancement of the asymptotic (stable) values of atomic
entropy (see Fig. 11(c–d)) in which for large values of λ​, the stable values of entanglement reaches to 1. On the
other words, by increasing λ the generated maximally entangled states are preserved, in the dissipation regime at
the beginning of the interaction.

Non-classical Properties: Sub-Poisonian Statistics and Squeezing Effect

We now examine the time evolution of the nonclassical properties of the constructed states Ψ​(t). To achieve this
purpose, we investigate the sub-Poissonian statistics and their quadrature squeezing. It should be mentioned that
squeezing or sub-Poissonian statistics are sufficient requirements for a state to belong non-classical ones. The
anti-bunching effect as well as the sub-Poissonian statistics of the states Ψ​(t) is investigated by evaluating Mandel’s
Qλ parameters, which are defined as
2
(a†a)2 − a†a
Qλ = − 1.
a†a (41)
The inequality Q <​ 0 indicates the sub-Poissonian photon number distribution, which implies that photons
are antibunched. It is well know that sub-Poissonian statistics is a signature of the quantum nature of the field.
Conversely, Q >​ 0 holds for a super-Poissonian photon number distribution. Also, Q =​ 0 corresponds to the
canonical coherent state. Here, the angular brackets denote averaging any field operator Ô over an arbitrary nor-
malizable state Ψ​(t) for which the mean values are well defined, i.e.
∞
Oˆ = ∑ [c+⁎ ,2m (t ) c+,2n (t ) 2m, + Oˆ 2n, +
n ,m

+ c−⁎ ,2m+1 (t ) c−,2n +1(t ) 2m + 1, − Oˆ 2n + 1,− ], (42)

where the probability amplitudes c+,2n and c−,2n+1(t) are given by equations (26) and (27), respectively. In Fig. 12,
we have shown the temporal evolution of the Mandel’s Qλ parameters given by equation (41), when the field is
initially in the WCS. It has been demonstrated that its statistics tend to fluctuate around Poissonian conduct for
small values of λ​( see Fig. 12(a) and (c)). On the other hand, the statistics of the system exhibits, in general, a
super-Poissonian behaviour for the same |w|2 initial value while λ​  >​  0.
Squeezing of radiation is a purely nonclassical phenomenon without any classical analogue and has attracted
considerable attention owing to its low-noise property. It has been either experimentally observed or theoretically
predicted in a variety of nonlinear optical processes. Now, let us consider the squeezing properties of the field by
( ) ( )
† †
introducing the following two Hermitian field amplitudes, xˆ = a + a and pˆ λ = a − a . The uncertainty relation
2 i 2
for the variances of these operators are obtained as

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Figure 12.  Plots of the normalized variance, Qλ, as a function of the normalized time gt, for the field
initially prepared in an annihilation operator coherent state w with |w|2 = 20, g = 0.01 and Δ = 0.01.
λ, +
The parameters are (a) λ =​  −​0.25, (b) λ =​  0, (c) λ =​ 2 and (d) λ =​  10.

2
1 + 2λR̂
〈σ xx 〉〈σ pp〉 ≥ ,
4 (43)
ˆ ˆ + yx
〈xy ˆ ˆ〉
where 〈σ xy
ˆˆ〉 = 2
− 〈xˆ 〉〈yˆ 〉 and the angular brackets denote averaging over an arbitrary normalizable state
for which the mean values are well defined, yˆ = Ψ (t ) yˆ Ψ (t ) . It can be said that a state is squeezed if the con-
1 + 2λRˆ 1 + 2λRˆ 〉
dition σ xx < or 〈σ pp〉 < is fulfilled98,99. In other words, a quantum state is called squeezed
2 2
state if it has less uncertainty, in one parameter (x̂ or p̂), than a coherent state. Then to measure the degree of
squeezing, we introduce the squeezing factors Sx(p)100, corresponding with the state Ψ​(t), respectively
1 + 2λRˆ
σ xx − 2
Sx = ,
1 + 2λRˆ
2 (44)

〈1 + 2λRˆ 〉
〈σ pp〉 − 2
Sp = ,
〈1 + 2λRˆ 〉
2 (45)
which results that the squeezing condition takes the simple form Sxλ(p), i < 0. By using the mean values of the gen-
erators of the WHA,

a = a† = 0 (46)

