ADVANCED DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING
Chapter 2: Wireless Channel

20/02/2017

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 Content

 Review
 Wireless Channel Overview
 Large-scale fading
 Path loss
 Shadowing
 Small-scale fading
 Multi-path fading
 Time variance

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 Frequency and Wavelength

 c=λf
c: speed of light
λ: wavelength
f: frequency
 Example:
 AM radio with frequency 1710 kHz
 What’s the wavelength? Ans: 175m
 What’s the period? Ans: 584 ns

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 dB

 Decibels
10 log10 (x)
Power in decibels
 dB
 Y dB=10 log10 (x Watt)
Power ratio in decibels
 dB
 Power P1, P2 in Watt
 10 log10 (P1/P2)
Example:
 Input power 100W and output power 1W
 What’s the power ratio in decibel? Ans: 20dB

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 dBm

 dBm
Reference power is 1 mW
10 log10 (Watts/10-3)
 Example:
0 dB= 30dBm=1 Watt
 Summary
P (dBW) = 10 log (P/1 Watt)
P (dBm) = 10 log (P/1 mWatt)

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 Gain and Attenuation in dB or dBm

 Gain/attenuation in dB
10log10 (output power/input power)
 Gain(dB)=Pout(dB)-Pin(dB)
Gain: Pout > Pin
Attenuation Pout<Pin
 Gain/attenuation in dBm
X(dBm)+Y(dB) =??(dB)=??(dBm)
X(dBm)-Y(dB) =??(dB)=??(dBm)
Example:
 Input power is 2dBm, system gain is 5dB
 What s output power? Ans: 7dBm
Notice: is it dB or dBm?
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 Wireless communication system

 Antenna gain
Transmitter antenna
Receiver antenna
 Wireless channel attenuation

 Questions: how do you represent the relationships

between Ptx and Prx ?
In dB
In Watt

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 Signal-to-Noise ratio

 S/N
SNR= signal power(Watt)/noise power(Watt)
Signal-to-Noise power ratio
Relate to the performance of communications systems
 Bit-error probability
 Shannon capacity
 SNR in dB
S/N(dB)= 10 log10 (S/N power ratio)
10 log10 (signal power(Watt)/noise power(Watt))

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 Noise, Interference, SNR

 SNR
(signal power)/(noise power)
Noise: thermal noise
 SIR
Signal-to-Interference
 Sometimes known as C/I (carrier-to-interference ratio)
(signal power)/(interference power)
Interference: signals from other simultaneous communications
 SINR
Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise ratio
(signal power)/(interference power + noise power)
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 Bandwidth

 B=fupper-flower
 Carrier frequency: fc
 Example:
802.11 2.4GHz ISM band (channel 1)
 fupper=2434 MHz
 flower=2412 MHz
 fc=2423 MHz
 B=22 MHz

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 Thermal Noise

 Thermal noise power

N=kTNB
N: power in Watt
k: Boltzman’s constant= 1.38*10-23
TN: temperature (degree Kelvin)
B: bandwidth of channel (Hz)

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 Bit Energy to Noise Ratio

 Eb/N0
Energy per bit over the noise power spectral density
Related to SNR power ratio
Independent of bandwidth

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 Relate Eb/N0 to SNR

 SNR=S/N (Watt/Watt)
 Eb=Stb
Eb: energy per bit (J)
S: signal power (carrier power) (W)
tb: duration of a bit (s)
 Eb/N0=(S/N0)*tb = (S/N0)*(1/fb )
 N0=N/B
 N: total noise power (W)
 B: bandwidth (Hz)
 Eb/N0=(S/N)(B/fb)
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 S/N (or Eb/N0)

 To compare systems, generally they should have the

same transmitted S/N (or Eb/N0)
 The S/N (or Eb/N0) at the input to the receiver will
determine the system performance

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 Example

 Find the Eb/N0 for a system operating at 2Mbps in a

bandwidth of 1MHz. The carrier power is 0.1pW. The
system noise temperature is 120K.
 Ans:
Eb/N0=(S/N)*(B/fb)
(S/N)=(0.1*10^-12)/{(1.38*10^-23)(120)(1*10^6)}
(B/fb)=(1*10^6)/(2*10^6)
Eb/N0=30.2
Eb/N0(dB)=14.8dB

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 Capture model

 SNRreceived≥SNRthreshold
Minimum SNR requirement, given a target bit error-rate (or
frame-error-rate)

