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Lecture 31: Polyphase Circuits: Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

This document discusses polyphase circuits, including two-phase and three-phase systems. It explains that in a three-phase system, if the loads are balanced across the three phases, the instantaneous power will be constant over time and the current in the neutral line will be zero. This allows three-phase systems to be used for power distribution as it provides a constant power delivery. The document provides mathematical expressions to calculate the power in each phase and shows that the total power sums to a constant value.

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Aniruddha Roy
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81 views

Lecture 31: Polyphase Circuits: Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

This document discusses polyphase circuits, including two-phase and three-phase systems. It explains that in a three-phase system, if the loads are balanced across the three phases, the instantaneous power will be constant over time and the current in the neutral line will be zero. This allows three-phase systems to be used for power distribution as it provides a constant power delivery. The document provides mathematical expressions to calculate the power in each phase and shows that the total power sums to a constant value.

Uploaded by

Aniruddha Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Circuits and Networks xx-10-2018

Lecture 31: Polyphase Circuits


Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

Polyphase Circuits

v (t) = Vm cos (ωt + θv )


i (t) = Im cos (ωt + θv − α)
α : impedance angle
p (t) = v (t) i (t)
= Vm Im cos (ωt + θv ) cos (ωt + θv − α)
V I
= m m [cos (2 (ωt + θv ) − α) + cos α]
2
Vm Im
= [cos (2 (ωt + θv )) cos α + sin (2 (ωt + θv )) sin α + cos α]
2
= P [1 + cos (2 (ωt + θv ))] + Q sin (2 (ωt + θv ))

where P is active power = Vef f Ief f cos α. Average value of p(t) P . and Q is reactive power
= Vef f Ief f sin α. Active power; average is non-zero,but there is a large variation around the
average. Motor speed will vary with time. To make speed more uniform; reduce this varia-
tion - have multiple signals that have maximum power at different times.
Bicycles : 2 power strokes per cycle;
- similar principle also used in multi-cylinder engines in cars.

Consider two sources 180◦ out of phase

a A

+ V1 (t) = V cos ωt
V ]0 ZL
V2 (t) = −V cos ωt

n N Neutral ⇒ p (t) = 2p1 (t)

Same variation in power - Not useful


V ]π ZL Current in the neutral line (nN) = 0
+

b B

1
a A

+ p1 (t) = P (1 + cos 2ωt) + Q sin 2ωt


V ]0 ZL
p2 (t) = P (1 + cos (2ωt − π)) + Q sin (2ωt − π)
|V |2
n N P= cos α
|ZL |
|V |2
Q= sin α
V ] − 90◦ ZL |ZL |
+ p1 (t) + p2 (t) = 2P → Instantaneous
power is constant

b B

V V e−jπ/2
IN n = + ,0
ZL ZL
- 2 phase balanced system. If both phase have the same load, the instantaneous power =
constant. However , current in the neutral is not zero.

3 Phase Systems
Va = V ]0◦
Vb = V ] − 120◦
Vc = V ]120◦

If ZL is the same for all 3 phases, the complex power in each phase can be calculated as
follows.

|V |2
S = P + jQ = (cos α + j sin α)
2|Z|
where, α is the impedance angle
pa (t) = P (1 + cos 2ωt) + Q sin 2ωt
4π 4π
    
pb (t) = P 1 + cos 2ωt − + Q sin 2ωt −
3 3
4π 4π
    
pc (t) = P 1 + cos 2ωt + + Q sin 2ωt +
3 3
4π 2π
   
cos 2ωt − = cos 2ωt + − 2π
3 3
2π
 
= cos 2ωt +
3
4π 2π
   
cos 2ωt + = cos 2ωt − + 2π
3 3
2π
 
= cos 2ωt −
3

2
2π 2π
   
cos 2ωt+ cos 2ωt + + cos 2ωt − =0
3 3
&
2π 2π
   
sin 2ωt+ sin 2ωt + + sin 2ωt − =0
3 3
Total Power = pa (t) + pb (t) + pc (t)
= 3P (constant)

b a A B

ZL ZL
V]

0◦
−1

V]
20
◦

n N

V ]120◦ ZL

c C
a b c → +ve sequence
a c b → −ve sequence

V −jα
IaA = e
|Z|
V −j(2π/3+α)
IbB = e
|Z|
V j(2π/3−α)
IcC = e
|Z|
V −jα  
IaA + IbB + IcC = e 1 + e−j2π/3 + ej2π/3
|Z|
=0

IN n : current in neutral = 0.
For 3 phase system, when we have balanced loads, instantaneous power = constant and
current in neutral = 0.This is what is used in power distribution systems.

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