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Compressor Section

The document discusses gas turbine engine compressors and turbines. It provides details on: 1) Compressor types including centrifugal and axial flow compressors, their components, advantages and disadvantages. 2) How compressors increase pressure and enable combustion. Compressor challenges like stall are addressed. 3) Turbine components that extract energy from combustion gases to power the compressor, including rotors, stators, and cooling of blades. 4) How pressure, velocity and efficiency change throughout the compressor and turbine sections to sustain combustion and turbine rotation.

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Mustakim shahrin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
162 views

Compressor Section

The document discusses gas turbine engine compressors and turbines. It provides details on: 1) Compressor types including centrifugal and axial flow compressors, their components, advantages and disadvantages. 2) How compressors increase pressure and enable combustion. Compressor challenges like stall are addressed. 3) Turbine components that extract energy from combustion gases to power the compressor, including rotors, stators, and cooling of blades. 4) How pressure, velocity and efficiency change throughout the compressor and turbine sections to sustain combustion and turbine rotation.

Uploaded by

Mustakim shahrin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPRESSOR

THEORY

THE GREATER PRESSURE RATIO THE HIGHER IS


THERMAL EFFICIENCY.

TO ENABLE GAS TURBINE ENGINE BECOME SELF


SUSTAINING, TURBINE STARTING MUST
MAINTAINED UNTIL GROUND IDLING SPEED
REACHED TO THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
COMPRESSOR/TURBINE COMBINATION INCREASE
SUFFICIENTLY
Compressor Section
Introduction

Type

Advantages

Disadvantages

Compressor stall
Combination compressor
Compressor section
 Component that forces air into the engine
 Compressor effectiveness is measure with
compressor pressure ratio
 Primary Support combustion

 Secondary function, supply bleed air

 For cooling purpose


Type of Compressor Section
2 type of compressor section
I. Centrifugal flow compressor
II. Axial flow compressor
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
 RADIAL OUTFLOW CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
 USED IN SMALL ENGINE OR APU
 CONSIST OF 3 MAIN COMPONENTS
I. IMPELER
II. DIFFUSER
III. MANIFOLD
 IMPELER
- SINGLE STAGE
- DOUBLE STAGE
- DOIBLE SIDE ( DOUBLE ENTRY IMPELLER )
 DIFFUSER
- V DECREASE
- P INCREASE
 MANIFOLD
I. HAVE OUTLED DUCTS WITH TURNING VANES ( CASCADE VANES )
OPERATION
 THE IMPELLER TAKE THE AIR AND ACCELERATE IT OUT BY
COMPRESSED THE AIR DUE TO CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
OPERATION
THIS AIR IS THAN
EXPELLED INTO
THE DIFFUSER
WHERE THE
VELOCITY IS
REDUCE AND
PRESSURE INCREASE

THE OUTLET DUCT


CHANGE THE
RADIAL DIRECTION
OF AIR TO AXIAL TURNING VANE OR CASCADE
DIRECTION VANES FITTED INSIDE THE
OUTLED DUCT TURN THE AIR
A single stage, dual sided impeller
Two-stage impeller
Advantages
 Simplicity easy to manufacture
 Low cost

 Low starting power requirement

 Operating efficiency over a wide range of


rotational speed
 Compressor ratio of 15:1
Disadvantages
 Large frontal area
 Limits on the number of stages
Axial flow compressor
 2 main element
I. Rotor (increase airflow/pressure)
II. Stator (decrease velocity/airspeed)
III. Single stages can produce pressure ratio 1.25:1
IV. It is to raise pressure rather than velocity decrease
Compressor rotor blades
 10 – 18 compressor stages
 Airfoil cross section varying angle

 Made from stainless steel alloy

 Rotor blade roots designed (bulb, fir tree,


dovetail)
Compressor stator vanes
 Act as diffuser
 Decreasing its velocity and raising its pressure

 Prevent swirling and direct the flow of air


coming off each stage to the next stage at
appropriate angle
 Airfoil shape

 Made from steel or nickel, titanium

 Shrouded at tips, minimize vibrations tendencies


 The first stage rotor called inlet guide vanes
 To direct the air flow into the first stage at the
best angle
 The last set vanes called outlet vane assembly
 To straighten air flow and eliminate any swirling
motion or turbulence
An axial compressor
Advantages
 Ability to obtain higher compressor ratio by
adding additional stage
 Small frontal area reduce aerodynamic drag
Disadvantages
 High weigh and high starting power requirement
 Have low pressure rise per stage of 1.25:1