∞
a2 = ∑ [c+⁎ ,2n (t ) c+,2n +2 (t ) (2n + 2)(2n + 2λ + 1)
n
+ c−⁎ ,2n +1 (t ) c−,2n +3(t ) (2n + 2)(2n + 2λ + 3) ] (47)

a† 2 = a2
∞
a†a = ∑ [(2n) c+,2n (t ) 2 + (2n + 2λ + 1) c−,2n +1(t ) 2 ]
n (48)

∞
aa† = ∑ [(2n + 2λ + 1) c +,2n (t ) 2 + (2n + 2) c−,2n +1(t ) 2 ]
n (49)

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Figure 13.  Squeezing in the p and x quadratures against gt for different values of λ with g =​  0.01, |w|2 =​  9 and
Δ​  =​ 0.1 as well as for fixed values of φ =​  0 and π correspond with (a) and (b), respectively. The solid curve is
2
plotted for λ​  =​  0.

∞
1 + 2λR̂ = ∑ [(1 + 2λ) c+,2n (t ) 2 + (1 − 2λ) c−,2n +1(t ) 2 ]
n (50)
one can derive the variance and covariance of the operators x̂ and p̂. From Eqs (44) and (45), we also stress that
the squeezing is very sensitive to the deformation parameter λ​, which can be discussed as follows

​ igure 13(a) and (b) visualize variations of the squeezing factors Sp and Sx in terms of gt for different values of
• F
the deformed parameter λ​  =​  −​0.25, 0 and 5 when we choose the phase φ =​  0 and π , respectively. These show
2
that the squeezing effect in the field operator p may be considerable for φ =​ 0 and small values of gt while
λ​  >​ 0. As seen in Fig. 13(a), the squeezing factor Sp tends to zero which indicates that the states Ψ​(t) become
minimum uncertainty ones.
• For the case φ =​ 0, our calculations show that the squeezing factors Sp are really dependent on λ​. Figure 13(a)
shows that, with a rise in λ​, the degree of squeezing or depth of non-classicality increases at first and then
decreases when time goes on.
• Squeezing in the p quadrature disappears when φ reaches π , where squeezing in the x quadrature is raised (see
2
Fig. 13(b)).

Conclusions
A parity deformed Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian in terms of spin and λ​-deformed bosonic operators, was
introduced. Its eigen-states and eigenvalues were obtained explicitly. Mathematical and physical implications and
applications of our results were discussed in detail. The deformed JCM introduced here may add new insights to
nonclassical states of radiation in cavity QED. It, also, can be used to further investigate the interaction between
an atomic system and a single mode of an electromagnetic field, including damping or amplifying processes,
which are of fundamental importance, in quantum optics. By assuming that the atom is initially prepared in the
excited state and the field is in the WCS, its quantum dynamical features such atomic inversion, quantum statistics
and squeezing of obtained wave functions of the system were investigated. It was found that the atomic inver-
sion exhibits Rabi oscillations including quasi-periodic behavior. Further examination of non-classical signs of
the atom-field states, revealed that a significant squeezing can be achieved for positive deformation parameters.
Furthermore, increasing the deformation parameter (the stronger external field) changes their statistics from
the Poissonian to super-Poissonian. The λ​-​deformed JCM, driven JCM, can be applied to generate maximally
entangled states. In other words, the small detuning and coupling regimes with a large deformation parameter
may lead to a long-lasting robust maximally entangled quantum state. It was illustrated that for large values of λ​,
the generated maximally entangled quantum state was preserved as time goes on, despite the presence of the dis-
sipation. It is worth mentioning that the approach presented here can be potentially compared with some others,
already discussed in the literature, where other researchers tried to generate and stabilize the entanglement. In
other words, we investigate how an appropriate choice of the external field allows one to control atom-field entan-
glement. Finally, a possible generalization to the three-level system can be discussed.

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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor M. K. Tavassoly for useful discussions and the referees as well as R. Lo
Franco for their efficient and worthwhile suggestions to improve the presentation.

Author Contributions
A.D. conceived and designed the research. A.D. and B.M. performed the analysis and wrote the manuscript. S.S.
and S.A. prepared all the figures.

Additional Information
Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
How to cite this article: Dehghani, A. et al. Parity Deformed Jaynes-Cummings Model: “Robust Maximally
Entangled States”. Sci. Rep. 6, 38069; doi: 10.1038/srep38069 (2016).
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