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WATER SUPPLY
COURSE CONTENT
&
SEWERAGE 1. WATER DEMAND

ENGINEERING 2. WATER SOURCES

3. COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
4. PUMPS USED IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
5. INTRODUCTION TO SEWAGE AND SEWERAGE
6. TYPE AND QUANTITY OF SEWAGE
7. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SEWERS
Mulatu Liyew
BIT School of Civil and Water Resources 8. SEWER APPURTENANCES
Engineering

EVALUATION MATERIALS

 Exams (Mid-40% & Final-60%)  Hand out

 Quiz(40%)  Any water supply book
 Assignments (30%)  Search online
 Mini-projects (30%)

 Completeness
Will be considered
 Genuine attempt

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INTRODUCTION Cont…
Water is one of the basic necessity for human being and
Improved source:
more of the human body consists of water  improved source is one that is likely to provide "safe"
The estimated water supply coverage for Ethiopia is water, such as a household connection, a borehole,
etc.
34%
34 % for rural and 97 % for urban and the country’s An improved water supply is defined as:
water supply coverage 44
44%%.  Household connection
 Public standpipe
Access to water
water--supply services is defined as the
 Borehole
availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from  Protected dug well

an "improved" source within 1 kilometer of the user's  Protected spring

 Rainwater collection
dwelling..
dwelling

Cont… Cont…

Water Supply Engineering: Water Supply objectives :

 Planning, design, construction, operation and  Safe and wholesome water
maintenance of water supply systems with proper
 Adequate quantity
sanitation system

 Planning should be economical, socially acceptable,  Readily available to encourage

and environmentally friendly that meet the present personal and household hygiene
as well as future requirement.

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1.WATER DEMAND 1.2. Types of Demand

1.1. INTRODUCTION based on ultimate uses

 In the design of any water works projects it is 1. Domestic water demand
necessary to estimate the amount of water that is 2. Industrial water demand
required..
required
3. Commercial water demand
This involves:
4. Public demand
 The determination of people who will be served
5. Fire demand
 The per capita water consumption
6. Loss due to wastes and theft
 Analysis of the factors that may operate to affect
consumption

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Cont… Cont…
1. Domestic water demand
demand:: includes the water required for Table :Typical domestic water demand
drinking, bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening, sanitary Use Consumption(l/c/d)
purposes, etc
etc.. Cooking 5
During water supply design domestic water demand Bathing 55
taken as : Cloth washing 20
Cleaning utensils 10
 Major Ethiopian cities varies 80 l/c/d to 140 l/c/d
l/c/d..
House cleaning 10
 Rural towns a standard value of 30 to 40 l/c/d l/c/d.. Drinking 30
 Western industrialized countries extended to 350 5
l/c/d..
l/c/d Total 135
 The total domestic water consumption 50 50--60
60%% of the
total water consumption
consumption..

Cont… House Connection

 Domestic water consumption categories under the
following mode of service in which the populations
are served
 House Connection

 Yard tap user

 Public tap user

 Traditional source users

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Yard connection Public Stand pipe(tap)

Cont… Cont…
 Depending on the mode of service and design 2. Industrial water demand
demand:: this represents the water
horizon per capital consumption (l/c/d
(l/c/d)) varies demand of industries, both existing and likely to be
No Activities YC PT
1 Drinking 3.5 2.5 established in the future with in the design period
period..
2 Cooking 4.5 3.5
3 Ablutions 5 5  This quantity will thus vary with the number and
4 Washing dishes 4.5 3
5 Washing closes 3.5 3 types of industries present in the city
city..
6 Bathing 4 3
Total 25 20 Industry Approximate water requirement
(Source: ESP component 3 rural planning models January 2001)
1000 lit/tone
Design Horizon
Mode of services
Stage 1 Stage 2 Fertilizer 80--200
80
House Connection(HC) 50 l/c
l/c/day
/day 70 l/c/day Leather 40
Yard Connection, Own(YCO) 25 l/c/day 30 l/c
l/c/day
/day
Paper 200--400
200
Yard Connection, Shared(YCS) 30 l/c/day 40 l/c
l/c/day
/day
Public Tap Supplies(PT) 20 l/c/day 25 l/c
l/c/day
/day Sugar 1-2
(Source:: Ministry of Water Resources Urban water supply design criteria January, 2006
(Source 2006)) Textile 80--140
80

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Cont… Cont…
3. Commercial water demand
demand:: institutions such as hospitals, Table : Water requirements of various commercial
establishments
hotels, schools and colleges, railway stations, offices, Establishment Avg.. water cons
Avg cons.. In l/c/d
stadiums, etc
etc…
… Offices 45--90
45
Factories 30--90
30
 It varies with the nature of the city and with the number Schools 45--225
45
Hostels 135--225
135
and types of commercial establishments
establishments.. Hotels 135--180
135
Restaurants 180 (per seat)
 On average, a per capita demand of 20 l/c/d is Hospitals 70 (per bed)
usually considered sufficient though it may vary up to 50 Railway stations 25--75
25
Airports 70
l/c/d for highly commercialized cities
cities.. Cinema halls 15