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 Shannon Capacity

 Theoretical (upper) bound of communication systems

 C=B*log2 (1+S/N)
C: capacity (bits/s)
B: bandwidth (Hz)
S/N: linear Signal-to-Noise ratio
 How to evaluate the performance of a communication
scheme?
How close to Shannon bound?
Spectral efficiency
bit/s/Hz

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 Concepts Related to Channel Capacity

 Data rate
rate at which data can be communicated (bps)
 Bandwidth
the bandwidth of the transmitted signal as constrained by the
transmitter and the nature of the transmission medium (Hertz)
 Noise
average level of noise over the communications path
 Error rate - rate at which errors occur
Error
 transmit 1 and receive 0
 transmit 0 and receive 1
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 Shannon Capacity Formula

 Equation:
C = B log2(1 + SNR)
 Represents theoretical maximum that can be achieved in
AWGN channel)
 In practice, only much lower rates achieved
Formula assumes white noise (thermal noise)
Impulse noise is not accounted for
Attenuation distortion or delay distortion not accounted for

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 Nyquist Bandwidth

 For binary signals (two voltage levels)

C = 2B
 With multilevel signaling
C = 2B log2M
 M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels

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 Example of Nyquist and Shannon Formulations

 Spectrum of a channel between 3 MHz and 4 MHz ;

SNRdB = 24 dB
B = 4MHz − 3MHz =1MHz
SNRdB = 24 dB = 10log10(SNR)
SNR = 251
 Using Shannon’s formula
C = 106 x log2(1 + 251) ~ 106 x 8 = 8Mbps

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 Example of Nyquist and Shannon Formulations

 How many signaling levels are required?

C = 2Blog2M
8x106 = 2x106xlog2M
4 = log2M
M = 16

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 Signal propagation

 Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)

 Receiving power proportional to 1/d² in free-space
 Receiving power additionally influenced by
 fading (frequency dependent)
 shadowing
 reflection at large obstacles
 refraction depending on the density of a medium
 scattering at small obstacles
 diffraction at edges

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 Wireless Channel Overview

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 Wireless Channel Overview
C.B: Coherence Bandwidth
C.T: Coherence Time
D.S: Delay Spread
Fading
S.T: Symbol Time
channel
S.B: Signal Bandwidth

Large-scale Small-scale
fading Coherence fading Coherence
Bandwidth (C.B) Time (C.T)
Path loss Shadowing Multi-path Time variance
(Distance) (Obstacle) fading (Doppler Shift)

Frequency- Freq-non-
selective selective
Fast fading Slow fading
fading fading
(Non-flat fad) (Flat fad)
S.B > C.B S.T < C.T S.T > C.T
S.B < C.B
D.S<S.T D.S>S.T
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 The Effects of Multipath Propagation

 Multiple copies of a signal may arrive at different phases

If phases add destructively, the signal level relative to noise
declines, making detection more difficult
 Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
One or more delayed copies of a pulse may arrive at the same
time as the primary pulse for a subsequent bit

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 Signal Propagation Ranges

 Transmission range
communication possible
low error rate
 Detection range
detection of the signal possible
but communication may not be
possible due to high error rate
 Interference range
signal may not be detected
signal adds to the background
noise
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 Radio Propagation Models

 Three components
Path-loss
 Radio signal attenuation due to transmission over a certain distance
 Free-space path loss model
 Shadowing
Signal attenuation due to penetration of buildings and walls.
Log-normal distribution model
 Fading
Due to multi-path transmission (reflection creates multiple
radio paths) and Doppler Shift
Rayleigh distribution model, Ricean distribution model
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 Radio Propagation Models

 Signal power at receiver: Gchannel includes 3 components

Path-loss (g1)
Log-normal shadowing (g2)
Rayleigh fading (g3)

Prx = Gchannel x Gant,tx x Gant,rx x Ptx

Gchannel = g1 x g2 x g3

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 Path-loss model

 Free-space path-loss model

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 Log-normal shadowing model

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 Rayleigh distribution model

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 Summary of radio propagation and mitigations

 Shadowing  Delay spread

 Problem: received signal  Problem: ISI and error rates
strength  Mitigation:
 Mitigation:  Equalization
 increase transmit power  Spread spectrum
 reduce cell size  OFDM
 Fast fading  Directional antenna
 Problem: error rate (BER, FER,
PER)
 Mitigation:
 Interleaving
 Error correction coding
 Frequency hopping
 Diversity techniques

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 END

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