 Expensive and difficult to manufacture


MULTIPLE-SPOOL
COMPRESSOR
 Single-spool comp
 Dual-spool or twin-spool comp-low pressure or
N1 and high pressure or N2
 Triple-spool comp- low pressure N1,
intermediate N2 and high pressure N3
Single-spool comp
twin-spool comp
Dual-spool comp
Compressor stall
 Imbalance between 2 vector quantity
 Reduce the angle of attack on the rotor blades
using variable inlet guide vane
 By bleeding off some of the air pressure within
the comp
Combination compressor
 Hybrid axial flow centrifugal flow compressor
 Used in small engine

 Eg; business jet and helicopter


Combination compressor
Compressor bleed air
 Used for deicing, anti-icing and for pneumatic
engine starting
 Bleeding air from the compressor does cause a
small but noticeable drop in engine power
Diffuser Section

 Introduction
Diffuser section
 Divergent shape
 Slow compressor discharge (V decrease)

 Increasing air pressure (P increase)

 As the air leave axial comp the velocity is 500


fps
 This air is to fast to support combustion the
velocity is slow down at same time increase the
pressure
Diffuser section
Combustion section

 Introduction
 Type
I. Multiple-can type
II. An annular type
III. Can annular type
Combustion chamber
 Make from corrosion resistance steel
 4 basic element;
I. One or more combustion chamber
II. A fuel injection system
III. Ignition source
IV. Fuel drainage system
 Primary air (25%-35%)
 Secondary air (65%-75%)
Multiple-can type
 Consists of series of individual combustor can
which act as individual burner units
 Suited to centrifugal compressor engine

 Individual combustion are interconnected with


small flame propagation tube
Multiple-can type
An annular type
 Used for small and large engine
 Most efficient because of the thermal efficiency,
weight and physical size
 Consists of housing and perforated inner liner
or basket
 Must be remove as single unit for repair or
replacement
An annular type
Can-annular type

 Combination of the multiple-can combustion


and an annular type combustor
 Consists of individual cans mounted on an
annular duct
 Have pre-swirl vane promoting a through
mixing of fuel and air and slowing the air
velocity in the burner can
 Flame propagation tubes connect the
individual liner and 2 igniter plugs used
for the combustion
 Individual combustion may be
removed for inspection and
replacement
 Its also have a shorter cans
Can-annular type
Flame out
 2 type
I. Lean die out – happen at high altitude where low
engine speed and low fuel pressure die out at normal
air flow
II. Rich blow out – happen when rapid movement of
throttle
Turbine Section
 Introduction
 Basic element
I. Case
II. Stator
III. Shroud
IV. Rotor
Introduction
 To extracted the energy after fuel and air is been
burned
 To transforms a portion of kinetic energy witch
it is the hot gases into mechanical energy to
drive the compressor and accessories
 The turbine absorbs approximately 60% to 80%
of total prssure energy from hot gasses
Turbine section
Case
 Enclose the turbine rotor and stator
 Have flanges on both side to provide a means of
attaching the turbine
 Outer body (perimeter) of some turbine cases is
encircled by several tubes and passages
Turbine stator
 Referred to turbine nozzle or turbine guide
vanes or the nozzle diaphragm
 It is the one exposed to high temperature in a
gas turbine engine.
 To collect airflow from combustion and direct
the flow to strike the turbine rotor at
appropriate angle
Shroud
 Turbine nozzle assembly consists of an inner
and outer shroud that retains and surround the
nozzle vane
 The nozzle vanes must be constructed loosely to
allow for thermal expansion
 Outer shroud is cut into segments

 It will cause distortion or warping


Turbine rotor
 Consists of shaft and turbine rotor or wheel
 The shaft is rotates in bearing that are lubricated
by oil
 Centrifugal force acting on the turbine blade will
made it grow or creeping
 Fir tree slots is most commonly use for
attaching turbine blade
Turbine blade
 Turbine blade fit loosely for expand to fit tighly
at normal operating temperature
 Commonly use fir tree slot for attaching
 Turbine blade are classified
1. impulse blades
2. reaction turbine blades
3. impulse-reaction turbine blade
IMPULES BLADES
REACTION BLADES
IMPULES-REACTION BLADES
COOLING TURBINE BLADES
 The limiting factor is the temperature
 The higher the temp the higher the engine thrust
 Turbine cooling plays a big role in engine
performance
 Comment way by using bleed air
-convection cooling or film cooling
-transpiration cooling

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