Cont… Cont…
4. Public demand
demand:: includes the quantity of water required 5. Fire demand
demand:: The high rate of water consumption during fire
considerably affects the design of distribution system, and
for public utility purposes, such as watering of public
hence while designing public water supply schemes
schemes..
parks, gardening, washing and sprinkling on roads,  sometimes treated as a function of population, and is
use in public fountains, etc
etc.. worked out on the basis of certain empirical formulas.
Empirical formulas for estimating fire demand
demand::
 A nominal amount of about 5% of the total
 Kuchling formula
consumption is considered sufficient
sufficient..
 in our country (Ethiopia) cases the public demand  National board of fire underwriters

varies from 10 – 120 % of domestic demand

demand.. a) For central congested high valued city
city::

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Cont… Cont…
b) For residential city 6. Water Losses and Waste: sometimes classified as “un
“un
 Small or low buildings = 2,200 lit/min accounted for”
for”
 Larger buildings = 4500 lit/min  although some of the loss and waste may be accounted
for in the sense that its cause and amount are
 High valued residences, apartments, tenement = 7650 to approximately known
known..
13500 lit/min  Un
Un--accounted for water is due to
to::
 Three storied buildings in densely built up sections up to  meter and pump slippage
27,000 lit/min  Unauthorized water connections and
 This quantity of water is made available by providing  Leaks in mains
appurtenances called fire hydrants at about 100 to 200 meters  It takes from 20 up to 4040%% of the total consumption of
water
apart along the distribution main
main..

1.3 Estimation of Future Population Cont…

In projecting the population size it is important to Topographic suitability
consider factors like : The political and economic significance of the
Fertility Rate kebele
Mortality Rate The relative location of the kebele with respect
Migration to main high ways
The Economic activity within the kebele and the The availability of reliable and ample town
surrounding areas infrastructure
The availability of valuable natural resources  Before projecting the population first we should fix
including land for development the life of the project or the design period.

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TARGET YEAR (DESIGN PERIOD) Cont…

 Should be neither very short nor very long in order to minimize  Table : Economic Lives for major units of water supply system
the investment cost of the project.
S .No Name of unit Average design period in
 The target year/design period is determined on the basis of: year
 The trend of water demand 1 Bore hole 20
 The prospect of securing water resources 2 Electromechanical equipment 15
 The possibility of rising funds 3 Distribution ( pipe line ) 30
 Ability of customers to pay for improved water supply 4 Masonry/solid block water tank 25
services 5 Concrete water tanks 50
 The serviceability period of the facilities/Economic life of 6 Springs 20
facilities 7 Storage dam 50
 Initial investment cost

BASE POPULATION Cont…

 first we should know the mortality and the fertility rate of the
 It is important to project the future population
area, is also called growth rate.
 Used to design a reliable and sustainable water  The growth rate of the population also fixed based on country
supply system. or regional level.
 Non reliable or un realistic information - lead to  growths rate value based on the area status (urban/rural)
either an over designed or under designed water which is fixed based on 1994 CSA data.
supply scheme Table : Population growth rate
Year Urban Rural
 Can be collected from Central statistical Agency 1995-2000 4.3 2.74
(CSA) at national or regional level, If the for example 2000-2005 4.1 2.57
2005-2010 4.06 2.33
1994 CSA data and 2007 Amhara regional data. 2010-2015 3.88 2.15
2015-2020 3.69 1.98
2020-2025 3.51 1.68
2025-2030 3.35 1.41

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POPULATION FORECASTING METHODES Arithmetic increase method

 Common population growth model method is used  In this method the population is assumed to increase
to project the population at a constant rate. That is the rate of change of
1. Arithmetic increase method
population is constant (i.e. dP/dt = constant).

2. Geometric increase method Pn  P0  Nk 

3. Incremental increase method Where Pn= population at Nth year
4. Decreasing rate method Po= present population
k= avg. pop. Growth
5. Logistic curve method
N=number of decades

Geometric Increase Method Incremental Increase Method

 In this method the percentage growth rate (r) per decade

 Thus the population at some year in the future can be
is assumed to be constant, and the increase is
expressed as:
compounded over the existing population every decade.
 Thus the population at some year in the future can be
n ( n  1) k '
expressed as: Pn  P0  Nk 
2
Pn  P0 1  r / 100 
N

Where Pn= population at Nth year

Where Pn= population at Nth year
k=avg. of incremental increases of the known decades
Po= present population k’=avg. increase of population of known decades
r = growth rate/average increasing
rate
N=number of years/decade

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Logistic Curve Method Cont…

 Under normal conditions the population of a city shall  Thus the population at some year in the future can be expressed as:
grow as per the logistic curve. Ps
Pn 
 The population would probably follow the characteristic 1  e ( a  b t )

growth curve of living things within limited space and Where n= time interval between successive census
resources. This curve is known as logistic curve. t=Period beyond the base year corresponding to P0
(Year difference from the base year, p0)
Ps = saturation population is given by the expression,
1  P (P  P ) 
2
2 P0 P1 P2  P1 ( P0  P2 )  ( P  P0 ) 
Ps  2 a  ln  s  b  ln 0 s 1 
P0 P2  P1  P0  n  P1(Ps  Po ) 

Where P0, P1 and P2 are consecutive census data

1.4. Factors Affecting Consumption Cont…

 The average daily per capita water consumption varies
because of many important factors, including
including::
 Metering
 Size of the city  Variations in rate of Consumption
 Climatic conditions  Fire Demand
 Habits of peoples
 Industrial and commercial activities  Density of Population
 Quality of water supplies  Zoning
 Pressure in the distribution system
 In most cases socio
socio-- economic and climatic condition
 Availability of sewerage facilities
 System of supply factor is considered during the design time
time..
 Cost of water  This factors mostly make a variation on domestic
 Metering policy and water tariff water demand /consumption
/consumption..

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 Characteristics of the Population (Socio- economic Status) 1.5. Variation of Water Consumption
Table: Socio-Economic adjustment factor
Group Description Factor  Water demand keeps changing from season to season,
Towns enjoying high living standards and with very
A 1.1
high potential for development from day to day and from hour to hour
hour.. This change is
Towns having a very high potential for development
B
but lower living standard at present
1.05 called seasonal variation, daily variation and hourly
C Towns under normal Ethiopian conditions 1
D Rural Villages 0.9
variation respectively
respectively..
 Climatic Conditions Seasonal Variations
Table: Climatic adjustment factor based rainfall (Case Area:
 The water demand varies from season to season
season.. During
Ethiopia) Mean Annual
Group Factor
Precipitation winter season the water demand becomes maximum
A 600 or less 1.1
and minimum in summer season
season..
B 601 – 900 1
C 901 or more 0.9

Cont… Cont…
Daily Variations Table : Maximum day factor (Ethiopia case)
No. Population range Maximum day factor
 Also called maximum day water demand
demand..
1 0- 20,000 1.3
 The maximum day water demand is the highest demand of 2 20,001-50,000 1.25
any one
one--hour in 24
24--hour period over any specified year
year..
3 50001and above 1.2
 Depends on the general habits of people
people,, climatic conditions (Source:: Ministry of Water Resources Urban water supply design criteria January, 2006
(Source 2006))
and character of city as industrial, commercial or residential
residential..
Hourly Variations
 More water demand will be on Sundays and holidays due
to more comfortable bathing, washing etc as compared to  also called peak hour demand
demand.. The peak hour demand is
other working days
days.. the highest demand in any one hour over the year
year..
 On Sundays and other holidays the peak hours may be
 The maximum daily consumption (demand) is usually taken about 8 A.M. due to late awakening
as 180
180%% of the average consumption
consumption..
 maximum 6 A.M. to 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. to 8 P.M. and
 The maximum day factor is considered based on the number minimum flow may be between 12 12PP.M. to 4P.M. when most
of population in the town
town.. of the people are sleeping
sleeping..

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1.6. Effect of demand variation on design of

Cont… water supply components
 The size of the project area, mode of service and  The following figures shows the components of
social activities of the area significantly influence the water supply system
peak hour demand
demand..
 The source is ground water(well)
 Further, studies show that the peak hour factor is
greater for smaller population than bigger population.
Table : Peak hour demand factor (Ethiopia case)

Distribution main
Raw water main

Raw water main

DISTRIBUTION
Borehole Collection Service NETWORK
No. Population range Peak hour factor chamber Reservoir
1 0- 20,000 2
2 20,001-50,000 1.9
3 50001and above 1.7
(Source:: Ministry of Water Resources Urban water supply design criteria January, 2006
(Source 2006))

The source is surface water Cont….

 Water sources
sources:: - should be designed for maximum daily consumption
 Raw water main
main::- should be designed for maximum daily consumption
 Water treatment components
components:: - should be designed for maximum daily
consumption with additional provision for break downs, repairs and
cleaning
 Distribution lines
lines::- should be designed for maximum hourly consumption
(peak hour demand) of maximum consumption day including the
coincident draft
draft..
 Pump units
units:: - should be designed for maximum daily consumption with
additional provision for break downs and repairs
repairs..
 Service reservoirs
reservoirs:: - is designed to meet hourly fluctuation in demand and
for the provision of water during fire break and emergency
emergency..
 One third of the maximum hourly demand is assumed to be sufficient
volume of storage(service reservoir)

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Example 1 Example 2
Given that five decades census data estimation after  Calculate the water requirements for a community that
one, two and three decades by different population
forecasting method(model) will reach a population of 120,000 at the design year.

Year 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 The estimated municipal water demand for the

Population 25000 28000 34000 42000 47000 community is 300 l/c/d. Calculate the fire flow, design
capacity of the water treatment plant, and design
1980=?
1990=? capacity of the water distribution system. Use Kuchling
2000=? formula for fire flow.
Solution
Chapter 2

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